Global Policy Surveillance: Creating and Using Comparative National Data on Health Law and Policy.

Throughout the world, laws play an important role in shaping population health. Law making is an intervention with measurable effects yet often unfolds without evaluation or monitoring. Policy surveillance-the systematic, scientific collection and analysis of laws of public health significance-can help bridge this gap by capturing important features of law in numeric form in structured longitudinal data sets.Currently deployed primarily in high-income countries, methods for cross-national policy surveillance hold significant promise, particularly given the growing quality and accessibility of global health data. Global policy surveillance can enable comparative research on the implementation and health impact of laws, their spread, and their political determinants. Greater transparency of status and trends in law supports health policy advocacy and promotes public accountability. Collecting, coding, and analyzing laws across countries presents numerous challenges-especially in low-resource settings.With insights from comparative politics and law, we suggest methods to address those challenges. We describe how longitudinal legal data have been used in limited, but important, ways for cross-national analysis and propose incorporating global policy surveillance into core global public health practice.

Advancing Legal Preparedness through the Global Health Security Agenda.

The Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) is a multilateral, multisectoral partnership comprised of more than 70 countries, international organizations, foundations, and businesses to strengthen global health security.

Risk factors for medication non-adherence in an HIV infected population in the Dominican Republic.

High levels of medication adherence are central to HIV treatment success. Barriers to medication adherence may differ by cultural setting. We aimed to determine risk factors for medication non-adherence in HIV infected individuals in the Dominican Republic. Adherence was measured in 300 individuals using a visual analog scale assessing the prior month and dichotomized at 95%. High levels of adherence were reported by 228 (76%). Risk factors for non-adherence included heavy alcohol use: 2.5 times odds (95% CI: 1.4-4.5), having children: 2.2 times higher odds (95% CI: 1.1-4.9) and perceptions of less social support related to adherence: 2 times higher odds (95% CI: 1.1-3.6). Culturally appropriate interventions are needed to address alcohol use, which is common in this setting. Parenting may represent a competing demand on time and resources and be an adherence barrier. Self-reported perceived lack of adherence support may be a useful marker for need for adherence interventions.

Law, criminalisation and HIV in the world: have countries that criminalise achieved more or less successful pandemic response?

How do choices in criminal law and rights protections affect disease-fighting efforts? This long-standing question facing governments around the world is acute in the context of pandemics like HIV and COVID-19. The Global AIDS Strategy of the last 5 years sought to prevent mortality and HIV transmission in part through ensuring people living with HIV (PLHIV) knew their HIV status and could suppress the HIV virus through antiretroviral treatment. This article presents a cross-national ecological analysis of the relative success of national AIDS responses under this strategy, where laws were characterised by more or less criminalisation and with varying rights protections. In countries where same-sex sexual acts were criminalised, the portion of PLHIV who knew their HIV status was 11% lower and viral suppression levels 8% lower. Sex work criminalisation was associated with 10% lower knowledge of status and 6% lower viral suppression. Drug use criminalisation was associated with 14% lower levels of both. Criminalising all three of these areas was associated with approximately 18%-24% worse outcomes. Meanwhile, national laws on non-discrimination, independent human rights institutions and gender-based violence were associated with significantly higher knowledge of HIV status and higher viral suppression among PLHIV. Since most countries did not achieve 2020 HIV goals, this ecological evidence suggests that law reform may be an important tool in speeding momentum to halt the pandemic.

Understanding and comparing HIV-related law and policy environments: cross-national data and accountability for the global AIDS response.

Law and policy differences help explain why, as HIV-related science has advanced swiftly, some countries have realised remarkable progress on AIDS while others see expanding epidemics. We describe the structure and findings of a new dataset and research platform, the HIV Policy Lab, which fills an important knowledge gap by measuring the HIV-related policy environment across 33 indicators and 194 countries over time, with online access and visualisation. Cross-national indicators can be critical tools in international governance-building social power to monitor state behaviour with the potential to change policy and improve domestic accountability. This new and evolving effort collects data about policy through review of legal documents, official government reports and systematic review of secondary sources. Alignment between national policy environments and global norms is demonstrated through comparison with international public health guidance and agreements. We demonstrate substantial variation in the content of law and policies between countries, regions and policy areas. Given progress in basic and implementation science, it would be tempting to believe most countries have adopted policies aligned with global norms, with a few outliers. Data show this is not the case. Globally, alignment is higher on clinical and treatment policies than on prevention, testing and structural policies. Policy-makers, researchers, civil society, finance agencies and others can use these data to better understand the policy environment within and across countries and support reform. Longitudinal analysis enables evaluation of the impact of laws and policies on HIV outcomes and research about the political drivers of policy choice.

Helicobacter pylori stimulates gastric epithelial cell MMP-1 secretion via CagA-dependent and -independent ERK activation.

Because the mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric injury are incompletely understood, we examined the hypothesis that H. pylori induces matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) secretion, with potential to disrupt gastric stroma. We further tested the role of CagA, an H. pylori virulence factor, in MMP-1 secretion. Co-incubation of AGS cells with Tx30a, an H. pylori strain lacking the cagA virulence gene, stimulated MMP-1 secretion, confirming cagA-independent secretion. Co-incubation with strain 147C (cagA(+)) resulted in CagA translocation into AGS cells and increased MMP-1 secretion relative to Tx30a. Transfection of cells with the recombinant 147C cagA gene also induced MMP-1 secretion, indicating that CagA can independently stimulate MMP-1 secretion. Co-incubation with strain 147A, containing a cagA gene that lacks an EPIYA tyrosine phosphorylation motif, as well as transfection with 147A cagA, yielded an MMP-1 secretion intermediate between no treatment and 147C, indicating that CagA tyrosine phosphorylation regulates cellular signaling in this model system. H. pylori induced activation of the MAP kinase ERK, with CagA-independent (early) and dependent (later) components. MEK inhibitors UO126 and PD98059 inhibited both CagA-independent and -dependent MMP-1 secretion, whereas p38 inhibition enhanced MMP-1 secretion and ERK activation, suggesting p38 negative regulation of MMP-1 and ERK. These data indicate H. pylori effects on host epithelial MMP-1 expression via ERK, with p38 playing a potential regulatory role.