The expression of programmed death-ligand 1 and programmed death-ligand 2 in endometrial carcinosarcoma: Correlation with mismatch repair protein expression status, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte infiltration, and clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Endometrial carcinosarcomas have high malignant potential with a high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. Immunotherapy may be a promising treatment option. The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of PD-L1/PD-L2 and its relationship to mismatch repair (MMR) protein status and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) density. METHODS: We performed immunohistochemical analyses of PD-L1 (clone 22C3), PD-L2 (clone TY25), MSH-2, MSH-6, PMS-2, and MLH-1 in 77 tumors. We count TILs using CD8 antibody. Clinicopathologic features were recorded and statistically correlated with immunohistochemical results. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to analyze the prognosis. RESULTS: While PD-L1 positivity was seen more commonly in MMR protein deficient tumors (p = 0.010), PD-L2 positivity was seen more commonly in MMR protein proficient tumors (p = 0.003). PD-L1 positivity was also found to be more common in carcinosarcoma with high TIL infiltration. PD-L2 positivity was associated with decreased overall survival (OS) rates (p = 0.043, p = 0.043, respectively), whereas the PD-L1 positivity and TIL density were not significantly associated with OS rate. The OS rate of patients with MMR protein proficient tumors was significantly lower compared with those with MMR protein deficient tumors (p = 0.042). The lower TILs infiltration was associated with a shorter disease-free survival (DFS) rate. PD-L1 and PD-L2 positivity did not affect the DFS rate. CONCLUSIONS: PD-L1/PD-L2 might be a better target for immunotherapy in endometrial carcinosarcoma. PD-L2 positivity was also associated with a worse clinical outcome in patients with endometrial carcinosarcoma, suggesting that PD-L2 status can be used to predict clinical behavior. Further studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between PD-L1/PD-L2 expression and therapeutic response.

Clinicopathologic and Prognostic Significance of CD47 Expression and Tumor-associated Macrophages in Endometrial Carcinoma.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) influence cancer progression. CD47 is an antiphagocytic molecule aiding tumor resistance against host immune surveillance. The relationship between CD47 expression and TAM-related microenvironment in endometrial carcinoma (EC) is poorly understood. The expression and prognostic significance of CD47 and CD163-labeled TAMs in 165 EC cases was assessed with CD47 and CD163 immunohistochemical studies. CD47 expression was found in 156/165 (94.6%) cases. CD47 expression was significantly higher in nonendometrioid carcinomas. CD47 overexpression was associated with histologic grade. High epithelial and stromal TAMs counts were also associated with high tumoral CD47 expression. High epithelial, stromal, and margin TAMs counts were associated with higher histologic grade and lymphovascular invasion. Epithelial TAMs counts were higher in patients with nonendometrioid carcinomas (P=0.0001) and cases with recurrence (P=0.018). High stromal TAMs counts were associated with deeper myometrial invasion (P=0.017) and the presence of distant metastasis (P=0.024). The counts of margin TAMs was significantly correlated with the depth of myometrial invasion, lymphovascular invasion, FIGO stage, lymph node metastases, distant metastasis, and recurrence (P=0.0001, 0.0001, 0.004, 0.005, 0.014, and 0.04, respectively). CD47 expression was not associated with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival. However, high epithelial and stromal TAM counts were associated with shorter OS. Besides, high epithelial and margin TAM counts were associated with shorter progression-free survival. Furthermore, increased stromal and margin TAM counts were determined to be an independent prognostic marker of reduced OS. TAM count is, therefore, a significant prognostic factor in EC and the CD47 assessment has potential benefit for future clinical use.

Reproducibility of Morphologic Parameters of the International Endocervical Adenocarcinoma Criteria and Classification System and Correlation With Clinicopathologic Parameters: A Multi-Institutional Study.

Endocervical adenocarcinomas (ECAs) have been recently reclassified according to their morphologic features linked to etiology by the International Endocervical Adenocarcinoma Criteria and Classification (IECC) and this system is adopted by WHO 2020. This classification separates the ECAs as human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated (HPVA) and HPV-independent (HPVI) subtypes. According to WHO 2020, high risk (HR)-HPV association can be histologically recognized by the presence of luminal mitoses and apoptosis. Therefore, investigating the reproducibility of the morphologic criteria of this new classification will be important in observing the recognizability of tumor types. Full slide sets of 94 ECAs were collected from 4 institutions in Turkey and reclassified on the basis of IECC/WHO 2020 criteria and the presence or absence of HR-HPV. HR-HPV presence was confirmed by HPV DNA in situ hybridization, p16 immunohistochemistry and in conflicted cases with real time-polymerase chain reaction. The final diagnoses were given based on the combination of the histologic evaluation and ancillary test results. Our cohort consisted of 73.4% HPVA and 26.6% HPVI cases. According to the WHO 2020 criteria 92.7% of HPVAs and 88% of HPVIs were easily classified. HPV DNA in situ hybridization was positive in 91.3% of the HPVAs and p16 was positive in all HPVAs, and also positive in 8% of the HPVIs. In conclusion, most of the ECAs can be diagnosed by their characteristic morphologic features by the WHO 2020 criteria. However, we want to emphasize that mitosis/apoptosis criteria may not be helpful especially in mucinous ECAs and ancillary tests for HR-HPV should be used in challenging cases.

Atypical glandular cells in Papanicolaou test: Which is more important in the detection of malignancy, architectural or nuclear features?

OBJECTIVE: Atypical glandular cells (AGCs) in Pap (Papanicolaou) smears are uncommon but may represent various benign and malignant lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the AGC incidence in Pap smears, analyse the relationship between AGC and malignancy, and reveal the importance of architectural and nuclear features observed cytologically in malignancies. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with AGC on the basis of cervicovaginal cytology between May 2011 and July 2018 were included in this study. All slides were retrospectively reviewed and subclassified according to the Bethesda 2001 classification system. The cytomorphological features observed in the smears were recorded. Cytohistological correlations were evaluated, and the significant clinicopathological findings for malignancy were determined. RESULTS: Of 87 536 Pap smears, 195 (0.22%) had AGC results and 156 had tissue follow-up. Among the 156 smears with AGC, 80 (51.3%) were diagnosed as AGC-NOS (atypical glandular cells, not otherwise specified) and 76 (48.7%) as AGC-FN (atypical glandular cells, favour neoplastic). Follow-up biopsies revealed benign pathologies in 49 cases (31.4%) and malignant pathologies in 107 (68.6%). The rate of malignancy observed in AGC-FN cases (89.5%) was higher than the rate of malignancy in AGC-NOS cases (48.8%). Among the cytomorphological features, nuclear irregularity, presence of macronucleoli, feathering, loss of polarity, papillary pattern, and three-dimensional formation were found to be significant indicators of malignancy. CONCLUSION: As AGC in Pap smear was associated with a clinically significant diagnosis in 68.6% of the cases in our study, we suggest that all patients with AGC should undergo further clinical assessment.

High-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma versus undifferentiated uterine sarcoma: a Turkish uterine sarcoma group study-001.

OBJECTIVE: Prognostic factors associated with high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (HGESS) and undifferentiated uterine sarcoma (UUS) have not been distinctly determined due to the repetitive changes in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. We aimed to compare clinicopathologic features and outcomes of patients with HGESS with those of patients with UUS. METHODS: A multi-institutional, retrospective, cohort study was conducted including 71 patients, who underwent surgery at 13 centers from 2008 to 2017. An experienced gynecopathologist from each institution re-evaluated the slides of their own cases according to the WHO2014 classification. Factors associated with refractory/progressive disease, recurrence or death were examined using logistic regression analyses. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used for survival comparisons. RESULTS: The median disease-free survival (DFS) for HGESS and UUS was 12 months and 6 months, respectively. While the median overall survival was not reached in HGESS group, it was 22 months in the UUS group. Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed that patients with UUS had a significantly poorer DFS than those with HGESS (p = 0.016), although OS did not differ between the groups (p = 0.135). Lymphovascular-space involvement (LVSI) was the sole significant factor associated with progression, recurrence or death for HGESS (Hazard ratio: 9.353, 95% confidence interval: 2.539-34.457, p = 0.001), whereas no significant independent factor was found for UUS. CONCLUSIONS: UUS has a more aggressive behavior than HGESS. While no significant predictor of prognosis was found for UUS, LVSI is the sole independent prognostic factor for HGESS, with patients 9.3 times more likely to experience refractory/progressive disease, recurrence or death.

Recent Developments in Enzyme, DNA and Immuno-Based Biosensors.

Novel sensitive, rapid and economical biosensors are being developed in a wide range of medical environmental and food applications. In this paper, we review some of the main advances in the field over the past few years by discussing recent studies from literature. A biosensor, which is defined as an analytical device consisting of a biomolecule, a transducer and an output system, can be categorized according to the type of the incorporated biomolecule. The biomolecules can be enzymes, antibodies, ssDNA, organelles, cells etc. The main biosensor categories classified according to the biomolecules are enzymatic biosensors, immunosensors and DNA-based biosensors. These sensors can measure analytes produced or reduced during reactions at lower costs compared to the conventional detection techniques. Numerous types of biosensor studies conducted over the last decade have been explored here to reveal their key applications in medical, environmental and food industries which provide comprehensive perspective to the readers. Overviews of the working principles and applications of the reviewed sensors are also summarized.

Effect of Topical Platelet-Rich Plasma on Burn Healing After Partial-Thickness Burn Injury.

BACKGROUND To investigate the effects of platelet-rich plasma on tissue maturation and burn healing in an experimental partial-thickness burn injury model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups of 10 rats each. Group 1 (platelet-rich plasma group) was exposed to burn injury and topical platelet-rich plasma was applied. Group 2 (control group) was exposed to burn injury only. Group 3 (blood donor group) was used as blood donors for platelet-rich plasma. The rats were killed on the seventh day after burn injury. Tissue hydroxyproline levels were measured and histopathologic changes were examined. RESULTS Hydroxyproline levels were significantly higher in the platelet-rich plasma group than in the control group (P=.03). Histopathologically, there was significantly less inflammatory cell infiltration (P=.005) and there were no statistically significant differences between groups in fibroblast development, collagen production, vessel proliferations, or epithelization. CONCLUSIONS Platelet-rich plasma seems to partially improve burn healing in this experimental burn injury model. As an initial conclusion, it appears that platelet-rich plasma can be used in humans, although further studies should be performed with this type of treatment.

Serous versus high-grade endometrioid endometrial carcinoma: immunohistochemistry of RFP is not useful for differentiation.

We evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of ret finger protein (RFP) along with conventional immunohistochemical markers in endometrioid and serous carcinomas of the endometrium. A total of 124 endometrial carcinoma cases (24 grade 1 endometrioid, 60 grade 3 endometrioid, 40 serous) were retrieved from pathology archives. Tissue microarrays were constructed. The expression of RFP, WT1, ER, PR, p53 and p16 was examined immunohistochemically. Sensitivity, specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve,  statistic for interobserver reproducibility, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact tests were performed for statistical analyses. The mean RFP score was 1.54 in grade 1 endometrioid, 4.31 in grade 3 endometrioid, and 6.31 in serous carcinomas (p < 0.001). Overall, RFP scores were higher both in serous and grade 3 endometrioid carcinoma (p > 0.05), and significantly lower in grade 1 endometrioid carcinoma (p < 0.05). p16 and p53 staining patterns were able to differentiate between high-grade endometrioid and serous carcinoma (p < 0.001). ER, PR and WT-1 did not reach statistical significance for subtyping. The  values of the general agreement between the observers were 0.737 and 0.727 for endometrioid and serous carcinomas respectively (p < 0.001). Diffuse p53 and p16 staining provides the most sensitive and specific immunomarkers for differentiating high-grade endometrioid and serous carcinomas.

[Evaluation of shrinkage of surgical margins on tongue specimens following formalin fixation]. / Formalin fiksasyonu sonrasi dil örneklerinde cerrahi sinir küçülmesinin degerlendirilmesi.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the alterations in distances to the surgical margins on sheep tongue specimens, through resection, formalin fixation, frozen section, and microscopic examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty fresh sheep tongues were used in the study. A metal plate was fixed on the lateral aspect of each tongue to represent tumor tissues. A total of 40 specimens with either 1 cm or 2 cm distances as surgical safety margins of the surrounding plate were prepared using either scalpel or monopolar cautery (10 specimens were prepared for each group). Additional 10 specimens with 1 cm safety margins were prepared using either scalpel or monopolar cautery (5 specimens per group) for frozen section examination. Distances to the metal plates before resection were compared with the ones which were determined after resection, frozen section examination, 24-hour formalin fixation and microscopic examination. RESULTS: Distances to the surgical margins were found to be decreased in all specimens after resection, 10% formalin fixation and microscopic examination. The distances to the surgical margins were observed to be reduced by 6.5-7.5% on average after resection, 10-12% on average after formalin fixation and 30% on average after microscopic examination, compared to the baseline values. The level of shrinkage was reduced by 6.3-10% following microscopic section preparation during frozen section examination. CONCLUSION: Seven to eight-millimeter distance to the surgical margin at minimum should be maintained to achieve a 5 mm in height surgical safety margin during sheep tongue resection. The distance defined by the pathologist may be multiplied with 1.42 to estimate around in-situ distance to the surgical margins. Therefore, 1.42 may be used as a corrective factor for sheep tongue tissues.

Chronic diffuse alopecia in women: a retrospective review of histopathologic diagnoses.

INTRODUCTION: The diseases causing chronic diffuse alopecia and having similar clinical findings, namely chronic telogen effluvium, androgenetic alopecia, and the alopecia with overlapping features, should be differentiated. Recently, diffuse variants of lichen planopilaris have been described with histopathologic features of lichen planopilaris but clinically presenting with diffuse hair loss mostly in an androgenetic pattern. OBJECTIVES: To determine the accurate diagnosis underlying chronic diffuse alopecia in women by evaluating histopathologic findings. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 32 patients with diffuse and clinically noncicatricial alopecia for at least 6 months with no identifiable etiologic factor after general medical history, review of organ systems, and appropriate laboratory tests. Two 4 mm punch biopsies, one from vertex and the other from mid-occiput, were obtained and sectioned transversely. RESULTS: The median age was 30.5 years (range: 22-40 years), and the median duration of hair loss was 4 years (range: 1.5-10 years). The histopathologic diagnosis was androgenetic alopecia, chronic telogen effluvium, and overlapping alopecia in 13 (40.6%), three (9.4%), and four (12.5%) patients, respectively. In the remaining 12 (32.5%) patients, a lichenoid inflammatory reaction affecting the infundibulum and isthmus was noted, and the probable diagnosis of diffuse variant of lichen planopilaris was made. LIMITATIONS: The retrospective nature and the small sample size. CONCLUSION: When the clinical diagnosis is not straightforward and no etiologic factor is found, histopathologic examination is mandatory for the accurate diagnosis of the disorder leading to chronic diffuse alopecia in women.

The effect of MSM in the treatment of ankle arthrosis: Is MSM as effective as methylprednisolone or hyaluronic acid?

Posttraumatic ankle osteoarthritis (PTAO) causes severe ankle and adjacent joint morbidity. We aimed to compare the treatment efficacy of previously tried and still applied intra-articular injections and oral methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) at functional and histopathological level in PTAO animal model. Thirty-two adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups (Group 1: Control, Group 2: 0.06 g/kg/day MSM, Group 3: 0.04 mg/µL methylprednisolone [MP], Group 4: 0.04 mg/µL hyaluronic acid [HA]). MSM was started orally between Day 0 to the end of 8 weeks. Intra-articular injections were applied to the right ankles of the subjects after surgery. All subjects were killed after radiological evaluation at the 8th week. Subsequently, functional (range of motion) and histopathological evaluation was performed. Radiological evaluation showed better results of the MP (p < 0.001) and MSM (p < 0.001) groups than the control group. Severity of osteoarthritis (OA) in the MP group was significantly less than in the HA group (p = 0.032). When the total Osteoarthritis Research Society International score was compared, the severity of OA was higher in the KS and HA groups than in the control group (p < 0.001). No significant statistical difference was found in the histopathological comparison of MSM and control group (p = 0.466). There was no difference between the groups in range of motion measurement according to the contralateral ankle joint. The radiological progression of OA was slowed in the MSM and MP groups, but significant histopathological worsening was found in the MP and HA applied groups. We suggest that the treatment methods used in daily practice need to be reviewed.

Ovarian serous borderline tumor detected by conventional papanicolaou smear: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Although the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear was originally designed to detect premalignant cervical lesions and cancer, it has become apparent that malignant cells from extrauterine primaries may also appear in the smears. Here, we report a case of a serous borderline tumor (SBT) of the ovary that was detected by a conventional Pap smear. CASE REPORT: In a 34-year-old woman, who was operated on for a left borderline ovarian tumor 2 years ago, glandular dysplasia was discovered in a Pap smear screening. The Pap smear showed a large number of atypical glandular cells forming 3-dimensional papillary clusters. The cell clusters were enlarged and had variably sized round or oval nuclei. The background was clean, and this finding pointed to the noncervical origin of the malignant cells. A right ovarian cystic mass was discovered and a laparotomy performed. A histologic examination of the ovarian mass revealed a SBT of the ovary. CONCLUSION: This case illustrates the value of the Pap smear in discovering unsuspected extrauterine malignancies, including SBTs of the ovary.

Clear cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix; an unusual HPV-independent tumor: Clinicopathological features, PD-L1 expression, and mismatch repair protein deficiency status of 16 cases.

Objective: Endocervical clear cell carcinoma (c-CCC) is a rare and HPV-independent adenocarcinoma type of cervix. Being usually resistant to conventional chemotherapy. Immunotherapy has recently been added as a preferred regimen as a second-line treatment option for programed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-positive or mismatch repair (MMR) deficient cervical carcinomas. In this study, clinicopathological features, PD-L1 expression, and MMR deficiency status of c-CCCs were investigated. Materials and Methods: Sixteen c-CCC diagnosed cases were included in this study. PD-L1 expression was evaluated using two different PD-L1 clones (22C3 and SP263). MMR deficiency status of the cases was evaluated using four MMR proteins (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6). Results: Most of the c-CCC cases were presented as FIGO Stage I (68.75%). PD-L1 expression in either tumoral or tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TILs) was present in 62.5% (10/16) and 69% (11/16) of the 22C3 and SP263 clones, respectively. Most of the cases with high TIL density were also positive for PD-L1. The PD-L1 expression rate was less than 50% in most of the cases and 12.5% of the cases shared extensive PD-L1 staining. Overall, MMR deficiency was observed in 31.25% of the cases. Most of the MMR-deficient cases (80%) were PD-L1 positive. Conclusion: Although our study cohort is limited, we have shown that PD-L1 expression and MMR deficiency can be found in c-CCCs in variable degrees. These findings suggest that accompanying TIL density and MMR deficiency could be used as candidates for predicting PD-L1 positivity for c-CCCs. However, to indicate the clinical importance of these findings, objective treatment outcomes of cases treated with immunotherapy should be seen.

Clinicopathologic Features and the Loss of ARID1A Expression in Ovarian Seromucinous Borderline Tumors and Seromucinous Carcinomas.

The current study highlighted the ARID1A and SALL4 expression and described histopathologic and immunohistochemical features of ovarian seromucinous tumors (SMTs) including borderline tumors (SMBTs) and seromucinous carcinomas (SMC; namely as endometrioid carcinoma with mucinous differentiation according to WHO 2020 classification). The clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of 38 SMTs were analyzed, including ARID1A, SALL4, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), TP53, keratin 7, keratin 20, CEA, CDX2, WT1, PAX2, and PAX8. SMCs and SMBTs comprised 68.4% (n = 26) and 31.6% (n = 12) of all SMTs, respectively, studied. The mean age of diagnosis was 47.4 years and 41.4 years, and the mean size was 9 cm and 7.45 cm for SMC and SMBT, respectively. There was endometriosis or endometriotic cyst in 61.5% of SMCs and 50% of SMBTs. Immunohistochemically, loss of ARID1A staining was observed in 15 (65.2%) of 26 SMCs, and 3 (33.3%) of the 12 SMBTs. Only one SMC showed focal SALL4 positivity. All SMTs were positive for ER, PR, PAX8, and keratin 7. SMTs were negative for WT1, keratin 20, CDX2, and CEA (negative in 66.7% to 92.3% of the cases). While all SMBTs and 24 (92.3%) of 26 SMCs exhibited "wild-type" TP53 staining, 2 (7.7%) SMCs, both were stage III, showed mutant type TP53 overexpression. We indicate there is a similarity between SMC and SMBT according to the immunohistochemical features. SMBTs are keratin 7, ER, PR positive tumors, and some of them have loss of ARID1A expression and are likely to develop in the background of endometriosis similar to SMC.

Microsatellite Instability Status and the Expression of p16 and Cyclin D1 Proteins in Uterine Adenosarcoma and Their Clinicopathological Significance.

OBJECTIVE: Uterine adenosarcoma has low malignant potential, except in cases with sarcomatous overgrowth (SOG) and a high-grade morphology. We here point out the prognostic clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features as well as the microsatellite instability (MSI) status of high- and low-grade adenosarcomas. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In this study, DNA mismatch repair proteins, p16, cyclin D1, ER, PR, and CD10 were examined in uterine adenosarcoma cases using immunohistochemistry. The association between these proteins and clinicopathological parameters was also evaluated. RESULTS: ER, PR and CD10 expressions were lower and weaker in high-grade adenosarcomas with SOG compared to low-grade adenosarcomas without SOG (p < 0.05). p16 positivity was more frequent in high-grade adenosarcomas than low-grade adenosarcomas (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between cyclin D1 positivity, MSI, and other clinicopathological parameters (p ≥ 0.05). Cyclin D1 positivity and loss of CD10 expression were associated with shorter disease-free survival (DFS). Loss of ER and CD10 expression was associated with shorter overall survival (OS) (p < 0.05). MSI was not associated with DFS or OS (p ≥ 0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggested that p16 positivity, and loss of ER, PR, and CD10 expression were predictors of high-grade morphology. Additionally, the current study showed that cyclin D1-positive tumors had high recurrence rates; however, no significant relationships were found between MSI and DFS or OS in patients with uterine adenosarcoma. Further investigations are required to determine the importance of p16, cyclin D1, and MSI in uterine adenosarcomas.

The Overexpression of Programmed Death-Ligand 2 in Uterine Adenosarcoma: Correlation with High-Grade Morphology, Mutant Type TP53 Expression and Clinical Outcomes.

Immunotherapy involving the programmed death-1 (PD-1)/the programmed death-ligand (PD-1/PD-L) blockade is an understudied tumor therapy approach in cases of adenosarcoma. PD-L1 and PD-L2, and tumor protein p53 (p53) were examined in 20 uterine adenosarcoma cases, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor-associated macrophages were counted in tumor tissue using immunohistochemistry. While CPS PD-L1 positivity with 1% and 10% cut-off values was observed in 40% and 10% of tumors, respectively, CPS PD-L2 positivity with 1%, 10% and 50% cut-off values was observed in 100%, 85% and 50% of the tumors, respectively. The CPS PD-L2 positivity with a 50% cut-off value was positively correlated with tumor grade and the presence of sarcomatous overgrowth and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (p = 0.025, p = 0.025, and p = 0.025, respectively). Nine of 11 high-grade adenosarcomas and none of the low-grade adenosarcomas showed mutant type p53 expression (p = 0.000). However, PD-L1 expression and tumor-infiltrating immune cells did not correlate with clinicopathological parameters. The CPS PD-L2 positivity with a 50% cut-off value was also positively correlated with mutant type p53 expression (p = 0.024) and tumor-associated macrophages density (p = 0.024). The CPS PD-L2 positivity with a 50% cut-off value and mutant type p53 expression were associated with shorter disease-free survival and shorter overall survival. The high density of tumor-associated macrophages and low density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were also associated with shorter disease-free survival and overall survival (p < 0.05).These results suggested that the CPS PD-L2 positivity with a 50% cut-off value, p53 mutation and tumor microenvironment played an essential role in the progression of uterine adenosarcomas.

Reproducibility of endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia diagnosis is good, but influenced by the diagnostic style of pathologists.

Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) applies specific diagnostic criteria to designate a monoclonal endometrial preinvasive glandular proliferation known from previous studies to confer a 45-fold increased risk for endometrial cancer. In this international study we estimate accuracy and precision of EIN diagnosis among 20 reviewing pathologists in different practice environments, and with differing levels of experience and training. Sixty-two endometrial biopsies diagnosed as benign, EIN, or adenocarcinoma by consensus of two expert subspecialty pathologists were used as a reference comparison to assess diagnostic accuracy of 20 reviewing pathologists. Interobserver reproducibility among the 20 reviewers provided a measure of diagnostic precision. Before evaluating cases, observers were self-trained by reviewing published textbook and/or online EIN diagnostic guidelines. Demographics of the reviewing pathologists, and their impressions regarding implementation of EIN terminology were recorded. Seventy-nine percent of the 20 reviewing pathologists' diagnoses were exactly concordant with the expert consensus (accuracy). The interobserver weighted κ values of 3-class EIN scheme (benign, EIN, carcinoma) diagnoses between expert consensus and each of reviewing pathologists averaged 0.72 (reproducibility, or precision). Reviewing pathologists demonstrated one of three diagnostic styles, which varied in the repertoire of diagnoses commonly used, and their nonrandom response to potentially confounding diagnostic features such as endometrial polyp, altered differentiation, background hormonal effects, and technically poor preparations. EIN diagnostic strategies can be learned and implemented from standard teaching materials with a high degree of reproducibility, but is impacted by the personal diagnostic style of each pathologist in responding to potential diagnostic confounders.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by cesarean radical hysterectomy in a triplet pregnancy complicated by clear cell carcinoma of the cervix: a case presentation and literature review.

OBJECTIVE: To report a triplet pregnancy complicated by clear cell cervical carcinoma that was managed using neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by caesarean radical hysterectomy. PATIENT HISTORY: A 26-year-old woman had a diagnosis of cervical clear cell carcinoma, which was International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IB1, at 18 weeks of gestation during a triplet pregnancy. Owing to the patient's strong desire for full-term pregnancy, 3 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy was administered after magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of the tumor. The patient underwent cesarean delivery and radical hysterectomy at gestational week 32. The hysterectomy specimen revealed stage IB1 clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix. The neonates and the mother did not have any complications related to the treatment during 36 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a triplet pregnancy complicated by cervical clear cell carcinoma that was successfully treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and cesarean radical hysterectomy. Our experience and literature review suggest that neoadjuvant chemotherapy for cervical carcinoma diagnosed during pregnancy is associated with excellent oncologic and fetal outcome; therefore, it may be considered as a temporary fertility-sparing approach in selected patients with a strong desire for full-term pregnancy. Nonetheless, additional research and long-term follow-up are needed to reach a more definitive conclusion.

Cervical Spinal Ependymoma With Hemorrhage in a Renal Transplant Patient.

Ependymomas are the most common intramedullary spinal tumors in adults and constitute around 20% of all spinal tumors in adults. There are 3 subgroups of ependymomas according to World Health Organization classification: subependymoma or myxopapillary (grade 1), ependymoma (grade 2), and anaplastic (grade 3). Therapy for patients is aimed at safe and total surgical removal and, in selected cases, postoperative radiotherapy. Bleeding from a spinal ependymoma, with subsequent urgent surgery, is extremely rare. Here, we present a case of a renal transplant patient who had a cervical ependymoma. Although a considerable volume of peritumoral blood was observed during surgery, the patient had no neurologic deficits and no signs of deterioration.