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BACKGROUND: The awake prone positioning strategy for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome is a safe, simple and cost-effective technique used to improve hypoxaemia. We aimed to evaluate intubation and mortality risk in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who underwent awake prone positioning during hospitalisation. METHODS: In this retrospective, multicentre observational study conducted between 1 May 2020 and 12 June 2020 in 27 hospitals in Mexico and Ecuador, nonintubated patients with COVID-19 managed with awake prone or awake supine positioning were included to evaluate intubation and mortality risk through logistic regression models; multivariable and centre adjustment, propensity score analyses, and E-values were calculated to limit confounding. RESULTS: 827 nonintubated patients with COVID-19 in the awake prone (n=505) and awake supine (n=322) groups were included for analysis. Fewer patients in the awake prone group required endotracheal intubation (23.6% versus 40.4%) or died (19.8% versus 37.3%). Awake prone positioning was a protective factor for intubation even after multivariable adjustment (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.24-0.52; p<0.0001, E=2.12), which prevailed after propensity score analysis (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.27-0.62; p<0.0001, E=1.86) and mortality (adjusted OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.26-0.55; p<0.0001, E=2.03). The main variables associated with intubation among awake prone patients were increasing age, lower baseline peripheral arterial oxygen saturation/inspiratory oxygen fraction ratio (P aO2 /F IO2 ) and management with a nonrebreather mask. CONCLUSIONS: Awake prone positioning in hospitalised nonintubated patients with COVID-19 is associated with a lower risk of intubation and mortality.
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COVID-19 , Insuficiência Respiratória , COVID-19/terapia , Humanos , Oxigênio/uso terapêutico , Decúbito Ventral , Insuficiência Respiratória/terapia , Estudos Retrospectivos , SARS-CoV-2 , VigíliaRESUMO
The coronavirus disease 2019 has been demonstrated to be a trigger for multiple immune-mediated diseases, such as antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Associated vasculitis consists of rare autoimmune disorders that predominantly affect small vessels, leading to endothelial injury and tissue damage. We present a case of a newly diagnosed microscopic polyangiitis temporally associated with coronavirus disease 2019 infection in a previously healthy woman and a literature review. A 66-year-old female presented to the Emergency Room with fever, edema on her legs, productive cough, dyspnea, and hemoptysis. A chest computerized tomography scan revealed bilateral diffuse alveolar opacities with the appearance of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Blood analysis revealed a moderate normocytic, normochromic anemia with a hemoglobin of 6.6 g/dL, platelet count of 347 k/dL, leucocytes of 12,000/dL, a creatinine of 3.91 mg/dL (basal Cr: 0.9 mg/dL), and a Blood Urine Nnitrogen of 78 mg/dL. A urine sediment demonstrated glomerular hematuria, with mixed shapes of red blood cells. She was admitted to the intensive care unit and a bedside bronchoscopy revealed progressive bleeding with a bronchioalveolar lavage positive for diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Given the critical involvement of the lungs and kidney function, the diagnostic approach revealed a positive p-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody on immunofluorescence and an anti-MPO (myeloperoxidase) level of 124.6 IU/mL. A renal biopsy demonstrated pauciimmune focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. A diagnosis of microscopic polyangiitis triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection was made, and immediate treatment with pulse-dose steroids and cyclophosphamide was initiated. The patient needed renal replacement therapy and was discharged for follow-up with nephrology and rheumatology services. The diagnostic approach of associated vasculitis can be more challenging in the coronavirus disease era. Atypical features in the pulmonary imaging and a rapid deterioration of the renal function should arise the clinical suspicion of the presence of an added condition to the coronavirus disease infection. Autoimmune conditions such as associated vasculitis should be evaluated even in the absence of previous autoimmune history. Prompt diagnosis and treatments must be prioritized to avoid end-organ definite damage. Further, larger and more collaborative studies are needed to confirm the potential role of coronavirus disease 2019 as a trigger of associated vasculitis.
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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the association and interaction of laboratory parameters, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPSII), Modified Shock Index (MSI), and Mannheim Peritonitis Index (MPI) with in-hospital mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a single-center case-control study. Adult patients with abdominal sepsis were included from May 2015 to May 2020. Baseline characteristics, laboratory parameters, SAPSII, MSI, and MPI scores at admission were collected. A principal component (PC) analysis was applied to evaluate variable interactions. In-hospital mortality risk was determined through logistic regression models. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-seven patients were identified, 60 of which were included for analyses. Non-survivors (48.4%) had a higher frequency of hypertension, lactate and MPI, and lower BE and alactic BE levels. Eight PCs were obtained, PC1 being a linear combination of pH, AG, cAG, alactic BE, bicarbonate, and BE. MPI (OR = 9.87, 95% CI: 3.07-36.61, p = 0.0002), SAPSII (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01-1.14, p = 0.01), and PC1 (OR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.12-4.76, p = 0.04) were significantly associated with mortality in univariate analysis, while MPI (OR = 10.1, 95% CI: 3.03-40.06, p = 0.0003) and SAPSII (OR = 1.07, CI95%: 1.01-1.14, p = 0.02) remained significant after adjusting for age and sex. CONCLUSION: MPI and SAPSII were associated with mortality, although the interaction of laboratory parameters was not.
OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación e interacción de los parámetros de laboratorio, SAPSII, MSI y MPI con la mortalidad intrahospitalaria. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Nosotros realizamos un estudio de casos y controles de pacientes adultos con sepsis abdominal desde mayo 2015 a mayo 2020. Recolectamos las características basales, parámetros de laboratorio, SAPSII, MSI y MPI al ingreso. Se aplicó un Análisis de Componentes Principales. El riesgo de mortalidad intrahospitalaria se determinó mediante modelos de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Identificamos 127 pacientes, 60 de los cuales se incluyeron. Los no supervivientes (48,4%) tuvieron mayor frecuencia de HAS, lactato y MPI, y menores niveles de EB y EB aláctico. Se obtuvieron ocho Componentes Principales (PC), siendo PC1 una combinación lineal de pH, AG, cAG, EB aláctico, bicarbonato y EB. MPI (OR = 9.87, IC95%: 3.07-36.61, p = 0.0002), SAPSII (OR = 1.07, IC95%: 1.01-1.14, p = 0.01) y PC1 (OR = 2.13, IC95%: 1.12-4.76, p = 0.04) se asociaron significativamente con la mortalidad en el análisis univariado, mientras que MPI (OR = 10.1, IC95%: 3.03-40.06, p = 0.0003) y SAPSII (OR = 1.07, IC 95%: 1.01-1.14, p = 0.02) permanecieron significativos después del ajuste por edad y sexo. CONCLUSIONES: MPI y SAPSII se asociaron con mortalidad, aunque la interacción de los parámetros de laboratorio no lo hizo.
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Escore Fisiológico Agudo Simplificado , Humanos , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Estudos de Casos e ControlesRESUMO
Critically ill patients are often presumed to be in a state of "constant dehydration" or in need of fluid, thereby justifying a continuous infusion with some form of intravenous (IV) fluid, despite their clinical data suggesting otherwise. Overzealous fluid administration and subsequent fluid accumulation and overload are associated with poorer outcomes. Fluids are drugs, and their use should be tailored to meet the patient's individualized needs; fluids should never be given as routine maintenance unless indicated. Before prescribing any fluids, the physician should consider the patient's characteristics and the nature of the illness, and assess the risks and benefits of fluid therapy. Decisions regarding fluid therapy present a daily challenge in many hospital departments: emergency rooms, regular wards, operating rooms, and intensive care units. Traditional fluid prescription is full of paradigms and unnecessary routines as well as malpractice in the form of choosing the wrong solutions for maintenance or not meeting daily requirements. Prescribing maintenance fluids for patients on oral intake will lead to fluid creep and fluid overload. Fluid overload, defined as a 10% increase in cumulative fluid balance from baseline weight, is an independent predictor for morbidity and mortality, and thus hospital cost. In the last decade, increasing evidence has emerged supporting a restrictive fluid approach. In this manuscript, we aim to provide a pragmatic description of novel concepts related to the use of IV fluids in critically ill patients, with emphasis on the different indications and common clinical scenarios. We also discuss active deresuscitation, or the timely cessation of fluid administration, with the intention of achieving a zero cumulative fluid balance.
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Hidratação , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Estado Terminal , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Equilíbrio HidroeletrolíticoRESUMO
Resumen: La ultrasonografía enfocada al paciente crítico o «ultrasonido Point-Of-Care¼ (POCUS) es una herramienta utilizada en la cabecera del paciente en distintas áreas de la medicina crítica y servicios de emergencias debido a su practicidad y a que provee gran información de forma rápida y no invasiva para realizar diagnósticos y abordajes terapéuticos. El arresto cardiaco (AC) es una situación crítica que requiere una adecuada reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) y en la que es crucial la identificación de la etiología para realizar una intervención rápida y lograr la resolución de la misma, particularmente en el escenario de una actividad eléctrica sin pulso (AESP) en la que la ecografía cobra vital importancia. La implementación de protocolos de reanimación cardiopulmonar apoyados de un abordaje ultrasonográfico es factible y de gran utilidad para la identificación etiológica del AC y la resolución de causas específicas.
Abstract: Ultrasound focused on the critical patient or «Point-Of-Care ultrasound¼ (POCUS) is a tool used at the patient's bedside in different areas of critical medicine and emergency services due to its practicality as it provides great information quickly and non-invasive for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Cardiac arrest (CA) is a critical situation that requires adequate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and in which the identification of the etiology is crucial to carry out a rapid intervention and achieve its resolution, particularly in the setting of a pulseless electrical activity (AESP) in which ultrasound is of vital importance. The implementation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocols supported by an ultrasound approach is feasible and of great utility for the etiological identification of CA and the resolution of specific causes.
Resumo: A ultrassonografia focada em pacientes críticos ou «Point-Of-Care ultra-som¼ (POCUS) é uma ferramenta utilizada à beira do leito do paciente em diferentes áreas da medicina crítica e serviços de emergência devido à sua praticidade e ao fato de fornecer uma grande quantidade de informações rapidamente e não invasivo para abordagens diagnósticas e terapêuticas. A parada cardíaca (PC) é uma situação crítica que requer uma adequada ressuscitação cardiopulmonar (RCP) e na qual a identificação da etiologia é crucial para a rápida intervenção e resolução, particularmente no cenário de uma atividade elétrica sem pulso (AESP) em qual o ultra-som é de vital importância. A implementação de protocolos de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar apoiados por uma abordagem ultrassonográfica é viável e muito útil para a identificação etiológica do RAC e resolução de causas específicas.
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Resumen: El uso de la pausa al final de la inspiración (PFI) en ventilación mecánica data de hace más de 50 años y con mayor impulso en la década de los 70, se le atribuye una mejoría en la presión parcial de oxígeno arterial (PaO2) al incrementar la presión media de la vía aérea (Pma), mayor aclaramiento de la presión parcial de dióxido de carbono arterial (PaCO2) y permite la monitorización de la presión meseta (Pmeseta) en la mecánica ventilatoria; sin embargo, los estudios clínicos sobre su uso son escasos y controversiales. En este artículo se abordan los mecanismos fisiológicos, fisiopatológicos y la evidencia sobre el uso de la PFI en ventilación mecánica (VM).
Abstract: The use of the end inspiratory pause (EIP) in mechanical ventilation has been going on for more than 50 years and with greater momentum in the 1970s, an improvement in the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) is attributed to the increase mean airway pressure, greater clearance of partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide and allows monitoring of plateau pressure in ventilatory mechanics; However, the Clinical studies on its use are few and controversial. This article addresses the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms and the evidence on the use of EIP in mechanical ventilation.
Resumo: A utilização da pausa ao final da inspiração (PFI) na ventilação mecânica remonta a mais de 50 anos e com maior impulso na década de 70, atribui-se uma melhora na pressão parcial de oxigênio arterial (PaO2) pelo aumento da pressão média das vias aéreas (Pma), uma maior depuração da pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono arterial (PaCO2) e permite a monitorização da pressão de platô (Pplateau) na mecânica ventilatória, porém estudos Os dados clínicos sobre seu uso são escassos e controversos. Este artigo aborda os mecanismos fisiológicos e fisiopatológicos e as evidências sobre o uso do PFI na ventilação mecânica (VM).