Which models can be used as a clinical education model in occupational therapy? Introduction of the models: A scoping review study.

Background: Clinical education is a vital part of occupational therapy education process. High clinical education quality in fieldwork settings leads to higher clinical competency and occupational proficiency. One of the most effective clinical education methods in equalizing the conditions of clinical education to students is the correct use of educational models related to each field of medical sciences. In the field of clinical education, various models have been designed with a specific subject. However, limited research has been done on the introduction of the usability of these models in occupational therapy settings. This study was conducted to determine which models have the potential to be used as clinical education models in occupational therapy. Methods: A scoping review was conducted and studies published in English between 2000 and 2018 that examined clinical education models were selected. Results: A total of 8 articles were entered in the review, and a central theme of implementing clinical education models in occupational therapy was determined by thematic analysis. This central theme consisted of 3 categories: (1) evaluative models, (2) acting models, and (3) evaluative/acting models. Conclusion: Occupational therapists, especially who work as educators should be aware of the different types of clinical education models and try to use these models in clinical education process and minimize the variation of teaching methods in fieldwork settings to promote the clinical education quality. However, more research should be done to improve evidence-based occupational therapy practice in clinical education.

Adolescents' view of health concept and its risk factors: a literature review.

BACKGROUND: Adolescence is the important period in human life. It is an essential prerequisite for playing social roles. OBJECTIVE: The current study conducted a review on the concept, dimensions, and influential factors on health and risk taking, instruments and measurements of high-risk behaviors, risk factors, and high-risk behavior protective factors through adolescent perspectives. METHODS: This literature review was conducted by electronic searching and library study on health and adolescents using Wiley Interscience, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, and Springer (1990-2012). The keywords for searching data collection sources included health, youth, young, adolescents, risk behaviors, risk taking, related factors, protective factors, risk factors, adolescent perspectives, quantitative study, qualitative study, measurement, and instrument. RESULTS: This literature review led to the arrangement of subjects in nine general categories titled definition of health concept and its dimensions, adolescents and health in adolescence, risk taking in adolescence and its measuring tools, gender differences in adolescence health and risk taking, adolescents' health and relationships, socioeconomic conditions and health, adolescents and psychiatric health, religion, and health, educational facilities and health, non-governmental organizations and their role in adolescents' health. What has been achieved from a review of these articles is that several personal, social, and family factors are associated with health and risk taking in adolescents. CONCLUSION: Generally, adolescents cared more about the psychosocial aspects of health than the physical dimensions. They also considered factors such as independence, communication, socioeconomic conditions, mental health, religion, and educational facilities synonymous with the concept of health. Therefore, in formulation and implementation of health promotion programs for adolescents, the concept of health and its various dimensions must be considered from adolescent perspectives.

Domestic violence against women, Islamic Republic of Iran: a grounded theory study.

Background: Although a silent phenomenon, violence against women has been well studied. Such violence is a universal problem with different regional and cultural patterns; it imposes heavy costs on society. Aims: This study aimed to assess the circumstances and features of domestic violence against women in Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran. Methods: This was a qualitative study using the grounded theory approach. Individual semi-structured interviews were held with 24 purposely selected women who had experienced domestic violence and who had gone to the Legal Medicine Organization of Mashhad for help. Data were analysed according to grounded theory. Results: From analysis of the interview data, seven main categories emerged: risk factors of violence; protective factors against violence; excuses for violence; behavioural and cultural challenges in men; inevitable adjustment; escalation of violence; and presenting to legal medicine organizations. Constant comparative analysis of the data led to the identification of inevitable adjustment as the core variable of the study. Conclusions: Inevitable adjustment was the main strategy of women to deal with domestic violence against them. Promoting respect for the universal human rights of women, strengthening the network of services and social support for women and enforcing legal protection are necessary to reduce violence against women.

The effect of gentle human touch during endotracheal suctioning on procedural pain response in preterm infant admitted to neonatal intensive care units: a randomized controlled crossover study.

BACKGROUND: Neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit are frequently subjected to painful procedures. Non-pharmacological pain control techniques are useful for reducing procedural pain. Touch as one of the aspects of developmental care used to reduce neonatal pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of gentle human touch during endotracheal suctioning on procedural pain response in preterm neonates. METHODS: This was a clinical trial study with a crossover design. The study was conducted in a level III NICU in a hospital, affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences. Thirty-four neonates were enrolled in this study based on inclusion criteria. The samples were randomly received a sequence of suctioning with/without or suctioning without/with gentle human touch. Preterm Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) was used to collect the data. SPSS version 22 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: 85.3% of neonates experienced moderate and 8.8% severe pain during suctioning without intervention, and only 64.7% of them experienced moderate and 2.9% severe pain during suctioning with intervention. The results of the paired t-test show that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of pain in nonintervention and intervention cases (p < .002), and the mean pain score substantially reduced in cases with intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study showed that the pain due to suctioning procedure is considerably reduced by applying Gentle Human Touch. And nurses can use this method as one of the non-pharmacological methods of pain management.

Spiritual well-being of patients with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Spiritual well-being is one of the fundamental concepts in chronic diseases which create meaning and purpose in life and is an important approach in promoting general health and quality of life. This study performed to determine the level of spiritual health and its dimensions in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: 236 members of Iranian MS Society were volunteered to participate in a descriptive co-relational study. Spiritual well-being was evaluated by The Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS) questionnaires in two religious and Existential dimensions. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyse the data. RESULTS: The majority of patients (% 97.9) showed moderate spiritual well-being (mean score = 74.3, SD= 8.90). Although Existential well-being (mean score = 40.3, SD= 5.51) was higher than religious well- being (mean score = 33.9, SD= 4.88). A significant relationship was seen between economic status and the spiritual well-being. CONCLUSIONS: The results emphasize on the necessity of spiritual well-being as an effective factor on different aspects of these patients' life. This key point is useful and even necessary to be considered to design programs of care and cure for these patients in a country (like Iran) with cultural and religious beliefs. On the other hand, patients' economic status should be considered.