A cell line derived from heart of rainbow trout is refractory to Tilapia lake virus.

Cell lines are important in vitro models to answer biological mechanisms with less genetic variations. The present study was attempted to develop a cell line from rainbow trout, where we obtained a cell line from the heart, named "RBT-H." The cell line was authenticated using karyotyping and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequencing. The karyotype demonstrated diploid chromosome number (2n) as 62 and the sequence of partial COI gene was 99.84% similar to rainbow trout COI data set, both suggesting the origin of RBT-H from the rainbow trout. The heart cell line was mycoplasma-free and found to be refractory to infection with the Tilapia lake virus. The RBT-H cell line is deposited in the National Repository of Fish Cell Line (NRFC) at ICAR-NBFGR, Lucknow, India, with Accession no. NRFC0075 for maintenance and distribution to researchers on request for R&D.

A Novel Gene Controls a New Structure: PiggyBac Transposable Element-Derived 1, Unique to Mammals, Controls Mammal-Specific Neuronal Paraspeckles.

Although new genes can arrive from modes other than duplication, few examples are well characterized. Given high expression in some human brain subregions and a putative link to psychological disorders [e.g., schizophrenia (SCZ)], suggestive of brain functionality, here we characterize piggyBac transposable element-derived 1 (PGBD1). PGBD1 is nonmonotreme mammal-specific and under purifying selection, consistent with functionality. The gene body of human PGBD1 retains much of the original DNA transposon but has additionally captured SCAN and KRAB domains. Despite gene body retention, PGBD1 has lost transposition abilities, thus transposase functionality is absent. PGBD1 no longer recognizes piggyBac transposon-like inverted repeats, nonetheless PGBD1 has DNA binding activity. Genome scale analysis identifies enrichment of binding sites in and around genes involved in neuronal development, with association with both histone activating and repressing marks. We focus on one of the repressed genes, the long noncoding RNA NEAT1, also dysregulated in SCZ, the core structural RNA of paraspeckles. DNA binding assays confirm specific binding of PGBD1 both in the NEAT1 promoter and in the gene body. Depletion of PGBD1 in neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) results in increased NEAT1/paraspeckles and differentiation. We conclude that PGBD1 has evolved core regulatory functionality for the maintenance of NPCs. As paraspeckles are a mammal-specific structure, the results presented here show a rare example of the evolution of a novel gene coupled to the evolution of a contemporaneous new structure.

First report of Achlya bisexualis infection in captive-reared Endangered golden mahseer Tor putitora.

Achlya bisexualis is a notorious oomycete pathogen with the potential to cause emerging disease in fish farms. In this study, we report the first isolation of A. bisexualis from captive-reared golden mahseer Tor putitora, an Endangered fish species. The infected fish showed a cotton-like growth of mycelia at the site of infection. The mycelium when cultured on potato dextrose agar produced radially growing white hyphae. The hyphae were non-septate, and some of them carried matured zoosporangium with dense granular cytoplasmic contents. Spherical gemmae with stout stalks were also observed. All the isolates had 100% identity in internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-rDNA sequence and showed highest similarity to that of A. bisexualis. In molecular phylogeny, all the isolates formed a monophyletic group with A. bisexualis which was supported by a bootstrap value of 99%. Based on the molecular and morphological findings, all the isolates were confirmed as A. bisexualis. Further, the anti-oomycete effect of boric acid, a known antifungal agent, against the isolate was evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration were found to be 1.25 and >2.5 g l-1, respectively. Isolation of A. bisexualis from a new fish species indicates its possible occurrence in other unreported hosts. Considering its wide infectivity and the potential to cause disease in farmed fishes, its probable prevalence in a new environment and host needs to be closely monitored to prevent the spread of infection, if any, by adopting suitable control measures.

Enhancer occlusion transcripts regulate the activity of human enhancer domains via transcriptional interference: a computational perspective.

Analysis of ENCODE long RNA-Seq and ChIP-seq (Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing) datasets for HepG2 and HeLa cell lines uncovered 1647 and 1958 transcripts that interfere with transcription factor binding to human enhancer domains. TFBSs (Transcription Factor Binding Sites) intersected by these 'Enhancer Occlusion Transcripts' (EOTrs) displayed significantly lower relative transcription factor (TF) binding affinities compared to TFBSs for the same TF devoid of EOTrs. Expression of most EOTrs was regulated in a cell line specific manner; analysis for the same TFBSs across cell lines, i.e. in the absence or presence of EOTrs, yielded consistently higher relative TF/DNA-binding affinities for TFBSs devoid of EOTrs. Lower activities of EOTr-associated enhancer domains coincided with reduced occupancy levels for histone tail modifications H3K27ac and H3K9ac. Similarly, the analysis of EOTrs with allele-specific expression identified lower activities for alleles associated with EOTrs. ChIA-PET (Chromatin Interaction Analysis by Paired-End Tag Sequencing) and 5C (Carbon Copy Chromosome Conformation Capture) uncovered that enhancer domains associated with EOTrs preferentially interacted with poised gene promoters. Analysis of EOTr regions with GRO-seq (Global run-on) data established the correlation of RNA polymerase pausing and occlusion of TF-binding. Our results implied that EOTr expression regulates human enhancer domains via transcriptional interference.

Dietary lutein supplementation improves immunity and antioxidant status of captive Indian leopards (Panthera fusca).

Indian leopards kept in zoos are fed solely on carabeef on bone (CBB) diets. Carabeef contains lesser or no carotenoids. Hence, the captive Indian leopard diets are suspected to be deficient in carotenoids while their wild counterparts acquire these pigments from their natural prey. Lutein is a vital carotenoid that plays its role as an antioxidant and immunomodulator. This experiment investigates the effect of lutein supplementation on antioxidant status, immunity, and stress in captive Panthera fusca fed CBB diets. Nine leopards were used based on 3 × 3 replicated Latin square designs in the experiment. Groups CON, LUT20, and LUT40 were supplemented with 0, 20, and 40 ppm of lutein, respectively. Each experiment comprised of 10 days of wash-out period, 11 days of adaptation, and 4 days of collection. Digestibility of crude protein (CP) was higher (p < .01) in groups LUT20 and LUT40. Serum concentration of protein, globulin, urea (p < .05), total carotenoids, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT) activity, and lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) index were higher (p < .001) in groups LUT20 and LUT40. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and serum concentration of immunoglobulin were higher (p < .001) in group LUT20. Serum concentration of malonaldehyde (MDA) and fecal concentration of cortisol decreased (p < .001) in groups LUT20 and LUT40. Serum concentration of total immunoglobulin (µg/ml) and LTT were higher in group LUT20. Fecal concentration of cortisol (ng/g) was lower in LUT20 and LUT40. The study concludes that supplementation of lutein at 20 ppm would improve antioxidant status and immunity and alleviate stress in captive Indian leopards.

Clinical outcome of living donor kidney transplantation across simultaneous ABO and HLA incompatibility: Single center experience of first ten cases.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Preconditioning using different protocols has been tested to prevent antibody mediated rejection (ABMR) individually for ABO and HLA incompatibility. However, simultaneous presence of both barriers is still less explored. The aim of this study was to report outcomes of institutional desensitization protocol in renal transplant recipients with simultaneous ABO and HLA incompatibility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study conducted from October 2015 to December 2018. All patients with a clinical diagnosis of dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD), who were prospective coexistent HLA and ABO incompatible renal transplant recipients were included in the study. Patients were followed up and graft function and patient survival was assessed at 1 y from the date of transplant. RESULTS: Median and mode baseline anti-A titers were 64, while median and mode baseline anti-B titers were 256. All recipients were discharged by tenth postoperative day. None of the patients had any bleeding complications. Post transplant infection rate was found to be 20 %. A total of 54 therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) procedures were performed before transplant and 8 were performed after transplant. Graft survival and patient survival was 100 % at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Range and mean follow-up period was 15-42 months and 23 months respectively. Mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at 1 y using the CKD-EPI equation was 85.25 ± 13.76 mL/min. Biopsy proven ABMR was observed in one case only which was managed with TPE and immunosuppression. CONCLUSION: Simultaneous ABO and HLA incompatibility in renal transplant recipients can be managed successfully with adequate preconditioning and careful monitoring.

Targeting CD33 in Chemoresistant AML Patient-Derived Xenografts by CAR-CIK Cells Modified with an Improved SB Transposon System.

The successful implementation of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy in the clinical context of B cell malignancies has paved the way for further development in the more critical setting of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Among the potentially targetable AML antigens, CD33 is insofar one of the main validated molecules. Here, we describe the feasibility of engineering cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells with a CD33.CAR by using the latest optimized version of the non-viral Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system "SB100X-pT4." This offers the advantage of improving CAR expression on CIK cells, while reducing the amount of DNA transposase as compared to the previously employed "SB11-pT" version. SB-modified CD33.CAR-CIK cells exhibited significant antileukemic activity in vitro and in vivo in patient-derived AML xenograft models, reducing AML development when administered as an "early treatment" and delaying AML progression in mice with established disease. Notably, by exploiting an already optimized xenograft chemotherapy model that mimics human induction therapy in mice, we demonstrated for the first time that CD33.CAR-CIK cells are also effective toward chemotherapy resistant/residual AML cells, further supporting its future clinical development and implementation within the current standard regimens.

Outcome of desensitization in human leukocyte antigen and ABO incompatible living donor kidney transplantation: Single center experience of first 200 incompatible transplants.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Although desensitization is well established, concerns about graft outcome, patient survival and rejection still exist. The present study aims at comparing outcomes of renal transplant recipients across simultaneous ABO and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) incompatibility barriers to those with ABO or HLA incompatibility alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study conducted from October 2015 to December 2018. All patients with a clinical diagnosis of chronic kidney disease, who were prospective HLA incompatible (HLAi) and/or ABO incompatible (ABOi) renal transplant recipients were included. A total of 400 cases including 36 ABOi transplants, 154 HLAi transplants, 10 simultaneously ABO and HLA incompatible transplants, and 200 ABO (ABOc) and HLA (HLAc) compatible kidney transplants from living donors were included. RESULTS: There were significantly more number of blood transfusions, previous transplants and pregnancies in HLAi transplant recipients relative to the ABOi or the control group. Mean number of therapeutic plasma exchange procedures per patient and mean plasma volume processed per procedure were slightly higher in the ABOi + HLAi category. The incidence of graft dysfunction due to suspected antibody-mediated rejection during first year was highest in the ABOi + HLAi group, followed by ABOc + HLAi and ABOi + HLAc, lowest in the ABOc + HLAc category. Mean time to first episode of graft dysfunction was significantly shorter with incompatible transplants. There were no kidney transplant recipient deaths in the study. CONCLUSION: Patient outcome and graft outcomes observed with incompatible transplants were not worse than those observed with compatible transplants.

Comparative analysis of complement-dependent lymphocytotoxicity crossmatch and flow cytometry crossmatch results versus Luminex single-antigen bead-based donor-specific IgG class I antibody MFI values in live related renal transplant cases; a retrospective observation in 102 cases.

The aim of this study was to compare the results of solid phase assay and cell-based assay, and explore the near-accurate DSA-MFI-cutoff value detected on solid phase assay above which the cell-based assay would show a positive result. In this retrospective study, 102 prospective renal transplant recipients were tested for the presence of donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) by cell-based assay (T-cell-CDC-AHG-XM and T-cell-IgG-FC-XM) and solid phase assay (class-I-IgG-L-SAB) with their corresponding donor. Among the 40 patients in the group first (L-SAB-DSA-MFI<1000), one case was positive in IgG-T-cell-FC-XM while T-cell-CDC-AHG-XM was negative in all the cases. In the second group having L-SAB-DSA-MFI values between 1000 and 3000, 19 cases were positive and the remaining 11 cases were negative in IgG-T-cell-FC-XM. T-cell-CDC-AHG-XM showed a negative reaction in all 30 cases. In the third group having L-SAB-DSA-MFI values between 3000 and 5000, IgG-T-cell-FC-XM was positive in 18 cases while, two were negative. T-cell-CDC-AHG-XM demonstrated a negative result in 14 cases while reaming six cases demonstrated a positive result. In the fourth group having L-SAB-DSA-MFI values >5000, all 12 cases showed a positive result in both IgG-T-cell FC-XM and T-cell-CDC-AHG-XM. Our results indicated that the L-SAB-DSA-MFI values >2215 were significantly (P < .001) correlated with positive IgG-T-cell-FC-XM while L-SAB-DSA-MFI values >4689 were significantly (P < .001) correlated with positive CDC-XM.

Infigratinib in patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma with FGFR2 gene fusions/translocations: the PROOF 301 trial.

Cholangiocarcinoma is an aggressive malignancy with poor overall survival. Approximately 15% of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas contain FGFR alterations. Infigratinib is an oral FGFR 1-3 kinase inhibitor. Favorable results from a Phase II trial of infigratinib in advanced/metastatic FGFR-altered cholangiocarcinomas has led to its further investigation in the front-line setting. In this article we describe the design, objectives and rationale for PROOF 301, a Phase III multicenter, open label, randomized trial of infigratinib in comparison to standard of care gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced/metastatic cholangiocarcinoma with FGFR2 translocations. The results of this study have the potential to define a new role for a chemotherapy-free, targeted therapy option in the front-line setting for these patients. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT03773302 (ClincalTrials.gov).

Transcriptional interference by small transcripts in proximal promoter regions.

Proximal promoter regions (PPR) are heavily transcribed yielding different types of small RNAs. The act of transcription within PPRs might regulate downstream gene expression via transcriptional interference (TI). For analysis, we investigated capped and polyadenylated small RNA transcripts within PPRs of human RefSeq genes in eight different cell lines. Transcripts of our datasets overlapped with experimentally determined transcription factor binding sites (TFBS). For TFBSs intersected by these small RNA transcripts, we established negative correlation of sRNA expression levels and transcription factor (TF) DNA binding affinities; suggesting that the transcripts acted via TI. Accordingly, datasets were designated as TFbiTrs (TF-binding interfering transcripts). Expression of most TFbiTrs was restricted to certain cell lines. This facilitated the analysis of effects related to TFbiTr expression for the same RefSeq genes across cell lines. We consistently uncovered higher relative TF/DNA binding affinities and concomitantly higher expression levels for RefSeq genes in the absence of TFbiTrs. Analysis of corresponding chromatin landscapes supported these results. ChIA-PET revealed the participation of distal enhancers in TFbiTr transcription. Enhancers regulating TFbiTrs, in effect, act as repressors for corresponding downstream RefSeq genes. We demonstrate the significant impact of TI on gene expression using selected small RNA datasets.

Significance of Luminex-based single antigen class II bead assay and its mean fluorescence intensity in renal transplant cases; a retrospective observation in 97 cases.

The objective of this study was to determine the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) values of class II Luminex single antigen bead (L-SAB) assay and compare these MFI values with cell-based complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatch with anti-human globulin (CDC-AHG-XM) and IgG-B-cell flow cytometry crossmatch (FC-XM) results and explore the near-accurate MFI-cutoff values of positive cell-based crossmatch results. This retrospective study was an analysis in 97 renal transplant recipients, who were tested for the presence of DSA by CDC-AHG-XM and IgG-B-cell-FC-XM methods with their corresponding donor as well as for anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibody detection using a sensitive L-SAB assay. In the group having DSA MFI values <1000, none of the patients showed positivity for FC-XM and CDC-AHG-XM; in the group having MFI values between 1000 and 3000, 35.48% showed positivity for FC-XM but none by the CDC-AHG-XM method. However, in the group having MFI values >3000, 83.33% of cases were positive for FC-XM. Further, in those groups with MFI values between 3000 and 6000, 38.09% were positive for CDC-AHG-XM, while 86.66% showed positivity in the group with MFI >6000. Our results indicated that Luminex-DSA MFI value >1995 (P < .0001) significantly correlated with IgG-B-cell-FC-XM positivity while Luminex-DSA MFI value of >4247 (P < .0006) was significantly correlated with positive CDC-AHG-XM. MFI cutoff of 1995 exhibited a diagnostic sensitivity of 97.56% and specificity of 89.29% for predicting positive IgG B-cell FC-XM and MFI cutoff of 4247 exhibited a diagnostic sensitivity of 90.48% and specificity of 97.37% for predicting positive CDC-AHG-XM. However, a cutoff MFI of >5000 and >7000 for SAB assay had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% in detecting a positive IgG B-cell FC-XM and CDC-AHG-XM, respectively.

Phosphorylation of influenza A virus NS1 protein at threonine 49 suppresses its interferon antagonistic activity.

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation acts as a fundamental molecular switch that alters protein function and thereby regulates many cellular processes. The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza A virus is an important factor regulating virulence by counteracting cellular immune responses against viral infection. NS1 was shown to be phosphorylated at several sites; however, so far, no function has been conclusively assigned to these post-translational events yet. Here, we show that the newly identified phospho-site threonine 49 of NS1 is differentially phosphorylated in the viral replication cycle. Phosphorylation impairs binding of NS1 to double-stranded RNA and TRIM25 as well as complex formation with RIG-I, thereby switching off its interferon antagonistic activity. Because phosphorylation was shown to occur at later stages of infection, we hypothesize that at this stage other functions of the multifunctional NS1 beyond its interferon-antagonistic activity are needed.

Molecular Cloning and Expression Profile of Toll-Like Receptor 3 from an Indian Coldwater Fish, Schizothorax richardsonii(Gray).

The innate immune system recognizes pathogens through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), and toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the most important PRRs. TLR3 is a unique member of TLR family that recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a viral replication intermediate. There is a variation in its response among diverse fish species toward the same stimulants. We identified and cloned TLR3 from Indian snow trout, Schizothorax richardsonii and carried out its expression analysis in un-induced and poly (I:C) challenged fish. It has an open reading frame (ORF) of 2712 bases that encodes a polypeptide of 904 amino acids. The molecular weight of the polypeptide was predicted to be 102.4482 kDa with an isoelectric point of 7.40. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) was carried out after 24 hours of poly (I:C) treatment and expression of TLR3 was analyzed in different tissues. As compared with untreated fish the poly (I:C) challenged fish revealed significantly high expression of TLR3 in kidney followed by liver and gills.

Extraoral plasmablastic lymphoma detected using ascitic fluid cytology and flow cytometry: a case report with a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Plasmablastic lymphoma (PL) is a relatively new category of lymphoma, which has been considered to be found predominantly in the oral cavity and has a strong association with HIV. CASE: We report a case of extraoral/mesenteric PL detected using cytological examination of ascitic fluid assisted by flow cytometric (FC) analysis. The cells were positive for CD38, CD138, CD10, CD45 and CD56 and negative for CD3, CD19, CD20 and CD79a, with cytoplasmic lambda light-chain restriction. We also reviewed 67 cases of extraoral PL from the available literature and found them to be less often associated with HIV (than oral PL), occurring mostly in males aged 30-60 years, with the most common extraoral site being the anorectal region. CONCLUSION: A high index of suspicion at the level of the cytopathologist is imperative for identifying lymphoma cells in a body fluid. A rare entity like PL can also be diagnosed on cytology assisted by ancillary techniques (like FC), without the need for a biopsy. We also suggest that the minimum panel to diagnose PLs should include CD138, MUM-1, Ki-67, ALK-1, CD3, immunoglobulin light-chains, CD20 and PAX5.

Phytochemical Screening of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Plant Extracts and Their Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity Analysis.

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, alias "Vishnu Parijat," is a medicinal plant used to treat various inflammation-associated ailments and to combat innumerable infections in the traditional system of medicine. In the present study, we collected the samples of N. arbor-tristis from the lower Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India, and carried out their molecular identification through DNA barcoding. To examine the antioxidant and antibacterial activities, we prepared the ethanolic and aqueous extracts (from flowers and leaves) and performed their phytochemical analysis by using different qualitative and quantitative approaches. The phytoextracts showed marked antioxidant potential, as revealed by a comprehensive set of assays. The ethanolic leaf extract showed marked antioxidant potential towards DPPH, ABTS, and NO scavenging (IC50 = 30.75 ± 0.006, 30.83 ± 0.002, and 51.23 ± 0.009 µg/mL, respectively). We used TLC-bioautography assay to characterize different antioxidant constituents (based on their Rf values) in the chromatograms ran under different mobile phases. For one of the prominent antioxidant spots in TLC bioautography, GC-MS analysis identified cis-9-hexadecenal and n-hexadecanoic acid as the major constituents. Furthermore, in antibacterial study, the ethanolic leaf extract showed marked activity against Aeromonas salmonicida (113.40 mg/mL of extract was equivalent to 100 µg/mL of kanamycin). In contrast, the ethanolic flower extract showed considerable antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (125.85 mg/mL of extract ≡100 µg/mL of kanamycin). This study presents the phylogenetic account and unravels the antioxidant-related properties and antibacterial potential of N. arbor-tristis.

Assessing safety, efficacy and residue depletion in golden mahseer, Tor putitora (Hamilton, 1822): biochemical and physiological responses to graded concentrations of oxytetracycline dietary supplementation.

The safety and effectiveness of oxytetracycline can potentially manage bacterial infections in fish. This, in turn, might reduce the concerns related to its use in aquaculture and human consumption, such as toxicity, antimicrobial resistance, and other associated risks. The primary objective of this study was to assess how adding oxytetracycline dihydrate to the diet affects its effectiveness, safety, and the presence of residues in T. putitora. T. putitora fingerlings, subjected to experimental infection with Aeromonas hydrophila at a concentration of 108 CFU mL- 1, received an oral administration of oxytetracycline dihydrate. The oxytetracycline dihydrate was added to the feed (corresponding to 2% of the fish body weight) at concentrations of 44.1, 88.2, 132.3 and 176.4 mg Kg- 1 fish body weight per day. This treatment was carried out for 10 consecutive days. The biochemical and physiological responses of T. putitora and efficacy of oxytetracycline dihydrate were determined through estimation of microbial load (CFU mL- 1), haematogram, serum biomarkers, behavioral characteristics, non-specific immunity and residue depletion. Experimentally infected fish showed disease progression and induced histopathological conditions with highest microbial load (CFU mL- 1) in the muscle of both control and treated fish. The fish haematogram showed increased leucocyte and haemoglobin content, influenced by dietary oxytetracycline dihydrate. The fish demonstrated adaptive physiological response to oxytetracycline dihydrate at 44.1 to 88.2 mg and resulted in increased albumin and globulin content. The serum-enzyme assay showed significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in the test fish (< 0.05). Oxytetracycline dihydrate at 88.2 to 132.3 mg Kg- 1 fish body weight per day recorded higher feed intake (75%), significant survivability (66-68%) and histopathological recovery. The suppressed immune response was manifested with decreased respiratory burst and lysozyme activity. The palatability, treatment of bacterial infection, histopathological changes and survivability by fingerlings of golden mahseer determined the safety and optimized the therapeutic potential of the oxytetracycline dihydrate at 88.2 mg Kg- 1 fish body weight per day for 10 days to contain the infection by A. hydrophila. A withdrawal period of 8-d was recommended as oxytetracycline dihydrate concentration depleted below the legal maximum residue limit (MRL 2.0 mg g- 1) in the edible muscle of the golden mahseer reared at an average water temperature of 20 °C. This is considered safe for human consumption.

Emergence of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. masoucida MHJM250: unveiling pathological characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility in golden mahseer, Tor putitora (Hamilton, 1822) in India.

Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. masoucida, designated as laboratory strain MHJM250, was characterized from a naturally infected farmed golden mahseer, Tor putitora. The infected fish exhibited clinical signs of erosion at the caudal fin and hemorrhage onx the ventral body surface. Molecular identification through 16 S rDNA and phylogenetic analysis revealed 100% similarity with a known strain A. salmonicida subsp. masoucida (MT122821.1). MHJM250 exhibited positive reactions for oxidase, catalase, esculin, MR-VP, O/F and utilized arginine and lysine. It also demonstrated siderophore activity, thrived at various NaCl concentrations, hydrolyzed gelatinase, skimmed milk and casinase. In vitro studies exhibited its hemolytic nature, significant biofilm production in glucose-rich tryptone soya broth and beta-hemolysis. MHJM250 didn't produce slime and was non-precipitated upon boiling. It showed crystal violet binding characteristics and auto-agglutination with relatively weak hydrophobicity (25%). In the challenge assay, intraperitoneal administration of MHJM250 to T. pitutora fingerlings at 108 CFU mL-1 resulted in pathogenicity with 3% mortality and mild hemorrhagic symptoms. Histopathological analysis revealed degenerative changes in gill, kidney, liver, muscle, and intestine samples. The bacterium displayed resistance to several antibiotics (µg/disc); ampicillin (10 µg), ampicillin/ sulbactam (10/10 µg), clindamycin (2 µg), linezolid (30 µg), penicillin G (10 µg) and rifampicin (5 µg) and varied minimum inhibitory concentrations against oxytetracycline, erythromycin and florfenicol. Transmission electron microscopy showed its rod-shaped structure with single polar flagellum and lophotrichous flagella. An investigation on the molecular basis for virulence factors of A. salmonicida subsp. masoucida MHJM250 may offer crucial understandings to formulate disease prevention and control strategies in aquaculture.

Atypical KCNQ1/Kv7 channel function in a neonatal diabetes patient: Hypersecretion preceded the failure of pancreatic ß-cells.

KCNQ1/Kv7, a low-voltage-gated K+ channel, regulates cardiac rhythm and glucose homeostasis. While KCNQ1 mutations are associated with long-QT syndrome and type2 diabetes, its function in human pancreatic cells remains controversial. We identified a homozygous KCNQ1 mutation (R397W) in an individual with permanent neonatal diabetes melitus (PNDM) without cardiovascular symptoms. To decipher the potential mechanism(s), we introduced the mutation into human embryonic stem cells and generated islet-like organoids (SC-islets) using CRISPR-mediated homology-repair. The mutation did not affect pancreatic differentiation, but affected channel function by increasing spike frequency and Ca2+ flux, leading to insulin hypersecretion. With prolonged culturing, the mutant islets decreased their secretion and gradually deteriorated, modeling a diabetic state, which accelerated by high glucose levels. The molecular basis was the downregulated expression of voltage-activated Ca2+ channels and oxidative phosphorylation. Our study provides a better understanding of the role of KCNQ1 in regulating insulin secretion and ß-cell survival in hereditary diabetes pathology.

A retrospective observational study to estimate the risk of HLA alloimmunization with blood transfusion: Can the risk be reduced by leucodepletion?

BACKGROUND: In this retrospective study, our aim was to find the effect of leucodepleted (LD) blood transfusions on the formation of anti-HLA-antibodies when compared to non-leucodepleted (non-LD) transfusions using Luminex-based method. METHODS: In this study, Luminex single antigen bead assay (L-SAB) and HLA typing were performed on 310 patients. Test positivity rates (as MFI - Mean florescence intensity) were analyzed according to the different sensitization events and gender. RESULTS: Of the 310 patients included in the study, 58.06% (180) patients were male and 41.93% (130) were female. The average age of the patients was 42.86 (±12.37) years. In this study, test positivity rates were significantly lower in the patients who received LD RBC units than in those who received non-LD RBC units (28.43% = 29 of 102 Vs 55.22% = 74 of 134, p < 0.05). In our study, transfusion combined with a history of pregnancy had higher number of significant HLA antibodies compared to cases where transfusion was the only sensitization event (81.81% = 18/22 Vs 39.71% = 85/214, p < 0.05). In addition, anti-HLA-antibodies-MFI were significantly (p < 0.01) higher in non-LD patients compared to LD patients. CONCLUSION: Patients who received LD RBC units had a significantly lower rate of transfusion-associated alloimmunization compared to those who received non-LD RBC units. Multiparous women had a high risk for transfusion-related alloimmunization compared to both nulliparous women and male patient. Furthermore, class I-anti-HLA-antibodies (HLA-B and HLA-A + B) were significantly associated with pregnancy sensitization and/or blood transfusion as a single sensitization.