Bacillus subtilis NBRI-W9 simultaneously activates SAR and ISR against Fusarium chlamydosporum NBRI-FOL7 to increase wilt resistance in tomato.

AIMS: The study aimed to determine the pathogenicity of Fusarium species currently prevalent in tomato fields having history of chemical fungicide applications and determine the bio-efficacy of Bacillus subtilis NBRI-W9 as a potent biological control agent. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fusarium was isolated from surface-sterilized infected tomato plants collected from fields. Pathogenicity of 30 Fusarium isolates was determined by in vitro and in vivo assays. Following Koch's postulates, F. chlamydosporum (FOL7) was identified as a virulent pathogen. The biological control of FOL 7 by B. subtilis NBRI-W9 (W9) and the colonization potential of W9 were established using spontaneous rifampicin-resistant mutants. W9 showed 82% inhibition of FOL7 on a dual-culture plate and colonization levels in tomato plants of ∼5.5, ∼3.3, and ∼2.2 log10 CFU/g in root, stem, and leaf tissue, respectively. Antagonistic activity was shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cell-wall-degradative enzymes. W9 reduced FOL7 infection in net-house and field experiments by 60% and 41%, respectively. Biochemical investigation, defence enzymes, defence gene expression analysis, SEM, and field studies provide evidence of hyperparasitism and induced resistance as the mode of biological control. The study also demonstrates that the potent biocontrol agent W9, isolated from Piper, can colonize tomato plants, control fungal disease by inducing induced systemic resistance (ISR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) simultaneously, and increase crop yield by 21.58% under field conditions. CONCLUSIONS: This study concludes that F. chlamydosporum (NBRI-FOL7) is a potent, fungicide-resistant pathogen causing wilt in tomatoes. NBRI-W9 controlled FOL7 through mycoparasitism and simultaneously activated ISR and SAR in plants, providing an attractive tool for disease control that acts at multiple levels.

Understanding Carbon Monoxide Binding and Interactions in M-MOF-74 (M = Mg, Mn, Ni, Zn).

Small molecules may adsorb strongly in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) through interactions with under-coordinated open metal sites (OMS) that often exist within these structures. Among adsorbates, CO is attractive to study both for its relevance in energy-related applications and for its ability to engage in both σ-donation and π-backbonding interactions with the OMS in MOFs. Concomitant with strong adsorption, structural changes arise due to modifications of the electronic structure of both the adsorbate and adsorbent. These structural changes affect the separation performance of materials, and accurately capturing these changes and the resulting energetics is critical for accurate predictive modeling of adsorption. Traditional approaches to modeling using classical force fields typically do not capture or account for changes at the electronic level. To characterize the structural and energetic effects of the local structural changes, we employed density functional theory (DFT) to study CO adsorption in M-MOF-74s. M-MOF-74s feature OMS at which CO is known to adsorb strongly and can be synthesized with a variety of divalent metal cations with distinct performance in adsorption. We considered M-MOF-74s with a range of metals of varied d-band occupations (Mg (3d0), Mn (3d5), Ni (3d8), and Zn (3d10)) with various structural constraints ranging from geometrically constrained adsorbent and adsorbate ions to fully optimized geometries to deconvolute the relative contributions of various structural effects to the adsorption energetics and binding distances observed. Our data indicate that the most significant structural changes during adsorption correlate with the greatest π-backbonding behaviors and commensurately result in a sizable binding energy change observed for CO adsorption. The insights built from this work are relevant to two longstanding research challenges within the MOF community: rational design of materials for separations and the design of force fields capable of accurately modeling adsorption.

CT perfusion in stroke: Comparing conventional and RAPID automated software.

CT perfusion (CTP) imaging is increasingly used for routine evaluation of acute ischemic stroke. Knowledge about the different types of CTP software, imaging acquisition and post-processing, and interpretation is crucial for appropriate patient selection for reperfusion therapy. Conventional vendor-provided CTP software differentiates between ischemic penumbra and core infarct using the tiebreaker of critically reduced cerebral blood volume (CBV) values within brain regions showing abnormally elevated time parameters like mean transit time (MTT) or time to peak (TTP). On the other hand, RAPID automated software differentiates between ischemic penumbra and core infarct using the tiebreaker of critically reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) values within brain regions showing abnormally elevated time to maximum (Tmax). Additionally, RAPID calculates certain indices that confer prognostic value, such as the hypoperfusion and CBV index. In this review, we aim to familiarize the reader with the technical principles of CTP imaging, compare CTP maps generated by conventional and RAPID software, and discuss important thresholds for reperfusion and prognostic indices. Lastly, we discuss common pitfalls to help with the accurate interpretation of CTP imaging.

Lumbar vertebral diskitis-osteomyelitis with mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysm caused by Streptococcus mitis.

Vertebral osteomyelitis is a well-documented disease entity in literature with various known etiologies. However, vertebral diskitis-osteomyelitis secondary to an infected aortic aneurysm is an uncommon and life-threatening complication. We present the case of a 65-year-old male patient who presented with chronic low back pain that acutely worsened for 1 to 1.5 months and was diagnosed with vertebral diskitis-osteomyelitis secondary to a contiguous infection from an adjacent mycotic aortic aneurysm. To our knowledge, this is one of the few cases reported of vertebral diskitis-osteomyelitis secondary to mycotic aortic aneurysm. We discuss the findings on CT and MRI, as well as the value of imaging in guiding management.

Recurrent sporadic malignant triton tumor in the carotid sheath in the absence of neurofibromatosis.

Malignant Triton Tumors (MTTs) are a rare and aggressive subtype of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), often associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. This case report describes a unique instance of recurrent sporadic MTT within the carotid sheath in a 33-year-old male without any personal or familial history of neurofibromatosis. The patient initially presented with a biopsy-confirmed MTT in the right neck, involving the carotid body and brachial plexus, and underwent partial resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Six months later, the patient presented with recurrent MTT, and subsequently underwent radical tumor resection, segmental right carotid artery resection, and deep femoral vein interposition. Recovery was complicated by hematoma formation, and the patient developed vocal fold paralysis and a left vocal fold cyst, necessitating further surgeries. Yearly follow-ups for 8 years revealed no recurrence. This case emphasizes the importance of comprehensive patient evaluation, including clinical history, imaging, and biopsy findings, for accurate diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention in managing such rare and aggressive tumors. Further research is needed to identify novel therapies and improve survival rates for patients with MTTs.

Cerebellar, hippocampal, and basal nuclei transient edema with restricted diffusion (CHANTER) syndrome in the setting of opioid and phencyclidine use.

Cerebellar, hippocampal, and basal nuclei transient edema with restricted diffusion (CHANTER) syndrome is a constellation of specific imaging findings characterized by cytotoxic edema in the bilateral hippocampi, cerebellar cortices, and basal ganglia in patients presenting with altered mental status in the setting of substance intoxication. Previous case reports have demonstrated a strong correlation between CHANTER syndrome and polysubstance abuse, particularly with opioid intoxication. The patient we present in this case was found unresponsive following opioid use and demonstrated a constellation of findings on initial and follow-up imaging, consistent with CHANTER syndrome. While cases of irreversible brain damage or death during hospitalization have been reported in the literature, our patient demonstrated near-full recovery a few days after admission to the hospital. We aim to highlight the presentation and progression of CHANTER syndrome and alert clinicians and radiologists to include this entity in their diagnostic checklist for patients with polysubstance abuse and altered mental status.

Expression of HER2/neu in gastric adenocarcinoma and its correlation with serum HER2/neu level and E-cadherin expression.

AIM: : To assess HER2/neu expressions and correlate with E-cadherin and Serum HER2 level in gastric carcinoma. METHOD: 31 gastric biopsies and 1 resected specimen were taken in the study with patient details and stained with H and E for histopathological details following Lauren's classification. Immunohistochemistry for HER2 and E-cadherin expression was conducted followed by serum HER2/neu ELISA. RESULT: Adenocarcinoma with 61% diffuse, 29% intestinal, and 10% other type were observed with predominant HER2 immunoexpression in intestinal-type than in diffuse-type adenocarcinoma. Other observations marked 44% as 3+/positive and 56% as 2+/equivocal in intestinal type while 26% cases as 3+/positive, 69% as 2+/equivocal, and 1% as 1+/negative were observed in diffuse type. The data presented 33% membranous positivity and 67% both membranous + cytoplasmic positivity in intestinal type while 2% showed membranous positivity, 47% both membranous + cytoplasmic, and 42% only cytoplasmic positivity in diffused type. On comparing the localization pattern of HER2 and E-cadherin, 25% of cases showed membranous staining while 50% of cases showed membranous with cytoplasmic staining for both. No cytoplasmic HER2 staining as well as no any staining for E-cadherin was shown by 6% cases. CONCLUSION: Thus, it can be concluded that cytoplasmic expression of HER2 in gastric adenocarcinoma (mainly diffuse type) may be due to shedding of its extracellular domain, leading to loss of membranous E-cadherin expression on immunohistochemistry. The loss of membranous expression of E-cadherin and increased serum HER2 ELISA were correlated well with these findings.

Transcending toward Advanced 3D-Cell Culture Modalities: A Review about an Emerging Paradigm in Translational Oncology.

Cancer is a disorder characterized by an uncontrollable overgrowth and a fast-moving spread of cells from a localized tissue to multiple organs of the body, reaching a metastatic state. Throughout years, complexity of cancer progression and invasion, high prevalence and incidence, as well as the high rise in treatment failure cases leading to a poor patient prognosis accounted for continuous experimental investigations on animals and cellular models, mainly with 2D- and 3D-cell culture. Nowadays, these research models are considered a main asset to reflect the physiological events in many cancer types in terms of cellular characteristics and features, replication and metastatic mechanisms, metabolic pathways, biomarkers expression, and chemotherapeutic agent resistance. In practice, based on research perspective and hypothesis, scientists aim to choose the best model to approach their understanding and to prove their hypothesis. Recently, 3D-cell models are seen to be highly incorporated as a crucial tool for reflecting the true cancer cell microenvironment in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics studies, in addition to the intensity of anticancer drug response in pharmacogenomics trials. Hence, in this review, we shed light on the unique characteristics of 3D cells favoring its promising usage through a comparative approach with other research models, specifically 2D-cell culture. Plus, we will discuss the importance of 3D models as a direct reflector of the intrinsic cancer cell environment with the newest multiple methods and types available for 3D-cells implementation.

Artificial intelligence technologies empowering identification of novel diagnostic molecular markers in gastric cancer.

In recent clinical practice the molecular diagnostics have been significantly empowered and upgraded by the use of Artificial Intelligence and its assisted technologies. The use of Machine leaning and Deep Learning Neural network architectures have brought in a new dimension in clinical oncological research and development. These algorithm based software system with enhanced digital image analysis have emerged into a new branch of digital pathology and contributed immensely towards precision medicine and personal diagnostics. In India, gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers in males as well as in females. Various molecular biomarkers are associated with gastric cancer development and progression of which HER2 protein, a transmembrane tyrosine kinase (TK) receptor of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) family is of prime importance. The EGF receptor expression in gastric cancer is linked with its prognostics and theragnostics. These expressions are assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and molecular techniques such as Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), as per recommendations for HER2 targeted immunotherapy. These have motivated the software giants like Google Inc. to produce innovative state of art technologies mimicking human traits such as learning and problem solving skill sets. This field is still under development and is slowly evolving and capturing global importance in recent times. A literature search on PubMed was performed to access updated information for this manuscript.

Management of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Key Focus in Macrolides Efficacy for COVID-19.

Macrolides (e.g., erythromycin, fidaxomicin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin) are a class of bacteriostatic antibiotics commonly employed in medicine against various gram-positive and atypical bacterial species mostly related to respiratory tract infections, besides they possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was first detected in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019 and resulted in a continuing pandemic. Macrolides have been extensively researched as broad adjunctive therapy for COVID-19 due to its immunostimulant abilities. Among such class of drugs, azithromycin is described as azalide and is well-known for its ability to decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including matrix metalloproteinases, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8. In fact, a report recently published highlighted the effectiveness of combining azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment. Indeed, it has been underlined that azithromycin quickly prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection by raising the levels of both interferons and interferon-stimulated proteins at the same time which reduces the virus replication and release. In this sense, the current review aims to evaluate the applications of macrolides for the treatment of COVID-19.

In vivo diabetic wound healing with nanofibrous scaffolds modified with gentamicin and recombinant human epidermal growth factor.

Diabetic wounds are susceptible to microbial infection. The treatment of these wounds requires a higher payload of growth factors. With this in mind, the strategy for this study was to utilize a novel payload comprising of Eudragit RL/RS 100 nanofibers carrying the bacterial inhibitor gentamicin sulfate (GS) in concert with recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF); an accelerator of wound healing. GS containing Eudragit was electrospun to yield nanofiber scaffolds, which were further modified by covalent immobilization of rhEGF to their surface. This novel fabricated nanoscaffold was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The thermal behavior of the nanoscaffold was determined using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. In the in vitro antibacterial assays, the nanoscaffolds exhibited comparable antibacterial activity to pure gentemicin powder. In vivo work using female C57/BL6 mice, the nanoscaffolds induced faster wound healing activity in dorsal wounds compared to the control. The paradigm in this study presents a robust in vivo model to enhance the applicability of drug delivery systems in wound healing applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 641-651, 2018.