[Evaluation of physical and psychological dependence in Mexican adult smokers, Encodat 2016.] / Evaluación de la dependencia física y psicológica al tabaco en fumadores mexicanos adultos, Encodat 2016.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the physical and psychological dependence to tobacco of Mexican smokers and its association with physical, psychological and social factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 2016 National Alcohol and Tobacco Drug Consumption Survey (n=7 331) was analyzed using the Fagerström nicotine physical dependence scale (FTND) and the short scale of psychological dependence on tobacco (TAPDSc). Bivariate analyzes and generalized ordinal logistic regressions were performed to evaluate the associated factors. RESULTS: 82.3% of daily smokers and 98.8% of occasional smokers reported mild physical dependence, while 47.9 and 37.9% respectively reported moderate psychological dependence. The age of initiation of tobacco use, drug use, high alcohol consumption and high emotional distress were associated with high levels of psychological dependence in all smokers. CONCLUSIONS: The exclusive use of FTND does not allow to adequately evaluate Mexican smokers. The physical and psychological dependence on tobacco should be assessed with independent and validated scales in this population.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la dependencia física y psicológica de los fumadores mexicanos y su asociación con factores físicos, psicológicos y sociales. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: . A partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Drogas, Alcohol y Tabaco 2016 (n=7 331), se analizó la escala de dependencia física a la nicotina de Fagerström (FTND) y la escala corta de dependencia psicológica al tabaco (TAPDSc). Se realizaron análisis bivariados y regresiones logísticas ordinales generalizadas para evaluar los factores asociados. RESULTADOS: 82.3% de fumadores diarios y 98.8% de ocasionales reportaron dependencia física leve, mientras que 47.9 y 37.9%, respectivamente, presentaron dependencia psicológica moderada. La edad de inicio temprana de consumo de tabaco, uso de drogas, consumo alto de alcohol y malestar emocional se asociaron con niveles altos de dependencia psicológica en todos los fumadores. CONCLUSIONES: El uso exclusivo de FNTD no permite evaluar adecuadamente a los fumadores mexicanos. La dependencia física y psicológica al tabaco debe ser diagnosticada con escalas independientes y validadas en esta población.

[Correlates of secondhand smoke exposure in public and private settings in Mexico. Encodat 2016.] / Factores asociados con la exposición al humo de tabaco de segunda mano en lugares públicos y privados en México. Encodat 2016.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the correlates of secondhand smoke exposure (SHS) in public and private settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data came from the 2016 National Survey of Drug, Alcohol and Tobacco use. Multilevel Poisson models were conducted to evaluate factors associated with SHS. RESULTS: Having a higher education, being male and being a young adult were associated with higher SHS in bars and restaurants. Men had greater SHS at work, while women and adolescents had greater exposure at home. Adults older than 45 years had higher SHS on public transportation compared to adolescents between 12-17 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to SHS remains high and affects the population differentially. To reduce SHS, it is necessary to apply Article 8 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

OBJETIVO: Determinar los factores asociados con la exposición al humo de tabaco de segunda mano (HTSM) en lugares públicos y privados. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizó la Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Drogas, Alcohol y Tabaco 2016. La exposición al HTSM se evaluó mediante modelos Poisson multinivel. La muestra del estudio incluye únicamente no fumadores. RESULTADOS: La exposición al HTSM fue similar en los estados que tienen prohibición total para fumar en espacios cerrados en comparación con estados con prohibición parcial. Adultos jóvenes, hombres y personas con nivel educativo alto tienen mayor exposición al HTSM en bares y restaurantes. Los hombres tienen mayor exposición al HTSM en el trabajo, los adultos de mayor edad en el transporte público, mientras las mujeres y adolescentes en el hogar. CONCLUSIONES: La exposición al HTSM continúa elevada y afecta diferencialmente a la población mexicana. Para reducirla, se requiere aplicar totalmente el artículo octavo del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco.

Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Consumption and Overweight in Multiple Sclerosis: Disability Progression.

BACKGROUND: The rate at which disability progresses in multiple sclerosis (MS), and its severity, have been associated with modifiable lifestyle habits. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk of disability progression in MS patients according to tobacco and alcohol consumption and to the presence of overweight. METHODS: This was a follow-up of MS cases from a concluded case-control study (National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico 2010-2013). The evolution in EDSS (Expanded Disability Scale Score) units was followed through a medical record review. Kaplan Meier statistics and multivariate Cox regression analysis were performed. RESULTS: Of 181 cases, 63.5% were women and 82.5% had relapsing remitting MS. Study duration was 19.95 ± 15.24 months. The disease progressed faster in daily smokers than in non-smokers (p = 0.0168). In overweight patients, disability progressed faster than in normal weight patients (p = 0.0249). Ex-consumers of alcohol had lower risk of progression than current consumers (HR = 0.33 CI 95% = 0.14-0.83, p = 0.019) and both daily and ex-smokers presented higher risk of progression than non-smokers (HR = 2.32 CI 95% = 1.14-4.72, p = 0.020 and HR = 3.56, CI 95% = 1.21-10.46, p = 0.021). Stratifying by gender, the effects of smoking and overweight were only found in men. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is associated with rapid disability progression in MS. Our results suggest that cessation of tobacco and alcohol consumption could be clinically beneficial. Although there is association between overweight and disability progression in men, a further exploration of gender differences is necessary to corroborate this finding.

Evaluación de la dependencia física y psicológica al tabaco en fumadores mexicanos adultos, Encodat 2016 / Evaluation of physical and psychological dependence in Mexican adult smokers, Encodat 2016

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la dependencia física y psicológica de los fumadores mexicanos y su asociación con factores físicos, psicológicos y sociales. Material y métodos: A partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Drogas, Alcohol y Tabaco 2016 (n=7 331), se analizó la escala de dependencia física a la nicotina de Fagerström (FTND) y la escala corta de dependencia psicológica al tabaco (TAPDSc). Se realizaron análisis bivariados y regresiones logísticas ordinales generalizadas para evaluar los factores asociados. Resultados: 82.3% de fumadores diarios y 98.8% de ocasionales reportaron dependencia física leve, mientras que 47.9 y 37.9%, respectivamente, presentaron dependencia psicológica moderada. La edad de inicio temprana de consumo de tabaco, uso de drogas, consumo alto de alcohol y malestar emocional se asociaron con niveles altos de dependencia psicológica en todos los fumadores. Conclusión: El uso exclusivo de FNTD no permite evaluar adecuadamente a los fumadores mexicanos. La dependencia física y psicológica al tabaco debe ser diagnosticada con escalas independientes y validadas en esta población.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the physical and psychological dependence to tobacco of Mexican smokers and its association with physical, psychological and social factors. Materials and methods: The 2016 National Alcohol and Tobacco Drug Consumption Survey (n=7 331) was analyzed using the Fagerström nicotine physical dependence scale (FTND) and the short scale of psychological dependence on tobacco (TAPDSc). Bivariate analyzes and generalized ordinal logistic regressions were performed to evaluate the associated factors. Results: 82.3% of daily smokers and 98.8% of occasional smokers reported mild physical dependence, while 47.9 and 37.9% respectively reported moderate psychological dependence. The age of initiation of tobacco use, drug use, high alcohol consumption and high emotional distress were associated with high levels of psychological dependence in all smokers. Conclusion: The exclusive use of FTND does not allow to adequately evaluate Mexican smokers. The physical and psychological dependence on tobacco should be assessed with independent and validated scales in this population.

Factores asociados con la exposición al humo de tabaco de segunda mano en lugares públicos y privados en México. Encodat 2016 / Correlates of secondhand smoke exposure in public and private settings in Mexico. Encodat 2016

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados con la exposición al humo de tabaco de segunda mano (HTSM) en lugares públicos y privados. Material y métodos: Se analizó la Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Drogas, Alcohol y Tabaco 2016. La exposición al HTSM se evaluó mediante modelos Poisson multinivel. La muestra del estudio incluye únicamente no fumadores. Resultados: La exposición al HTSM fue similar en los estados que tienen prohibición total para fumar en espacios cerrados en comparación con estados con prohibición parcial. Adultos jóvenes, hombres y personas con nivel educativo alto tienen mayor exposición al HTSM en bares y restaurantes. Los hombres tienen mayor exposición al HTSM en el trabajo, los adultos de mayor edad en el transporte público, mientras las mujeres y adolescentes en el hogar. Conclusiones: La exposición al HTSM continúa elevada y afecta diferencialmente a la población mexicana. Para reducirla, se requiere aplicar totalmente el artículo octavo del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco.

Abstract: Objective: To assess the correlates of secondhand smoke exposure (SHS) in public and private settings. Materials and methods: Data came from the 2016 National Survey of Drug, Alcohol and Tobacco use. Multilevel Poisson models were conducted to evaluate factors associated with SHS. Results: Having a higher education, being male and being a young adult were associated with higher SHS in bars and restaurants. Men had greater SHS at work, while women and adolescents had greater exposure at home. Adults older than 45 years had higher SHS on public transportation compared to adolescents between 12-17 years old. Conclusions: Exposure to SHS remains high and affects the population differentially. To reduce SHS, it is necessary to apply Article 8 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.