The Relationship Between Cricket Participation, Health, and Wellbeing: A Systematic Scoping Review.

Summarising and synthesising the evidence on cricket health and wellbeing can help inform cricket stakeholders and navigate future research directions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between cricket participation, health and wellbeing at all ages and playing standards, and identify research gaps in the existing literature. A scoping review was performed from inception to March, 2020. Studies were included if they assessed a construct related to health and/or wellbeing in cricketers, available in English. 219 articles were eligible. Injury incidence per 1,000 player exposures ranged from 1.8-5.7 injuries. 48% of former cricketers experienced persistent joint pain. However, former cricketers reported greater physical activity levels and mental-components of quality of life compared to the general population. Heat injury/illness and skin cancer are concerns and require further research. Cricket participation is associated with an inherent injury risk, which may have negative implications for musculoskeletal health in later life. However, cricket participation is associated with high quality of life which can persist after retirement. Gaps in the literature include prospective studies on health and wellbeing of cricketers, female cricketers, injury prevention strategies, and the impact of cricket participation on metabolic health and lifetime physical activity.

Urban-rural differences in the associated factors of severe under-5 child undernutrition based on the composite index of severe anthropometric failure (CISAF) in Bangladesh.

INTRODUCTION: Severe undernutrition among under-5 children is usually assessed using single or conventional indicators (i.e., severe stunting, severe wasting, and/or severe underweight). But these conventional indicators partly overlap, thus not providing a comprehensive estimate of the proportion of malnourished children in the population. Incorporating all these conventional nutritional indicators, the Composite Index of Severe Anthropometric Failure (CSIAF) provides six different undernutrition measurements and estimates the overall burden of severe undernutrition with a more comprehensive view. This study applied the CISAF indicators to investigate the prevalence of severe under-5 child undernutrition in Bangladesh and its associated socioeconomic factors in the rural-urban context. METHODS: This study extracted the children dataset from the 2017-18 Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (BDHS), and the data of 7661 children aged under-5 were used for further analyses. CISAF was used to define severe undernutrition by aggregating conventional nutritional indicators. Bivariate analysis was applied to examine the proportional differences of variables between non-severe undernutrition and severe undernutrition group. The potential associated socioeconomic factors for severe undernutrition were identified using the adjusted model of logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of severe undernutrition measured by CISAF among the children under-5 was 11.0% in Bangladesh (rural 11.5% vs urban 9.6%). The significant associated socioeconomic factors of severe undernutrition in rural areas were children born with small birth weight (AOR: 2.84), children from poorest households (AOR: 2.44), and children aged < 36 months, and children of uneducated mothers (AOR: 2.15). Similarly, in urban areas, factors like- children with small birth weight (AOR: 3.99), children of uneducated parents (AOR: 2.34), poorest households (APR: 2.40), underweight mothers (AOR: 1.58), mothers without postnatal care (AOR: 2.13), and children's birth order ≥4 (AOR: 1.75), showed positive and significant association with severe under-5 undernutrition. CONCLUSION: Severe undernutrition among the under-5 children dominates in Bangladesh, especially in rural areas and the poorest urban families. More research should be conducted using such composite indices (like- CISAF) to depict the comprehensive scenario of severe undernutrition among the under-5 children and to address multi-sectoral intervening programs for eradicating severe child undernutrition.

The relationships between rugby union, and health and well-being: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: To scope the relationships between rugby union, and health and well-being. DESIGN: Scoping review. DATA SOURCES: Published and unpublished reports of any age, identified by searching electronic databases, platforms and reference lists. METHODS: A three-step search strategy identified relevant published primary, secondary studies and grey literature, which were screened using a priori inclusion criteria. Data were extracted using a standardised tool, to form (1) a numerical analysis and (2) a thematic summary. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: 6658 records were identified, and 198 studies met the inclusion criteria. All forms of rugby union can provide health-enhancing physical activity (PA). 'Non-contact' and wheelchair rugby in particular provide a wide range of physical and mental health and well-being benefits. The evidence is either mixed or unclear in relation to 'contact' rugby union and its effects on a range of physical health domains. Injury and concussion incidence rates are high for contact rugby union relative to other sports. CONCLUSIONS: A wide range of stakeholders as well as existing and potential participants can use this information to make a more informed decision about participating in and promoting rugby union as a health-enhancing activity. Industry and policy-makers can use this review to inform policies and strategies that look to increase participation rates and use rugby union as a vehicle to contribute positively to population health. Further research understanding rugby union's contribution to PA as well as to muscle-strengthening and balance is indicated, as well as research examining more health and well-being outcomes across more diverse cohorts.

Professional Athletes Have Poorer Sleep Quality and Sleep Hygiene Compared With an Age-Matched Cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To study sleep quality and sleep hygiene in professional athletes and an age-matched cohort. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Professional athletes and a sport medicine center. PARTICIPANTS: Professional rugby, netball and football athletes (n = 184) and attendees to a sport medicine center (n = 101). INTERVENTIONS: Participants completed an online survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). RESULTS: Forty-five percent (n = 128) of respondents were aged between 18 and 24 years, 54% (n = 154) were men and 65% (n = 184) were professional athletes. The sleep duration of the professional athletes (mean rank 134.3, n = 181) was greater than the age-matched cohort (mean rank = 154.4, n = 101), U = 7835.0, z = -2.3, P = 0.02; however, they reported more sleep disturbance (mean ranking = 148.0, n = 181) than the age-matched cohort (mean rank = 129.8, n = 101), U = 7960.5 z = -2.5, P = 0.01, 2-tailed. Professional athletes had worse sleep regularity (mean rank = 152.3, n = 183) compared with the age-matched cohort (mean rank = 124.6, n = 101), U = 7448.5, z = -2.7, P = 0.006, 2-tailed, had an inferior sleep environment (mean rank = 149.5, n = 183) compared with the age-matched cohort (mean rank = 129.8, n = 101), U = 7959.5, z = -2.0, P = 0.047, and had more naps (mean rank = 156.2, n = 183) compared with the age-matched cohort (mean rank = 117.6, n = 101), U = 6729.0, z = -4.2, P = 0.00 0, 2-tailed. CONCLUSIONS: Professional athletes reported poorer sleep quality and sleep hygiene compared with an age-matched cohort, and difficulty falling asleep following competition. It is likely this is due to the stress of competition, training, and traveling. Because sleep plays an important role in postexercise recovery and has an impact on injury and athletic performance, it is important to have strategies to support better sleep quality and sleep hygiene in athletes.

Osteoarthritis- a systematic review of long-term safety implications for osteoarthritis of the knee.

BACKGROUND: There is no cure for knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and typically patients live approximately 30-years with the disease. Most common medical treatments result in short-term palliation of symptoms with little consideration of long-term risk. This systematic review aims to appraise the current evidence for the long-term (≥12 months) safety of common treatments for knee osteoarthritis (KOA). METHODS: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Medline and PubMed were systematically searched from 1990 to July 2017, inclusive. Inclusion criteria were 1) peer-reviewed publications investigating treatments for KOA referred to in the Australian Clinical Care Standard and/or Therapeutic Guidelines: Rheumatology 2) specifically addressing safety of the treatments 3) with ≥12 months of follow-up and 4) Downs and Black quality score ≥ 13. RESULTS: Thirty-four studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Lifestyle modifications (moderate exercise and weight loss), paracetamol, glucosamine, Intraarticular Hyaluronic Acid (IAHA) and platelet-rich-plasma (PRP) injections have a low risk of harm and beneficial ≥12 month outcomes. Although Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) provide pain relief, they are associated with increased risk of medical complications. Cortisone injections are associated with radiological cartilage degeneration at > 12 months. Arthroscopy for degenerative meniscal tears in KOA leads to a 3-fold increase in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). TKA improves primary outcomes of KOA but has a low rate of significant medical complications. CONCLUSIONS: Given the safety and effectiveness of lifestyle interventions such as weight loss and exercise, these should be advocated in all patients due to the low risk of harm. The use of NSAIDs should be minimized to avoid gastrointestinal complications. Treatment with opioids has a lack of evidence for use and a high risk of long-term harm. The use of IAHA and PRP may provide additional symptomatic benefit without the risk of harm. TKA is associated with significant medical complications but is justified by the efficacy of joint replacement in late-stage disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO International prospective register for systematic reviews; registration number CRD42017072809 .

Motivation for sports participation, injury prevention expectations, injury risk perceptions and health problems in youth floorball players.

PURPOSE: Describe the motivation for floorball participation, injury prevention expectations, injury risk perceptions and prevalence of health problems in youth floorball players at the start of the season. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey is part of a larger Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE) project and provides baseline data before a cluster randomised controlled trial of an injury prevention program (Knee Control). A baseline survey (online and paper based) was collected from 47 teams with 471 youth floorball players from two provinces of Sweden before the start of the 2017 season. RESULTS: The mean age for 140 females and 331 males was 13.7 (± 1.5) and 13.3 (± 1.0) years, respectively. The two most significant motivators for floorball participation were being part of the team (82% females, 75% males) and friends (65% females, 70% males). Fractures (84% females, 90% males), eye injuries (90% females, 83% males) and concussion (82% females, 83% males) were perceived as the most severe injuries. 93% of players believed that sports injuries can be prevented, while 74% believed it is unlikely that they will sustain an injury. Existing health problems at the beginning of the season were prevalent in 33% of players, with 65% being injuries and 35% illnesses. 17% of existing injuries at the start of the season caused time-loss from play and 17% required medical attention. CONCLUSION: Social aspects were the greatest motivators for floorball participation in youths, suggesting that these factors are important to retain sports participants. The high number of health problems in youth is a concern; as such more effort, resources and priority should be given to sports safety programs. Many players believed that sports injuries can be prevented, possibly providing a fertile ground for implementation of such programs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Socio-demographic and injury-related factors contributing to activity limitations and participation restrictions in people with spinal cord injury in Bangladesh.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVES: To identify socio-demographic and injury-related factors that contribute to activity limitations and participation restrictions in people with spinal cord injury (SCI) in Bangladesh. SETTING: Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (CRP), Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. METHODS: This study involved 120 (83% men) participants with SCI; their median (interquartile range) age and injury duration were 34 (25-43) years and 5 (2-10) years, respectively. Data were collected from the follow-up records kept by the Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR) unit of CRP and a subsequent home visit that included interview-administered questions, questionnaires, and a neurological examination. The dependent variables were activity limitations and participation restrictions, assessed with the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0, scored 0-100; a high score indicates greater activity limitations and participation restrictions). Independent variables included socio-demographic factors (i.e., age, sex, marital status, educational level, monthly household income, employment status, and place of residence) and injury-related factors (i.e., injury duration, cause of injury, injury severity, and type of paralysis). Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to identify the factors that independently contributed to activity limitations and participation restrictions. RESULTS: Three significant independent variables explained 20.7% of the variance in activity limitations and participation restrictions (WHODAS 2.0 score), in which tetraplegia was the strongest significant contributing factor, followed by rural residence and complete injury. CONCLUSIONS: This study would indicate that tetraplegia, complete injury, and residing in a rural area are the major contributions in limiting the activity and participation following SCI in Bangladesh.

Low maternal education and socio-economic status were associated with household food insecurity in children under five with diarrhoea in Bangladesh.

AIM: Household food insecurity (HFI) is insufficient access to nutritionally safe and adequate foods to meet the dietary needs for an active and healthy life. We examined the prevalence and determinants of HFI in Bangladeshi children under five with diarrhoea. METHODS: This study included 365 children (55% boys) who had diarrhoea in the two weeks before the 2011 Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (BDHS-2011). The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) was used to assess HFI and Pearson's chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the association between HFI and multilevel factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of HFI among children under five with diarrhoea in the two weeks prior to the BDHS-2011 survey was 48%. HFI was significantly higher among the children of uneducated mothers, who were two times more likely to experience HFI, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.14 and children who were from the lowest socio-economic status families, who were more than seven times more likely to experience HFI, with an adjusted OR of 7.55. CONCLUSION: Low maternal education and low socio-economic status were significantly associated with HFI in Bangladeshi children under five with diarrhoea and public health campaigns should take this into account.

The development and test-retest reliability of the periodic health evaluation for female athletes (PHE FA) survey.

OBJECTIVES: To develop and assess the test-retest reliability of a survey exploring Australian high-performance female athlete's perspectives toward the periodic health evaluation and their perceived health needs. METHODS: A structured three-phase method for survey development was used to develop the periodic health evaluation for female athletes (PHE FA) survey. Initially, a literature review and gap analysis was performed to identify themes and questions (Phase 1). Survey questions were developed covering demographic information (n = 9); sports-related medical screening (n = 19) and health needs and information (n = 7) (Phase 2). Test-retest reliability of the survey was then assessed (Phase 3). The survey was administered to a purposeful sample of seven high-performance level female athletes who completed the survey, on two separate occasions, 3 weeks apart via Checkbox© survey software (Checkbox Technology Inc., San Francisco, CA). Test-retest reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: The mean age of the athletes was 29 years (SD 4 years, range 24-34 years). All were able-bodied athletes and 71% participated in team sports. Eighty-six percent of athletes have competed in world championships and 71% were Olympians. The average ICC of all items was 0.998 (95% CI 0.997-0.998, p = 0.000) demonstrating excellent consistency of measures between the two time points.All the athletes preferred a Sport and Exercise Medicine Physician to conduct their PHE and 86% preferred a female doctor. The key topics of interest were pelvic floor health including incontinence (100%); fertility (86%); pregnancy (71%); and mental and emotional wellbeing (71%). Face-to-face education was the preferred option to receive health information. CONCLUSIONS: The PHE FA survey was co-created with an athlete and other key stakeholders. Excellent consistency of measures between the two time points was indicated by the high test-retest reliability of the PHE FA survey. Data collected using the PHE FA survey can contribute to informed evidence-based policies, and processes to support the health and wellbeing of female athletes.

Exercise in bushfire smoke for high performance athletes: A Position Statement from the Australian Institute of SportEndorsed by Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians (ACSEP) and Sport Medicine Australia (SMA).

OBJECTIVES: The frequency of bushfires in Australia is increasing and it is expected bushfire smoke will become a more prevalent phenomenon impacting air quality. The objective of this position statement is to provide guidance to the sport sector regarding exercise in air affected by bushfire smoke. DESIGN: This is position statement from the Australian Institute of Sport, based on a narrative review of the literature regarding bushfire smoke and its effects on health and exercise performance. METHODS: A narrative review of scientific publications regarding the effects of bushfire smoke on health and exercise performance. RESULTS: Bushfire smoke has negative impacts on health and performance. Athletes exercising at high intensity over a prolonged duration will increase their exposure to air pollutants. Athletes with a history of elevated airway responsiveness are likely to be at increased risk of an adverse response to bushfire smoke exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Athletes, coaches, support staff and sport organisations should monitor air quality (PM2.5 concentration) and make appropriate adjustments to training duration and intensity.

Prevalence and incidence of injuries among female cricket players: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the review was to describe the incidence and prevalence of injuries among female cricket players of all ages, participating in all levels of play. INTRODUCTION: Cricket, a bat-and-ball sport, is becoming popular among women of all ages and abilities worldwide. However, cricket participation carries a risk of injury. Injuries negatively affect sport participation, performance, and short- and long-term health and well-being. Injury prevention, therefore, is the key to safe, long-term cricket participation as a physical activity goal. Epidemiological data are needed to underpin evidence-based injury-prevention strategies. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Studies reporting incidence and prevalence of injuries in female cricket players of all ages, participating in all levels of play, were included in this review, including studies that report data by sex or by sport. Studies were excluded if they did not have enough data to calculate prevalence or incidence, did not distinguish female injury data from male injury data, focused on athletes participating in other sports, or focused on case studies. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analyses were conducted according to the JBI and PRISMA 2020 guidelines. MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), EBSCO MasterFILE Premier, EBSCO CINAHL Complete, ProQuest Health and Medical Complete, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were systematically searched from inception to August 2021. Additionally, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched. EBSCO MegaFile Premier, OpenGrey (SIGLE), WorldCat, Grey Matters, Grey Literature, and Google Scholar were searched for gray literature. Full-text articles that met the inclusion criteria were critically appraised using tools from JBI, and were extracted and synthesized in narrative summary and tabular format. Three meta-analyses were conducted: injury incidence rates, injury prevalence proportions, and injury incidence proportions. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic and the random-effects model. RESULTS: Of the 7057 studies identified, 4256 were screened after duplicates were removed. A total of 23 studies met the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was low for 21 studies. The injury incidence rate for elite cricket was 71.9 (SE 21.3, 95% CI 30.2-113.6) injuries per 1000 player hours, time-loss injury incidence rate was 13.3 (SE 4.4, 95% CI 4.6-22.0) injuries per 1000 player hours, and non-time-loss injury incidence rate was 58.5 (SE 16.9, 95% CI 25.6-91.7) injuries per 1000 player hours. The injury prevalence proportion for community to elite cricket was 65.2% (SE 9.3, 95% CI 45.7-82.3) and the injury prevalence proportion for community cricket was 60% (SE 4.5, 95% CI 51.1-68.6). The injury incidence proportion for community cricket was 5.6 (SE 4.4, 95% CI 0.1-18.3) injuries per 10,000 participants. Elite cricket players were more frequently injured than community cricket players. The most prevalent body regions injured were the shoulder and knee, and most were sustained by fast bowlers. Injuries to the hand, wrist, and fingers had the highest incidence and were most sustained by fielders. CONCLUSIONS: The study's findings can help stakeholders (including players, coaches, clinicians, and policymakers) make informed decisions about cricket participation by informing and implementing strategies to promote cricket as a vehicle for positive public health outcomes. This review also identified gaps in the available evidence base, and addressing these through future research would enhance women's cricket as a professional sport. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42020166052.

Effects of short-term breathing exercises on respiratory recovery in patients with COVID-19: a quasi-experimental study.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious respiratory tract disease. The most common clinical manifestation of severe COVID-19 is acute respiratory failure. Respiratory rehabilitation can be a crucial part of treatment, but data lack for patients with COVID-19. This study investigates the effects of short-term respiratory rehabilitation (i.e., breathing exercises) on respiratory recovery among non-ICU hospitalised patients with COVID-19. METHODS: This was a quasi-experimental, pre-and post-test study. The study recruited 173 patients hospitalised with moderate to severe COVID-19. All the patients received standardised care for COVID-19, and 94 patients in the intervention group also received the intervention of breathing exercises, which included breathing control, followed by diaphragmatic breathing, deep breathing, or thoracic expansion exercise, and huffing (forced expiratory technique) and coughing. Data on the mean values of peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), need for oxygen therapy (litre/min), respiratory rate (breaths/minute), and heart rate (beats/minute) and were collected at baseline, 4 days, and 7 days after the baseline assessment. Analysis of variance on repeated measures was applied to compare the mean value of outcome measures of all the time points. RESULTS: The mean (± SD) age of the intervention (69.6% men) and control group (62.1% men) were 50.1 (10.5) and 51.5 (10.4) years, respectively. At 4-day of follow-up, SpO2 (96.6% ± 1.9 vs. 90.7% ± 1.8, P < 0.001), need for oxygen therapy (0.8 ± 2.6 vs. 2.3 ± 2.9, P < 0.001), respiratory rate (20.5 ± 2.3 vs. 22.3 ± 2.5, P < 0.001), and heart rate (81.2 ± 9.5 vs. 89.2 ± 8.9, P < 0.001) improved in the intervention group compared to the control group. At 7-day follow-up, differences remained significant concerning the oxygen saturation and the need for oxygen therapy (P < 0.001) between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that breathing exercise, even for a short period, effectively improves specific respiratory parameters in moderate to severe COVID-19 patients. As a non-invasive and cost-effective respiratory rehabilitation intervention, breathing exercise can be a valuable tool for a health care system overwhelmed by the COVID-19 pandemic. These results should be considered preliminary until they are replicated in larger samples in different settings.

Despite maintaining a high daily training availability, a quarter of athletes start the season injured and three quarters experience injury in an Australian State Academy of Sport.

OBJECTIVES: To 1) investigate the incidence, prevalence, burden and characteristics of injuries; and 2) explore the frequency of physiotherapy and medical servicing for elite sports academy athletes over a 12-month season. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. METHODS: Medical attention and time-loss injuries were prospectively recorded by Physiotherapy and Medical (Sports Physician) staff for 94 athletes (72.3% females). The number of linked physiotherapy and medical servicing appointments was also recorded. Injury incidence rates (IIR), point and period prevalence, and injury burden were calculated and compared by athlete gender, sport, and categorisation (performance level) using incidence rate ratios (IRR). RESULTS: The number of injuries reported was 193 in 71 (75.5%) athletes. The IIR was 2.1 (95%CI: 1.8 to 2.4) injuries per 365 days, with no gender difference observed (IRR: 1.1, 0.8 to 1.4). The injury burden was 43.5 (95%CI: 37.8 to 50.1) days absent per 365 days. More than one-quarter (point prevalence, 26.6%) of athletes commenced the season with an injury. In-season injury risk was 2.5 fold greater in athletes who started the season with an injury compared to athletes who started the season without an injury (IRR: 2.5, 1.9 to 3.4). The majority (81.2%) of the 1164 appointments recorded were physiotherapy, with an overall 4.3:1.0 physiotherapy to medical appointment ratio. CONCLUSIONS: One in four athletes began the elite pathway season with a pre-existing injury, while also demonstrating a 2.5 fold greater risk of subsequent injury in the scholarship period. Sports should not assume their athletes are uninjured at the beginning of their scholarship. Injury profiles, and physiotherapy and medical servicing varied across sports. To reduce health as a barrier in the successful transition of talented young athletes to elite athletes, injury management strategies at the commencement of recruitment and throughout the scholarship should be prioritised in the development pathway.

Exploring Australian high-performance athletes' perceptions and experiences of sport participation during pregnancy and post-pregnancy: Development and test-retest reliability of the Mum-Alete Survey.

OBJECTIVES: To develop and assess the test-retest reliability of a survey exploring high-performance athletes' perceptions and experiences during and post-pregnancy. DESIGN: Cross-sectional mixed-methods survey. METHODS: A three-phase approach was employed to develop the Mum-Alete survey. Relevant domains and questions were identified through a review of the literature and gap analysis (Phase 1). The face and content validity were assessed during Phase 2. The survey was modified, and the final survey included 113 questions. The test-retest reliability was assessed during Phase 3. Seven athletes aged ≥18 years who were currently pregnant and/or given birth since 1 July 2016 were recruited. The survey was administered via Qualtrics and completed on two occasions. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were determined to assess test-retest reliability (excellent, good, moderate, and poor). RESULTS: The average ICC of all items was 0.962 (95% CI 0.957-0.966) demonstrating excellent test-retest reliability. The test-retest reliability was excellent for the demographic and general questions domain (ICC = 0.967 95% CI 0.955-0.977) and good for the exercise (ICC 0.762 95% CI 0.707-0.811), physical health (ICC 0.841 95% CI 0.810-0.868) and well-being (ICC 0.827 95% CI 0.784-0.865) domains. CONCLUSIONS: The high test-retest reliability of the survey indicates excellent consistency of measures between the two time-points.

The prevalence and socio-demographic risk factors of coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight among children under five years in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Childhood stunting, wasting and underweight are significant public health challenges. There is a gap in knowledge of the coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight among children under five years (under-5) in Bangladesh. This study aims to (i) describe the prevalence of the coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight and ii) examine the risk factors for the coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight among children under-5 in Bangladesh. METHODS: This study included 6,610 and 7,357 under-5 children from Bangladesh Demographic Health Surveys (BDHS) 2014 and 2017/18, respectively. The associations between the coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight and independent variables were assessed using the Chi-square test of independence. The effects of associated independent variables were examined using negative binomial regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight gradually declined from 5.2% in 2014 to 2.7% in 2017/18. Children born with low birth weight ((adjusted incidence rate ratios, aIRR) 2.31, 95% CI 1.64, 3.24)); children of age group 36-47 months (aIRR 2.26, 95% CI 1.67, 3.08); children from socio-economically poorest families (aIRR 2.02, 95% CI 1.36, 2.98); children of mothers with no formal education (aIRR 1.98, 95% CI 1.25, 3.15); and children of underweight mothers (aIRR 1.73, 95% CI 1.44, 2.08) were the most important risk factors. Further, lower incidence among children with the coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight was observed in the 2017-18 survey (aIRR 0.59, 95% CI 0.49, 0.70) compared to children in the 2014 survey. CONCLUSIONS: One out of thirty-five under-5 children was identified to have coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight in Bangladesh. The burden of coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight was disproportionate among children born with low birth weight, socio-economically poorest, a mother with no formal education, and underweight mothers, indicating the need for individual, household, and societal-level interventions to reduce the consequences of coexistence of stunting, wasting, and underweight.

Prevalence and incidence of injuries among female cricket players: a systematic review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review is to describe the incidence and prevalence of injuries in female cricket players participating in recreational-, school-, club-, and elite-level cricket. INTRODUCTION: Recent investments in women's cricket, stand-alone tournaments, and increased visibility through new broadcasting milestones has increased participation in many countries. With increased participation of women in cricket comes increased risk of injury. Epidemiological data are needed to underpin evidence-based injury-prevention strategies. No systematic review or meta-analysis of injuries is currently available to provide a comprehensive overview of synthesized findings to make the evidence accessible. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Studies on female cricket players of all ages and participating in all levels of cricket will be included. Studies that contain data on only male cricket players will be excluded. Studies where data from female cricket players can be distinguished from male players will be included. Injuries sustained when playing cricket, that are self-reported or diagnosed by a health care professional will be included. Definitions of injury including, but not limited to, medical-attention injuries, general time-loss injuries, or player-reported injuries will be considered. METHODS: MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), EBSCO MasterFILE Premier, EBSCO CINAHL Complete, ProQuest Health and Medical Complete, Scopus, and ScienceDirect will be systematically searched from inception to the present. Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and ClincalTrials.gov will be searched as well as gray literature databases. Retrieval of full-text studies, assessment of methodological quality, and data extraction will be performed independently by two reviewers. If possible, meta-analyses will be performed. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42020166052.

Illness prevalence and symptoms in youth floorball players: a one-season prospective cohort study involving 471 players.

OBJECTIVE: To describe weekly illness prevalence and illness symptoms by sex in youth floorball players during one season. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Players who were registered to play community level floorball during the 2017-2018 season (26 weeks) in two provinces in southern Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: 471 youth players aged 12-17 years. Mean (SD) age for 329 male players 13.3 (1.0) years and 142 female players 13.7 (1.5) years. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Weekly self-reported illness prevalence and illness symptoms according to the 2020 International Olympic Committee's consensus recommendations. RESULTS: 61% of youth floorball players reported at least one illness week during the season, with an average weekly illness prevalence of 12% (95% CI 10.8% to 12.3%). The prevalence was slightly higher among females (13%, 95% CI 11.6% to 14.3%) than males (11%, 95% CI 9.9% to 11.7%), prevalence rate ratio 1.20 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.37, p=0.009). In total, 49% (53% male, 43% female) of illness reports indicated that the player could not participate in floorball (time loss), with a mean (SD) absence of 2.0 (1.7) days per illness week. Fever (30%), sore throat (16%) and cough (14%) were the most common symptoms. Female players more often reported difficulty in breathing/tight airways and fainting, and male players more often reported coughing, feeling tired/feverish and headache. Illness prevalence was highest in the peak winter months (late January/February) reaching 15%-18% during this period. CONCLUSIONS: Our novel findings of the illness prevalence and symptoms in youth floorball may help direct prevention strategies. Athletes, coaches, parents and support personnel need to be educated about risk mitigation strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03309904.

Rugby Health and Well-Being Study: protocol for a UK-wide survey with health data cross-validation.

INTRODUCTION: Rugby football (Union and League) provides physical activity (PA) with related physical and mental health benefits. However, as a collision sport, rugby research and media coverage predominantly focus on injuries in elite players while the overall impact on health and well-being remains unclear. This study aims to provide a greater understanding of the risks and benefits of rugby participation in a diverse sample of men and women, current and former rugby Union and League players from recreational to the elite level of play. We will explore: (1) joint-specific injuries and concussion; (2) joint pain and osteoarthritis (OA); (3) medical and mental health conditions; (4) PA and sedentary behaviour and (5) well-being (quality of life, flourishing and resilience). METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The Rugby Health and Well-being Study is designed in two phases: (1) a UK-wide cross-sectional survey and (2) cross-validation using health register data from Scotland. Participants will be at least 16 years old, current or former rugby players who have played rugby for at least one season. We will report standardised, level of play-, sex- and age-stratified prevalence of joint injury, concussion, medical conditions and PA. We will describe injury/concussion prevention expectations and protective equipment use. Rugby-related factors associated with injury, pain, OA, PA, health and well-being will be explored in regression models. We will compare joint pain intensity and duration, elements of pain perception and well-being between recreational and elite players and further investigate these associations in regression models while controlling for confounding variables. In the second phase, we will validate self-reported with health register data, and provide further information on healthcare use. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The Yorkshire and the Humber-Leeds East Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 19/HY/0377) has approved this study (IRAS project ID 269424). The results will be disseminated through scientific publications, conferences and social media.