Gene variants for the WNT pathway are associated with severity in periodontal disease.

OBJECTIVE: Studies of Wnt variants-related to bone resorption in periodontitis are limited. The aim of this study was to establish the genotype and allele frequency of gene variants associated with the Wnt pathway in systemically healthy individuals with and without periodontitis (PD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred fifty-seven systemically healthy individuals were evaluated, 90 with PD and 67 without PD. Periodontal clinical indexes, serological and clinical indices of inflammation, and the following variants associated with the Wnt pathway: DKK, SOST, LRP5, and KREMEN were analyzed by high resolution melting and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: In the PD-free group, 67.2% of the individuals presented the variant for DKKrs1896367 (p = 0.008) and 82.6% had the variant for KREMEN rs132274 (p = 0.016). The heterozygous variant for the DKK rs1896367 polymorphism was associated with the absence of PD and lower severity OR: 0.33 (CI95% 0.15-0.70) and OR: 0.24 (CI95% 0.11-0.53), respectively. Similarly, KREMEN rs132274 was the homozygous variant associated with the absence of PD (OR: 0.33 (CI95% 0.13-0.88)). On the contrary, 85.6% of individuals with PD presented a variant for DKK rs1896368 (p = 0.042), all suffering severe forms of periodontitis. CONCLUSION: The presence of DKKrs1896367 and KREMENrs132274 variants in individuals without PD suggests that these single nucleotide polymorphisms could be protective factors for bone loss in PD. A very interesting finding is that the DKKrs1896368 variant was found in a high percentage of severe cases, suggesting that the presence of this variant may be related to the severe bone loss observed in PD.

Physicochemical Characterization, Antioxidant, and Proliferative Activity of Colombian Propolis Extracts: A Comparative Study.

Propolis extracts have been widely studied due to their popularity in traditional medicine, presenting incredible biodiversity. This study aimed to analyze propolis extracts' phytochemical, physicochemical, and biological activities from four different biogeographic zones of the Huila region (Colombia). The raw material samples were collected by the scraping method and the ethanolic extracts (EEPs) were obtained by cold maceration with ethanol (96%). The physicochemical and sensory characterization was carried out according to the protocols recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture and the main components of the EEPs were identified by LC-HRMS analysis. The determination of total phenols and flavonoids was carried out using colorimetric techniques. The antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, and cell cycle regulation analyses in L929 and HGnF cells were evaluated using DPPH, Alamar Blue, and 7-amino actinomycin D (7-AAD) assays. The propolis samples presented an average yield of 33.1%, humidity between 1.6 and 2.8%, melting point between 54 and 62 °C, ashes between 1.40 and 2.19%, and waxes of 6.6-17.9%, respectively. The sensory characteristics of all samples were heterogeneous, complying with the quality specifications established by international standards. The polyphenolic and total flavonoid content was representative in the samples from Quebradon (255.9 ± 9.2 mg GAE/g, 543.1 ± 8.4 mg QE/g) and Arcadia (543.1 ± 8.4 mg GAE/g, 32.5 ± 1.18 g QE/g) (p < 0.05) that correlated with high antioxidant activity (Quebradon: 37.2 ± 1.2 µmol/g, Arcadia: 38.19 ± 0.7 µmol/g). In the chemical composition analysis, 19 compounds were characterized as phenolic acids and flavonoids, the most representative being chrysoeriol-O-methyl-ether, ellagic acid, and 3,4-O-dimethylcaffeic acid. Regarding biological activity, Quebradon and Arcadia propolis presented low toxicity with IC50 of 2.83 ± 2.3 mg/mL and 4.28 ± 1.4 mg/mL in HGnF cells, respectively, and an arrest of the cell cycle in the G2/M phase of 71.6% and 50.8% compared to the control (11.9%) (p < 0.05). In general, the results of this study contribute to the identification of valid quality criteria to evaluate Colombian propolis, contributing to its study and chemical and biological characterization as a source of raw material for industrial and pharmaceutical use. In addition, Quebradon and Arcadia propolis can be important sources of bioactive molecules for the development of new drugs.

Laminin 332 functionalized surface improve implant roughness and oral keratinocyte bioactivity.

Objective: The biological seal (BS) at the implant-tissue interface is essential for the success of dental implants (DIs), and the absence of a proper BS can lead to peri-implantitis. The basement membrane (BM) and junctional epithelium are critical for sealing the peri-implant mucosa, and laminin 332 is an important protein in binding the epithelium to the implant surface. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of oral keratinocytes to titanium dental implant surfaces biofunctionalized with laminin 332. Design: The dental implant surface was treated with a piranha solution to create hydroxyl (OH) groups, facilitating biofunctionalization with laminin 332. The modified surface underwent scanning electron microscopy, surface roughness evaluation, and chemical composition analysis. Human keratinocytes from the Cal-27 line were then cultured on the modified implants for 24 and 48 h to assess viability, morphology, cytokine secretion, and mRNA expression of tissue repair-associated genes. Results: The results showed that laminin 332 biofunctionalization of the implant surface resulted in lower values of Ra, Rq and positive surface roughness parameters Rsk, Rku and Rv. The elemental composition showed an increase in nitrogen and carbon content corresponding to protein binding. The biofunctionalized surfaces did not affect cell viability and promoted cytokine secretion (IL-1a and IL-8) and a significant increase (p < 0.05) in MCP-1, EGF, FGF, TGF and VEGF gene expression compared to the control. Conclusion: In conclusion, laminin 332 coating Ti implants was shown to be effective in promoting keratinocyte adhesion, spreading, and viability. This approach could be an alternative way to improve biocompatibility.

Down-regulation of human papillomavirus E6 oncogene and antiproliferative effect of Schisandra chinensis and Pueraria lobata natural extracts on Hela cell line.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women that continues to be a public health problem worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is closely related as the causative agent of almost all cases of cervical cancer. Currently, there is no effective treatment for the persistence of HPV. Although vaccines have shown promising results in recent years, they are still a costly strategy for developing countries and have no therapeutic effect on existing infections, which is why the need arises to search for new strategies that can be used in treatment, suppressing oncogenic HPV and disease progression. Extracts of Schisandra Chinensis and Pueraria lobata have been used in traditional medicine, and it has been shown in recent years that some of their bioactive compounds have pharmacological, antioxidant, antitumor, apoptotic, and proliferation effects in HPV-positive cells. However, its mechanism of action has yet to be fully explored. AIM OF THE STUDY: The following study aimed to determine the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and potential antiproliferative and viral oncogene effects of natural extracts of S. chinensis and P. lobata on HPV-18 positive cervical cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The HPV-18-positive HeLa cells were treated for 24 and 48 h with the ethanolic extracts of S chinensis and P. lobata. Subsequently, cell viability was evaluated using the resazurin method, the effect on the cell cycle of the extracts (1.0, 10, and 100 µg/mL) was measured by flow cytometry, the gene of expression of the E6/E7, P53, BCL-2, and E2F-1 were determined by RT-PCR and the protein expression of p53, Ki-67, x|and Bcl-2 by immunohistochemistry. Additionally, the chemical characterization of the two extracts was carried out using LC-MS, and the total phenolics content (TPC), Total flavonoid content (TFC), and DPPH radical scavenging capacity were determined. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal Wallis U test with GraphPad Prism 6 software. RESULTS: The natural extracts of Schisandra chinensis and Pueraria lobata induced down-regulation of E6 HPV oncogene (p<0.05) and a strong up-regulation of P53 (p<0.05), E2F-1 (p<0.05), and Bcl-2 (p<0.05) gene expression. Simultaneously, the natural extracts tend to increase the p53 protein levels and arrest the cell cycle of HeLa in the G1/S phase (p<0.05). Investigated extracts were characterized by the occurrence of bioactive lignans and isoflavones in S. chinensis and P. lobata, respectively. CONCLUSION: The extracts of S. chinensis and P. lobata within their chemical characterization mainly present lignan and isoflavone-type compounds, which are probably responsible for inhibiting the expression of the HPV E6 oncogene and inducing an increase in the expression of p53, Bcl -2 and E2F-1 producing cell cycle detection in S phase in HeLa cells. Therefore, these extracts are good candidates to continue studying their antiviral and antiproliferative potential in cells transformed by HPV.

TIROSEC: Molecular, Clinical and Histopathological Profile of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in a Colombian Cohort.

INTRODUCTION: In Colombia, thyroid cancer ranks among the highest incidences, yet our population lacks studies on its molecular profile. This study aims to characterize clinical, histopathologic and molecular data in a Colombian cohort with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). METHODS: A retrospective review of clinical history, clinicopathologic characteristics, treatment and 5-10-year follow-up for all patients was done. DNA and RNA were extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue using the Quick-DNA & RNA FFPE Min iPrep kit (Zymo Research). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis was performed with SOPHiA Solid Tumor Solutions kit (SOPHiA GENETICS). Tumor mutation genomic analysis used SOPHiA DDM™ platform, with descriptive analysis reporting frequencies, means and associations via chi-square analysis. RESULTS: Among 231 sequenced patients, mean age at diagnosis was 46 (± 12.35) years, with higher frequency in women (81.82%). Two cases were reclassified as non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm (NIFT-P); an NRAS mutation was found in one of them. Predominant histologic subtype was classic PTC (57.64%) followed by tall cell (28.82%). Of the 229 sequenced carcinomas, mutations were identified in 186 cases, including BRAF, IDH1, RAS and PIK3CA. Notable copy number variations (CNVs) were PDGFRA, CDK4 and KIT, with RET being the most frequent gene fusion, including CCDC6-RET in two classic subtype cases. CONCLUSION: This is the first study in Colombia (TIROSEC) to our knowledge that integrates molecular and histopathologic profiles enriching our local comprehension and knowledge of PTC. The identification of target mutations such as BRAF, RET and NTRK fusions holds the potential to guide targeted therapies for tumor recurrence and predict aggressive behavior.

Methylation marks in blood DNA reveal breast cancer risk in patients fulfilling hereditary disease criteria.

Less than 15-20% of patients who meet the criteria for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) carry pathogenic coding genetic mutations, implying that other molecular mechanisms may contribute to the increased risk of this condition. DNA methylation in peripheral blood has been suggested as a potential epigenetic marker for the risk of breast cancer (BC). We aimed to discover methylation marks in peripheral blood associated with BC in 231 pre-treatment BC patients meeting HBOC criteria, testing negative for coding pathogenic variants, and 156 healthy controls, through methylation analysis by targeted bisulfite sequencing on 18 tumor suppressor gene promoters (330 CpG sites). We found i) hypermethylation in EPCAM (17 CpG sites; p = 0.017) and RAD51C (27 CpG sites; p = 0.048); ii) hypermethylation in 36 CpG-specific sites (FDR q < 0.05) in the BC patients; iii) four specific CpG sites were associated with a higher risk of BC (FDR q < 0.01, Bonferroni p < 0.001): cg89786999-FANCI (OR = 1.65; 95% CI:1.2-2.2), cg23652916-PALB2 (OR = 2.83; 95% CI:1.7-4.7), cg47630224-MSH2 (OR = 4.17; 95% CI:2.1-8.5), and cg47596828-EPCAM (OR = 1.84; 95% CI:1.5-2.3). Validation of cg47630224-MSH2 methylation in one Australian cohort showed an association with 3-fold increased BC risk (AUC: 0.929; 95% CI: 0.904-0.955). Our findings suggest that four DNA methylation CpG sites may be associated with a higher risk of BC, potentially serving as biomarkers in patients without detectable coding mutations.

The Mutographs biorepository: A unique genomic resource to study cancer around the world.

Large-scale biorepositories and databases are essential to generate equitable, effective, and sustainable advances in cancer prevention, early detection, cancer therapy, cancer care, and surveillance. The Mutographs project has created a large genomic dataset and biorepository of over 7,800 cancer cases from 30 countries across five continents with extensive demographic, lifestyle, environmental, and clinical information. Whole-genome sequencing is being finalized for over 4,000 cases, with the primary goal of understanding the causes of cancer at eight anatomic sites. Genomic, exposure, and clinical data will be publicly available through the International Cancer Genome Consortium Accelerating Research in Genomic Oncology platform. The Mutographs sample and metadata biorepository constitutes a legacy resource for new projects and collaborations aiming to increase our current research efforts in cancer genomic epidemiology globally.

The Complexity of Tobacco Smoke-Induced Mutagenesis in Head and Neck Cancer.

Tobacco smoke, alone or combined with alcohol, is the predominant cause of head and neck cancer (HNC). Here, we further explore how tobacco exposure contributes to cancer development by mutational signature analysis of 265 whole-genome sequenced HNC from eight countries. Six tobacco-associated mutational signatures were detected, including some not previously reported. Differences in HNC incidence between countries corresponded with differences in mutation burdens of tobacco-associated signatures, consistent with the dominant role of tobacco in HNC causation. Differences were found in the burden of tobacco-associated signatures between anatomical subsites, suggesting that tissue-specific factors modulate mutagenesis. We identified an association between tobacco smoking and three additional alcohol-related signatures indicating synergism between the two exposures. Tobacco smoking was associated with differences in the mutational spectra and repertoire of driver mutations in cancer genes, and in patterns of copy number change. Together, the results demonstrate the multiple pathways by which tobacco smoke can influence the evolution of cancer cell clones.

Superscan on 68Ga PSMA PET/CT in patients with metastatic prostate carcinoma: A case series.

Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy in men worldwide, with a good prognosis when is detected and treated in early stages, but, when it presents progression to castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer, most of the cases will have bone metastasis, decreasing the quality of life and life expectancy. For the evaluation of the disease in the routinary clinical practice, 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT, among others is a valuable tool for the evaluation of the disease extension. 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT detects the presence of PSMA receptor in the tumoral tissue, but also has physiologic uptake in certain organs, such as liver, spleen, intestine, kidneys, lacrimal and salivary glands. Total or partial absence of uptake in those organs is rare and may be due to a high metastatic tumor burden, a phenomenon originally described in bone scintigraphy as super scan. We describe a case series of seven patients with prostate cancer from the National Institute of Cancerology in Colombia, in which a super scan pattern was found in the evaluation with 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT, proposing the suppression of uptake in the intestine, liver, spleen, lacrimal and salivary glands as the main criteria for its definition, and showing that renal uptake persists in most cases, considering that, unlike the super scan in conventional bone scintigraphy, this is not a criterion necessary for its definition in the study with 68Ga-PSMA.

La biopsia líquida en el diagnóstico y monitoreo de pacientes oncológicos: Oportunidades y retos en Latinoamérica / Liquid biopsy in the diagnosis and monitoring of cancer patients: opportunities and challenges in Latin America

Resumen En los últimos años el estudio de los ácidos nucleicos circulantes ha tenido grandes avances en el campo de la oncología, lo que ha permitido avanzar de forma importante en las aplicaciones clínicas de la biopsia líquida en diferentes áreas como el pronóstico, la estadificación, la predicción de recurrencia, la selección y monitorización de tratamientos, entre otros. Lo anterior se debe en gran parte al desarrollo de nuevas y mejores tecnologías, algunas de las cuales incluso han sido autorizadas para el diagnóstico y seguimiento clínico de ciertos tipos de cáncer. No obstante, la utilización de la biopsia líquida como herramienta de apoyo clínico sigue siendo objeto de estudio. Debido a la importancia que ha cobrado este avance tecnológico a nivel mundial, se realizó una revisión de literatura con el fin de establecer el estado actual del uso de biopsia líquida en oncología, así como sus aplicaciones clínicas actuales, con un énfasis en Latinoamérica.

Abstract In recent years, the study of circulating nucleic acids has made great progress in the field of oncology, allowing for significant advances in clinical applications of liquid biopsy in diverse areas such as prognosis, staging, recurrence prediction, selection and monitoring of treatments, among others. This advance is largely due to the development of new and better technologies, some of which have even been validated for the diagnosis and clinical follow-up of certain types of cancer. However, the use of liquid biopsy as an additional tool in clinical oncology remains under study. Given the worldwide importance of this technological advance, a literature review was conducted to establish the current status of the use of liquid biopsy in oncology, as well as its current clinical applications, with a particular focus on Latin America.

Prevalencia de anticuerpos anti-Leptospira spp. en personas con exposición laboral en el departamento del Tolima / Prevalence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies among people with occupational exposure in Tolima department / Prevalência de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp. em pessoas com exposição laboral no Departamento do Tolima

Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia de anticuerpos IgM contra Leptospira spp., mediante el Ensayo de Inmunoabsorción Ligado a Enzimas (ELISA), en la población de riesgo laboral de 8 municipios del Tolima. Metodología: se obtuvieron muestras de sangre de 261 empleados, las cuales fueron analizadas mediante la técnica de elisa para la detección de anticuerpos IgM anti-Leptospira spp., seguido de MAT y serotipificación. Resultado : se estimó una seroprevalencia del 25,29%, con una seroreactividad mayor en trabajadores de plantas de beneficio animal (34,2%), recolección de residuos sólidos (27,1%) y trabajadores de acueducto y alcantarillado (14,8%). La actividad en plantas de beneficio animal se identificó como factor de riesgo de Leptospira spp. (OR=1,86). Los serovares identificados fueron L. Bratislava (16), Ballum (5), Tarassovi (3), Hebdomadis (2), Sejroe (2) y Icterhemorragiae (1). El municipio de Libano presentó el mayor porcentaje de positividad (36,96%), seguido de Espinal y Guamo con 28,57% cada uno. Discusión: La evaluación del sistema de vigilancia indicó deficiencia en recursos y debilidades de los profesionales de la salud al desconocer los procedimientos, investigación, diagnóstico y notificación de la enfermedad. Conclusión: la leptospirosis está presente en poblaciones de riesgo laboral en el Tolima y se hace necesario abordar esta problemática en la población de otros municipios y los animales transmisores de la enfermedad.

Objective: to estimate the prevalence of IgM antibodies against Leptospira spp. Using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in a population at occupational risk from 8 municipalities of the Tolima department, Colombia. Methodology: blood samples were collected from 261 employees and analyzed with the elisa technique to detect IgM and anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies. This was followed by mat and serotyping. Result: a seroprevalence of 25.29% was estimated, with higher seroreactivity for individuals working at slaughter plants (34.2%), collecting solid waste (27.1%) and those in contact with water and sewage waste (14.8%). Activity in slaughter plants was identified as a risk factor for Leptospira spp. (OR = 1.86). The serovars identified were L. Bratislava (16), Ballum (5), Tarassovi (3), Hebdomadis (2), Sejroe (2), and Icterhemorragiae (1). The municipality of Libano had the highest percentage of positivity (36.96%), followed by Espinal and Guamo with 28.57% each. Discussion: assessment of the current surveillance system for leptospirosis indicated deficient resources and health professionals who are lacking in terms of knowledge regarding appropriate procedures, research on, diagnosis and reporting mechanisms for the disease. Conclusions: leptospirosis is present in public workers with occupational hazard in Tolima. In addition, this issue should be approached while taking into account the population from other municipalities as well as the animals associated with its transmission

Objetivo: estimam a prevalência de anticorpos IgM contra Leptospira spp., por ensaio de ensaio de imunossorvente ligado a enzima (ELISA) na população de risco ocupacional de 8 municípios de Tolima. Metodologia: Coletaram-se amostras de sangue de 261 empregados, e analisaram-se com a técnica de ELISA para detectar anticorpos IgM anti-Leptospira spp., seguido de MAT e de serotipificação. Resultados : estimou-se uma seroprevalência de 25,29%, com seroatividade superior nos trabalhadores dos matadouros (34,2%), da recolecção de lixo sólido (27,1%), e nos trabalhadores dos esgotos (14,8%). A atividade nos matadouros foi identificada como fator de risco de Leptospira spp. (OR=1,86). Os serovares identificados foram L. Bratislava (16), Ballum K(5), Tarassovi K(3), Hebdomadis (2), Sejroe (2) e Icterhemorragiae (1). O município de Libano apresentou a percentagem mais alta de positividade (36,96%), seguido por Espinal e por Guamo, com 28,57 cada um. Discussão: a avaliação do sistema de vigilância revelou deficiência de recursos e fraquezas dos profissionais da saúde, porque desconhecem os procedimentos, a investigação, o diagnóstico e a notificação da doença. Conclusão: a leptospirosis está nas populações de risco laboral no Departamento do Tolima, o que faz necessário acometer este problema na população de outros municípios e nos animais transmissores da doença.

Caracterización del perfil quimiosensibilidad y del estado de ampliación génica de un panel de líneas celulares de origen tumoral pulmonar / Characterization of chemosensitivity profile gene amplification status of a panel of lung cancer cell lines

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un análisis de amplificación génica y de sensibilidad a fármacos antineoplásicos, realizado para un panel de líneas celulares de origen tumoral pulmonar. Para los ensayos de quimiosensibilidad las células fueron tratadas durante 48 h con concentraciones variables de taxol, cisplatino, doxorrubicina y 5-fluoracilo. La citotoxicidad de los fármacos se cuantificó usando el ensayo de reducción de resazurina y se reportó en valores de concentración inhibitoria 50 (CI50). Para los análisis de amplificación génica se emplearon sondas TaqMan® dirigidas contra los genes AKT2, PIK3CA, ERBB2, EGFR, c-REL y genes de la familia MYC. El número de copias para cada gen fue calculado usando el método de doble delta Ct, empleando ACTB como gen de referencia y la línea MRC-5 como muestra control. Los resultados mostraron que la viabilidad de todas las líneas celulares se afectó por el tratamiento con taxol, cisplatino y doxorrubicina, pero no con el tratamiento con 5-fluoracilo. Las CI50 calculadas se ubicaron entre 0,38 ± 0,03 µM y 111,3 ± 3,58 µM, siendo el taxol y la doxorrubicina los fármacos más potentes. Del panel evaluado las células NCI-H292 resultaron ser las más sensibles y las células LSPG8G las más resistentes a los fármacos. Interesantemente en las células NCI-H292 ningún gen se encontró amplificado; por el contrario en las células LSPG8G los genes cMYC, MYCN, MYCL y AKT2 mostraron un aumento en el número de copias con respecto al de las células control. Estos resultados sugieren que eventos de amplificación génica podrían contribuir con el fenómeno de quimioresistencia en líneas celulares de cáncer de pulmón, sin embargo otros estudios deben realizarse para confirmar esta hipótesis.

In this paper, we show results of anticancer drug sensitivity assays and studies of gen amplification performed for a panel of lung cancer cell lines. For the chemosensitivity assays the cells were treated for 48 h with different concentrations of taxol, cisplatin, doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil. The cytotoxic effect of each drug was determined using the resazurin reduction assay and reported in terms of inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50). For the analysis of gene amplification we used TaqMan® probes designed against AKT2, PIK3CA, ERBB2, EGFR, REL and MYC family members. Copy number for each gene was calculated using the delta-delta-CT method, employing ACTB as reference gen and MRC-5 cell line as control sample. In the chemosensitivity assays, we observed a clear decrease in cell viability in the cells treated with taxol, cisplatin and doxorubicin but not in the cells treated with 5-fluorouracil. IC50 values ranging between 0,38± 0,03 µM and 111,3 ±3,58 µM, being the taxol and doxorubicin the most potent drugs. NCI-H292 cell line was the most sensitivity and LSPG8G cell line was the most resistant. Interestingly, NCI-H292 cells did not show increase in the copy numbers for the gene evaluated, in contrast, we observed changes in the gene dosage for cMYC, MYCN, MYCL and AKT2 in LSPG8G cells. These results suggest that gene amplification could contribute to drug resistance in lung cancer cell lines; however, more studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Obtención de hidroxiapatita sintética por tres métodos diferentes y su caracterización para ser utilizada como sustituto óseo / Synthetic hydroxyapatite obtaining using three different methods and characterization to use it as bone substitute

El método de obtención de la hidroxiapatita (HAp) para ser utilizada como sustituto óseo, debe ofrecer un producto de alta pureza, rendimiento, rapidez y bajo costo, y contar con propiedades como bioactividad, biocompatibilidad, osteoconductividad y unión directa al hueso. En este trabajo se elaboró HAp sintética mediante tres métodos reportados en la literatura de vía sinterización y vía precipitación. El material obtenido se caracterizó por espectrometría de absorción atómica (AAS), espectrometría de absorción molecular (UV-Vis), espectroscopía infrarroja con transformada de Fourier (FTIR), difracción de rayos X (XRD), microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) y espectroscopía por dispersión de energía de rayos X (EDX). La ruta de síntesis de HAp por precipitación ofreció mejores resultados, comparados con la muestra estándar comercial y el hueso bovino, obteniéndose un tamaño de grano aproximado de 1 µm, relación molar Ca/P de 1,7, alta pureza y cristalinidad; mientras que los resultados obtenidos por vía sinterización mostraron la presencia de fases amorfas. El método de síntesis por precipitación vía húmeda usando nitratos de calcio y fosfatos, mostró ser práctico y adecuado para realizar la inmovilización de HAp sobre un soporte metálico como silicio, importante para su uso en cirugía reconstructiva en el área odontológica y médica.

The method by which to obtain Hydroxyapatite to be used as bone substitute should offer specific qualities such as, high purity, performance, low cost and has to be the following, bioactive, biocompatible, it has to have osteoconductivity and it has to bond directly to the bone. In this paper, synthetic HAp was prepared using 3 different methods reported in the literature as a route via sintering and precipitation, and subsequently characterized by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), molecular absorption spectrometry (UV-Vis), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy X-ray (EDX). The route of synthesis of HAp precipitation gives better results, compared to the commercial standard sample and bovine bone, such as grain size which is of about 1 µm, molar ratio Ca/P of 1.7, high purity and crystallinity, while the results obtained via sintering show the presence of amorphous phases. The synthesis method using a wet precipitation of calcium nitrates and phosphates is practical and suitable for the immobilization of HAp on a metal substrate such as silicon, important for the use in dental and medical reconstructive surgery.

Oncogene amplification as tumor marker in a group of Colombian lung cancer patients / Amplificación oncogénica como marcador tumoral en un grupo de pacientes con cáncer pulmonar

Introduction: In spite of recent treatment advances, lung cancer continues to be the first world cancer related death cause; its mortality associated occupied the fifth place in Colombia in 2004. Complete surgical resection is the therapeutic option with the greatest cure probability, however it results frequently ineffective given the current incapacity in Colombia to an early detection of the disease. This study reports the characterization of a group of 30 lung cancer patients regarding the gene dose (gene copy number) found at the loci corresponding to genes EGFR (erb B1), PIK3CA and C-myc in tumor samples, and compares the results with the dose found in adjacent lung from the same patients. Methods: The gene dose of EGFR (erbB1), PIK3CA, and C-myc were measured by real time PCR in matched tumor and normal lung tissue samples. Results are expressed as the multiplicity of each gene dose with respect to a single copy reference gene. In this case the gene HHB (human hemoglobin). Antiquity of the cases ranged from 5 to 10 years. Results: An increased gene dose for EGFR and PIK3CA was a feature clearly associated to the tumor phenotype of the sample (found in 96 and 100% of the tumors respectively). Quantitative measure of this feature demonstrated for both genes a high sensitivity and specificity for tumor/normal discrimination as confirmed by the ROC analysis. On the other hand, the Spearman test showed a great correlation between EGFR and PIK3CA doses (r=0.75). C-myc was the gene whose dose was less consistently correlated to the tumor phenotype, however most of the patients with amplified C-myc presented distant spread of tumor cells (metastasis) at diagnosis. Conclusion: Quantitative measurement of EGFR, PIK3CA, and C-myc gene dose by real time PCR provides a method for tumor phenotype recognition in DNA samples from lung tissue.

Introducción: A pesar de los avances terapéuticos actuales, el cáncer de pulmón sigue como la primera causa de muerte por cáncer en el mundo, ocupando Colombia el quinto lugar en mortalidad por este tipo de afección en el 2004. La resección quirúrgica total es la alternativa terapéutica con mayores probabilidades de curaciones, pero resulta poco efectiva en el país por la incapacidad actual para detectar tempranamente la enfermedad. Este trabajo informa la caracterización de un grupo de 30 pacientes con cáncer de pulmón con referencia a la dosis génica hallada en los loci correspondientes a los genes EGFR (erb B1), PIK3CA y C-myc en muestras tumorales, comparada con la dosis encontrada en el tejido normal adyacente de los mismos enfermos. Métodos: La dosis génica se midió en cada caso por PCR en tiempo real sobre ADN aislado de tejido tumoral y normal preservado en parafina de cada paciente. Los resultados se expresan como el número de veces que la dosis de cada gen sobrepasa la dosis de un gen de referencia, en este caso el HHB (hemoglobina humana b). El rango de antigüedad de los casos fue de 5 a 10 años. Resultados: Una dosis génica incrementada para los genes EGFR, PIK3CA demostró ser una característica claramente asociada con el fenotipo tumoral (96% y 100% de los tumores respectivamente). La medición cuantitativa de dicho fenómeno demostró en ambos casos gran sensibilidad y especificidad para la discriminación tumor/normal como lo confirma el análisis ROC. Por otro lado, la amplificación simultánea de ambos genes en el mismo paciente fue un hecho observado con alta frecuencia (Spearman=0.75). La dosis de C-myc mostró una asociación menos consistente con el carácter tumoral, sin embargo todos los pacientes con C-myc amplificado presentaron dispersión distante de células tumorales (metástasis).

Comparación de tres técnicas de trazado retrógrado para la identificación del origen espinal del nervio ciático en ratón / Comparison of three neurotracing techniques for identification of the sciatic nerve spinal origen in mice

En el presente trabajo se compararon tres técnicas para la aplicación de dos tipos de trazadores retrógrados fluorescentes (Dil y Fluorogold), con el fin de identificar las neuronas motoras y sensoriales que contribuyen con fibras al nervio ciático en ratones adultos. Se ensayó la aplicación de cristales directamente en el nervio, la inyección intraneural y la impregnación del nervio seccionado usando una cámara de silicona. La localización específica de las neuronas motoras en la médula espinal y las neuronas sensoriales en los ganglios de la raíz dorsal que aportan al nervio ciático de ratón se logró aplicando el Fluorogold mediante una cámara en el cabo proximal de los nervios previamente seccionados. Al utilizar el trazador Dil, la misma técnica no permitió hacer la identificación específica de las neuronas. Se encontró que al nervio ciático de ratón podrían contribuir el ganglio de la raíz dorsal más rostrales que los informados para ratas. Estos resultados muestran que la metodología de aplicación de neurotrazadores en cápsula y la descalcificación de tejidos es útil para la localización de neuronas de ganglios de raíz dorsal y de la médula espinal que componen el nervio ciático de ratón adulto, lo que en el futuro permitir obtener mayor información sobre la neuroanatomía básica del ratón.