Ecological Momentary Assessment: A Field Evaluation of Subjective Ratings of Speech in Noise.

PURPOSE: As hearing rehabilitation research evolves to include both retrospective and momentary assessment outcome measures, it is important to understand how in-the-moment contextual factors influence subjective ratings. We aimed to determine, over a 4-week period of participants responding to ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) in their own environments, whether: (1) participants will complete surveys in speech-in-noise listening situations; (2) ratings of speech in noise change in a predictable manner as the acoustic conditions change; and (3) EMAs provide patient insights beyond those provided from retrospective ratings. DESIGN: Fourteen adults aged 26 to 86 years with at least 6 months of hearing aid experience were recruited for an 8-week crossover field trial (4 weeks wearing hearing aids with no EMA; 4 weeks wearing hearing aids with EMA). Participants were fitted with hearing aids and provided with a streamer and a smartphone with an app that analyzed the acoustic signal from the hearing aids and alerted the participant to respond to a survey when predetermined acoustic conditions were detected. Participants were prompted to complete brief surveys up to 9 times/day that contained establishing questions, quality ratings, and items assessing perceived benefit, residual activity limitation, and satisfaction. Participants also completed retrospective questionnaires at intake and after each 4-week field trial. RESULTS: Participants completed an average of 4.4 surveys per day. The quality ratings changed as the acoustics changed: Ratings of intelligibility were lower for 10 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than 20 dB SNR (p = 0.006); ratings of noisiness were higher for 10 dB SNR than 20 dB SNR (p = 0.001) and higher for 65 dB SPL than 50 dB SPL (p < 0.001); ratings of effort were higher for 65 dB SPL than 50 dB SPL (p = 0.004); ratings of loudness were higher for 65 dB SPL than 50 dB SPL (p = 0.001). Descriptive analysis of satisfaction, benefit, and residual activity limitation responses showed that the momentary surveys provided more detail about individual variability across acoustic conditions than the retrospective questions. CONCLUSIONS: Participants completed more than 99% of the triggered surveys, demonstrating high compliance. Because the quality ratings generally changed in the hypothesized direction, it is concluded that the participants provided valid responses. The greater variability in responses with EMA than retrospective questionnaires demonstrates its potential utility as a clinical tool for exploring hearing aid outcomes in real-world environments.

A Laboratory Evaluation of Contextual Factors Affecting Ratings of Speech in Noise: Implications for Ecological Momentary Assessment.

OBJECTIVES: As hearing aid outcome measures move from retrospective to momentary assessments, it is important to understand how contextual factors influence subjective ratings. Under laboratory-controlled conditions, we examined whether subjective ratings changed as a function of acoustics, response timing, and task variables. DESIGN: Eighteen adults (age 21 to 85 years; M = 51.4) with sensorineural hearing loss were fitted with hearing aids. Sentences in noise were presented at 3 overall levels (50, 65, and 80 dB SPL) and 3 signal to noise ratios (0, +5, and +10 dB signal to noise ratio [SNR]). Listeners rated three sound quality dimensions (intelligibility, noisiness, and loudness) under four experimental conditions that manipulated timing and task focus. RESULTS: The quality ratings changed as the acoustics changed: intelligibility ratings increased with input level (p < 0.05); noisiness ratings increased at poorer SNRs (p < 0.05); and loudness ratings increased as input level increased (p < 0.05). Timing of rating was significant at the highest presentation level (80 dB SPL): Participants gave higher noise ratings while listening to the signal than afterward (p < 0.05). Presence of a secondary task had no significant effect on ratings (p > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this laboratory study provide evidence to support the conclusion that group-mean listener ratings of loudness, noisiness, and intelligibility change in predictable ways as level and SNR of the speech in noise stimulus are altered. They also provide weak evidence to support the conclusion that timing of the ratings (during or immediately after sound exposure) can affect noisiness ratings under certain conditions, but no evidence to support the conclusion that timing affects other quality ratings. There is also no evidence to support the conclusion that quality ratings are influenced by the presence of, or focus on, a secondary nonauditory task of the type used here.

Auto-regulation of thyroid hormone receptors in the goldfish ovary and testis.

Thyroid hormones, acting via their cognate thyroid receptors (TRs) act as mediators and modulators of several physiological processes and homeostasis. A clear role for the TRs in reproduction has not yet been established although several lines of recent evidence suggest that they are involved in the regulation of reproduction. To further study the role of TRs in control of reproduction, we investigated homologous regulation of TR subtypes in the gonads of goldfish, in vivo and in vitro. It was found that tri-iodothyronine (T(3)) down-regulates the traditional TRs (TRα-1 and TRß) and up-regulates a dominant-negative form, TRα-t. This indicates a 'feedback' mechanism whereby an acute treatment with T(3) down regulates further T(3) mediated response. The results provide novel information on auto-regulation of TRs in the goldfish ovary and testis, and support the hypothesis that thyroid hormones are involved in the control of reproduction.

Thyroid hormone and reproduction: regulation of estrogen receptors in goldfish gonads.

There is increasing evidence that thyroid hormones influence reproduction in vertebrates. However, little information is available on the mechanisms by which this happens. As a first step in determining these mechanisms, we test the hypothesis that the estrogen receptor subtypes (ERalpha, ERbeta-1, and ERbeta-2) are regulated by the thyroid hormone, (T(3)), in the gonads of goldfish. All three subtypes were down-regulated by T(3) in the testis or ovary. We also found evidence that T(3) decreased pituitary gonadotropin expression and decreased transcript for gonadal aromatase. Collectively, it appears that T(3) acts to diminish estrogen signaling by (1) decreasing pituitary LH expression and thus steroidogenesis, (2) down-regulating gonadal aromatase expression and thus decreasing estrogen synthesis from androgens, and (3) decreasing sensitivity to estrogen by down-regulating the ER subtypes. Goldfish are seasonal breeders, spawning once a year, and thus have two distinct periods of growth: somatic and reproductive. Circulating thyroid hormone levels have been found to increase just after spawning. Therefore, we propose that this may be an endocrine mechanism that goldfish use to switch their energy expenditure from reproductive to growth efforts in the goldfish.

A simple, non-toxic method for separating seeds based on density, and its application in isolating Arabidopsis thaliana seed oil mutants.

PREMISE: Seed oil is an economically important trait in Brassica oilseed crops. A novel method was developed to isolate Arabidopsis thaliana seeds with altered oil content. METHODS AND RESULTS: In A. thaliana, seed oil content is correlated with seed density, with high-oil seeds being less dense than wild type and tending to float in solution, and low-oil seeds being denser and tending to sink. In contrast to previous methods, which used toxic chemicals and density gradient centrifugation, different concentrations of calcium chloride (CaCl2) were employed to separate seeds without the need for centrifugation. The method was validated using known seed oil mutants, and 120,822 T-DNA mutagenized A. thaliana lines were then screened for novel seed density phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS: A number of candidate mutants, as well as new alleles of two genes known to influence seed oil biosynthesis, were successfully isolated.