Novel spiroindoline quinazolinedione derivatives as anticancer agents and potential FLT3 kinase inhibitors.

Despite considerable recent progress in therapeutic strategies, cancer still remains one of the leading causes of death. Molecularly targeted therapies, in particular those focused on blocking receptor tyrosine kinases have produced promising outcomes in recent years. In this study, a new series of spiro[indoline-3,2'-quinazoline]-2,4'(3'H)-dione derivatives (5a-5l) were synthesized and evaluated as potential kinase inhibitors with anticancereffects. The anti-proliferative activity was measured by MTT assay, while the cell cycle was studied using flow cytometry. Moreover, kinase inhibition profiles of the most promising compounds were assessed against a panel of 25 oncogenic kinases. Compounds 5f,5g,5i, and 5jshowed anti-proliferative effect against EBC-1, A549, and HT-29 solid tumor models in addition to leukemia cell line K562. In particular, compound 5f, bearing 4-methylphenyl pendant on the isatin ring displayed considerable potency with IC50 values of 2.4 to 13.4 µM against cancer cells. The most potent derivatives also altered the distribution of cells in different phases of cell cycle and increased the sub-G1 phase cells in K562 cells. Moreover, kinase inhibition assays identified FLT3 kinase was as the primary targetof these derivatives. Compound 5f at 25 µM concentration showed inhibitory activities of 55% and 62% against wild-type FLT3 and its mutant, D835Y, respectively. Finally, the docking and simulation studies revealed the important interactions of compound 5f with wild type and mutant FLT3. The results of this study showed that some novel spiroindoline quinazolinedione compounds could be potential candidates for further development as novel targeted anticancer agents.

In silico screening of c-Met tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting nucleotide and drug-substrate binding sites of ABCB1 as potential MDR reversal agents.

PURPOSE: Cancer is a significant public health problem and ranks as a leading cause of death globally. Multidrug resistance (MDR) affects the therapeutic potential of conventional chemotherapeutic agents in cancer chemotherapy. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are enzymes whose aberrant activation contributes to the tumorigenesis of various types of cancers. The ability of several RTKs, such as c-Met, to reverse ABC transporters mediated MDR was shown before. We aimed to explore the ability of c-Met inhibitors to circumvent MDR in cancer by inhibiting the ABCB1 transporter using in silico studies. METHODS: Docking virtual screening of several potent and structurally diverse c-Met inhibitors were applied to find repurposed candidates to target the ATP binding sites and drug-substrate binding pockets of the ABCB1 transporter. The selected candidate was subjected to molecular dynamics simulations. RESULTS: Based on docking findings, among 19 clinical c-Met inhibitors, several drugs, particularly golvatinib, exerted the affinity to both ATP binding sites in the nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) as well as the drug-substrate binding site in the transmembrane domains (TMDs). Moreover, several non-clinical c-Met inhibitors obtained from the ChEMBL database had strong interactions with TMDs and NBDs, among which CHEMBL1950194 and CHEMBL2385194 compounds showed the highest binding affinity, respectively. Additionally, as a potential repositioning drug, MD simulation studies of golvatinib, corroborated the docking results. CONCLUSION: We applied docking and molecular dynamics simulations to screen the potential c-Met inhibitors as the MDR reversing agents targeting ATP and drug-substrate binding sites, and the results suggested several repurposed candidate drugs.

Anti-COVID-19 and antidiabetic activities of new oleanane and ursane-type triterpenoids from Salvia grossheimii: an in-silico approach.

Salvia grossheimii is a perennial herb with antidiabetic and cytotoxic constituents. In continuation of our study on S. grosshiemii to identify the bioactive phytochemicals, we have reported the characterization of seven undescribed triterpenoids. The aerial parts of the plant were extracted in dichloromethane and its constituents were isolated using chromatography techniques. The structures of compounds were identified using 1D, 2D NMR, and ESI-MS spectral data. Seven new oleanane- and ursane-type triterpenoids (1-7) were identified in S. grossheimii. The structures of 1-7 were characterized as; 2α-hydroxy-3ß-acetoxy-olean-9(11),12-diene (1), 2α-acetoxy-3ß-hydroxy-olean-9(11),12-diene (2), 3ß-acetoxy-olean-18-ene,2α,11α-diol (3), 2α-hydroxy-3ß-acetoxy-urs-9(11),12-diene (4), 2α-acetoxy-3ß-hydroxy-urs-9(11),12-diene (5), 2α,3ß-diacetoxy-urs-12-ene-11α,20ß-diol (6), 2α,3ß-diacetoxy-urs-9(11),12-diene-20ß-ol (7). Triterpenoids (2, 5, and 7) were intramolecular transesterification or dehydration products of their corresponding isomers or allylic alcohol in the C rings, respectively, produced in-situ during NMR spectroscopy. Virtual screening of 1-7 was performed with molecular docking analysis to identify the potential SARS-CoV-2 and α-glucosidase inhibitors using the smina molecular docking algorithm. The best binding energy values (kcal/mol) against COVID-19 main protease Mpro were calculated for 6 (-8.77) and 7 (-8.68), and the higher binding affinities toward human α-glucosidase were obtained for 2 (-9.39) and 6 (-8.63). This study suggests S. grossheimii as a rich source of bioactive triterpenoids and introduces new natural compounds. Considering the high binding energy values of 2, 6, and 7, these structures could be candidates for anti-COVID-19 and antidiabetic drug development in the future.

Type II c-Met inhibitors: molecular insight into crucial interactions for effective inhibition.

The c-Met tyrosine kinase plays an important role in human cancers. Preclinical studies demonstrated that c-Met is over-expressed, mutated and amplified in a variety of human tumor types and design of more potent c-Met inhibitors is a priority. In this study, 14 molecular dynamics simulations of potent type II c-Met inhibitors were run to resolve the critical interactions responsible for high affinity of ligands towards c-Met considering the essential flexibility of protein-ligand interactions. Residues Phe1223 and Tyr1159, involved in pi-pi interactions were recognized as the most effective residues in the ligand binding in terms of binding free energies. Hydrogen bond interaction with Met1160 was also found necessary for effective type II ligand binding to c-Met.

Imino-2H-Chromene Based Derivatives as Potential Anti-Alzheimer's Agents: Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and in Silico Study.

A new series of imino-2H-chromene derivatives were rationally designed and synthesized as novel multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease. A set of phenylimino-2H-chromenes as well as the newly synthesized iminochromene derivatives were evaluated as BACE1, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitors. The results indicated that among the iminochromene set, 10c bearing fluorobenzyl moiety was the most potent BACE1 inhibitor with an IC50 value 6.31 µM. In vitro anti-cholinergic activities demonstrated that compound 10a bearing benzyl pendant was the best inhibitor of AChE (% inhibition at 30 µM=24.4) and BuChE (IC50 =3.3 µM). Kinetic analysis of compound 10a against BuChE was also performed and showed a mixed-type inhibition pattern. The neuroprotective assessment revealed that compound 11b, a phenylimino-2H-chromene derivative with hydroxyethyl moiety, provided 32.3 % protection at 25 µM against Aß-induced PC12 neuronal cell damage. In addition, docking and simulation studies of the most potent compounds against BACE1 and BuChE confirmed the experimental results.

Rational Design, Synthesis, in Vitro, and in Silico Studies of Chlorophenylquinazolin-4(3H)-One Containing Different Aryl Acetohydrazides as Tyrosinase Inhibitors.

Tyrosinase plays a pivotal role in the hyperpigmentation and enzymatic browning of fruit and vegetable. Therefore, tyrosinase inhibitors can be of interest in industries as depigmentation compounds as well as anti-browning agents. In the present study, a series of chlorophenylquinazolin-4(3H)-one derivative were rationally designed and synthesized. The formation of target compounds was confirmed by spectral characterization techniques such as IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and elemental analysis. Among the synthesized derivatives, compound 8l was proved to be the most potent inhibitor with an IC50 value of 25.48±1.19 µM. Furthermore, the results of the molecular docking study showed that this compound fitted well in the active site of tyrosinase with the binding score of -10.72.

The natural-based optimization of kojic acid conjugated to different thio-quinazolinones as potential anti-melanogenesis agents with tyrosinase inhibitory activity.

Melanin pigment and melanogenesis are a two-edged sword. Melanin has a radioprotection role while melanogenesis has undesirable effects. Targeting the melanogenesis pathway, a series of kojyl thioether conjugated to different quinazolinone derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their anti-tyrosinase activity and all derivatives displayed better potency than kojic acid as the positive control. In this regard, 5j and 5h as the most active compounds showed an IC50 value of 0.46 and 0.50 µM, respectively. In kinetic evaluation against tyrosinase, 5j depicted an uncompetitive inhibition pattern. Designed compounds also exhibited mild antioxidant capacity. Moreover, 5j and 5h achieved good potency against the B16F10 cell line to reduce the melanin content, whilst showing limited toxicity against malignant cells. The proposed binding mode of new inhibitors evaluated through molecular docking was consistent with the results of structure-activity relationship analysis.

Anti-melanogenesis and anti-tyrosinase properties of aryl-substituted acetamides of phenoxy methyl triazole conjugated with thiosemicarbazide: Design, synthesis and biological evaluations.

A series of aryl phenoxy methyl triazole conjugated with thiosemicarbazides were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their tyrosinase inhibitory activities in the presence of l-dopa and l-tyrosine as substrates. All the compounds showed tyrosinase inhibition in the sub-micromolar concentration. Among the derivatives, compound 9j bearing benzyl displayed exceptionally high potency against tyrosinase with IC50 value of 0.11 µM and 0.17 µM in the presence of l-tyrosine and l-dopa as substrates which is significantly lower than that of kojic acid as the positive control with an IC50 value of 9.28 µM for l-tyrosine and 9.30 µM for l-dopa. According to Lineweaver-Burk plot, 9j demonstrated an uncompetitive type of inhibition in the kinetic assay. Also, in vitro antioxidant activities determined by DPPH assay recorded an IC50 value of 68.43 µM for 9i. The melanin content of 9j was determined on B16F10 melanoma human cells which demonstrated a significant reduction of the melanin content. Moreover, the binding energies corresponding to the same ligand as well as computer-aided drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic studies were also carried out. Compound 9j also possessed metal chelation potential correlated to its high anti-TYR activity.

Dual potent c-Met and ALK inhibitors: from common feature pharmacophore modeling to structure based virtual screening.

Everyday plenty of people succumb to various forms of cancer across the world and it stands as one of the main reasons of death in our today's life. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a class of receptors involved in cancer progression. Since aberrant signaling has critical roles in cancer, both c-Met and ALK enzymes are regarded as attractive oncology targets for therapeutic objects. A number of potent dual inhibitors of c-Met and ALK are reported in literature that in the present work we based them to construct multiple common feature pharmacophore models and then applied them for ligand-based virtual screening. The score values of the models ranged from 22.489 to 28.169. The retrieved compounds from virtual screening were subjected to the docking study and the interaction pattern of common hits between two enzymes with high predicted affinity has been investigated. To this end, common hit compound ZINC000223394281 (z1) was directed to the molecular dynamics study and the results indicated that the hydrogen bond interaction between this compound and Asp1222 was mostly stable during the equilibrium time range. The life time of hydrogen bond made between the complex of ALK and Met1199 was also stable in 63%.

Study of the mechanism of action, molecular docking, and dynamics of anticancer terpenoids from Salvia lachnocalyx.

Among specialized metabolites, terpenoids are well-known for their cytotoxic activity. Several of them have been isolated from sage plants and assayed for their potential therapeutic use against cancer. In this study, we report the effects of three potent anticancer terpenoids previously isolated from Salvia lachnocalyx, including geranyl farnesol (1), sahandinone (2), and 4-dehydrosalvilimbinol (3) on cancer cell cycle alterations and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Interactions of compounds 1-3 with topoisomerase I were also investigated by using molecular docking and dynamics simulation. Accumulation of cells in sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle indicated that all tested compounds induce apoptosis in MOLT-4 cancer cells. Measurement of ROS production demonstrated that this mechanism is not involved in the induction of apoptosis. We suggest topoisomerase I inhibition as the mechanism of cytotoxic activity of compounds 1-3 based on docking and molecular dynamics (MD) calculations. These natural terpenoids could be considered as good candidates for further development as anticancer agents.

Novel 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone hybrids: Design, synthesis, cytotoxicity evaluation and in silico studies.

In the present work, a novel series of 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinones bearing oxyphenyl moiety (5a-5m) were designed and synthesized via a two-step route and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against three different cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HL-60 and U937) and normal human cell line (HEK-293) by MTT assay. Compounds 5b (4-nitro-benzyl-) and 5k (4-bromo-benzyl-) were identified to possess the highest cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cancerous cells (IC50 values of 27.76 and 27.86 µM, respectively). At the same time, none of the compounds exert significant toxicity against HEK-293 normal human kidney cells. Cell cycle analysis showed that the selected derivatives increased the population of MCF-7 cells in the S phase at 25 and 50 µM concentrations. Annexin V-FITC/PI staining assay also confirmed that compounds 5b and 5k induced apoptosis in the cell death pathway. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies were also performed to evaluate the probable interactions between the hybrids and human ATP binding domain of topo IIα protein. Our findings may provide new insight for further development of novel naphthoquinone-containing compounds.

One-pot synthesis of thioxo-tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives as potent ß-glucuronidase inhibitor, biological evaluation, molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies.

A series of N,N-diethyl phenyl thioxo-tetrahydropyrimidine carboxamide have been synthesized and investigated for their ß-glucuronidase inhibitory activities. All molecules exhibited excellent inhibition with IC50 values ranging from 0.35 to 42.05 µM and found to be even more potent than the standard d-saccharic acid. Structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that the meta-aryl-substituted derivatives significantly influenced ß-glucuronidase inhibitory activities while the para-substitution counterpart outperforming moderate potency. The most potent compound in this series was 4g bearing thiophene motif with IC50 of 0.35 ± 0.09 µM. To verify the SAR, molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies were also performed.

Antidiabetic and cytotoxic polyhydroxylated oleanane and ursane type triterpenoids from Salvia grossheimii.

Two polyhydroxylated oleanane and seven ursane triterpenoids were isolated from aerial parts of Salvia grossheimii. The chemical structures of the undescribed triterpenoids (1-6) were characterized using 1 and 2 D NMR and ESI-MS spectral data as; 2α, 3ß, 11α -trihydroxy-olean-12- ene (1), 2α, 3ß, 11α-trihydroxy-olean-18-ene (2), 2α- acetoxy-urs-12-ene-3ß, 11α, 20ß-triol (3), 3-keto-urs-12-ene-1ß, 11α, 20ß -triol (4), 2α, 3ß-diacetoxy-urs-12-ene-1ß, 11α, 20ß -triol (5), and 3ß-acetoxy-urs-12-ene-1ß, 11α, 20ß -triol (6). All compounds were evaluated for the in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory and cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 human cancer cell line. Compounds 1, 2, 4, and 6 showed in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 = 43.6-198.4 µM, which were more potent than the antidiabetic medicine, acarbose. The remaining compounds; 3, and 7-9 showed potent cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 6.2-31.9 µM) against the cancerous cell line, while the potent α-glucosidase inhibitors were inactive. Molecular docking analysis and kinetic studies were applied to investigate the structure activity relationships and mechanisms of the human and Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-glucosidase inhibitory of the purified compounds. Comparing the high cytotoxicity and α-glucosidase inhibitory of the oleanane and ursane type triterpenoids suggest them as potential lead compounds for further research in anticancer and antidiabetic research.

A Series of Benzylidenes Linked to Hydrazine-1-carbothioamide as Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Structure-Activity Relationship.

Tyrosinase is a type 3 copper enzyme responsible for skin pigmentation disorders, skin cancer, and enzymatic browning of vegetables and fruits. In the present article, 12 small molecules of 2-benzylidenehydrazine-1-carbothioamide were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anti-tyrosinase activities followed by molecular docking and pharmacophore-based screening. Among synthesized thiosemicarbazone derivatives, one compound, (2E)-2-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylidene]hydrazine-1-carbothioamide, is the strongest inhibitor of mushroom tyrosinase with IC50 of 0.05 µM which demonstrated a 128-fold increase in potency compared to the positive control. Kinetic studies also revealed mix type inhibition by this compound. Docking studies confirmed the complete fitting of the synthesized compounds into the tyrosinase active site. The results underline the potential of 2-benzylidenehydrazine-1-carbothioamides as potent pharmacophore to extend the tyrosinase inhibition in drug discovery.

Prediction of cytotoxic activity of a series of 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives as possible inhibitors of c-Met using molecular fingerprints.

Cancer is a leading cause of death all over the world. HGF/MET signaling pathway is involved in many cancers and its inhibition has great potential as an effective therapeutic intervention. A series of 1H-pyrrolo [2,3-b]pyridine derivatives has recently been identified with cytotoxic activity, and most of them exhibited considerable potencies with IC50 values under 10 µM. The present study was carried out with the specific aim to shed light upon the quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) to design and predict the activity of new potent inhibitors using molecular fingerprints and some 2D and 3D descriptors. The built model was statistically significant in terms of R2 = 0.90 and R2pred = 0.91 values. Fingerprint PubchemFP759 (1-chloro-2-methylbenzene) was the most effective fragment in the biological activity and just appeared in the most active compound 7j with a pIC50 value of 8.0. A similarity search study was applied based on compounds 7c and 17e, with reported inhibitory activity against c-Met kinase, which showed that also other compounds could possess similar effects against c-Met enzyme. The most promising compound 7g-cl was subjected to docking and molecular dynamics simulation. Two hydrogen bonds between Lys1110, Met1160, and 7g-cl were stable during the equilibrium time range. The suggested modifications might be considered in future studies to design more efficient anticancer agents.

Metronidazole aryloxy, carboxy and azole derivatives: Synthesis, anti-tumor activity, QSAR, molecular docking and dynamics studies.

A series of novel metronidazole aryloxy, carboxy and azole derivatives has been synthesized and their cytotoxic activities on three cancer cell lines were evaluated by MTT assay. Compounds 4m, 4l and 4d showed the most potent cytotoxic activity (IC50s less than 100 µg/mL). Apoptosis was also detected for these compounds by flow cytometry. Docking studies were performed in order to propose the probable target protein. In the next step, molecular dynamics simulation was carried out on the proposed target protein, focal adhesion kinase (FAK, PDB code: 2ETM), bound to compound 4m. As, 4m showed a potent cytotoxic activity and an acceptable apoptotic effect, it can be a potential anticancer candidate that may work through inhibition of FAK.

Identification of new potential HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors by QSAR modeling and structure-based virtual screening.

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have gained a definitive place due to their unique antiviral potency, high specificity and low toxicity in antiretroviral combination therapies which are used to treat HIV. To design more specific HIV-1 inhibitors, 218 diverse non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with their EC50 values were collected. Then, different types of molecular descriptors were calculated. Also, genetic algorithm (GA) and enhanced replacement methods (ERM) were used as the variable selection approaches to choose more relevant features. Based on selected descriptors, a classification support vector machine (SVM) model was constructed to categorize compounds into two groups of active and inactive ones. The most active compound in the set was docked and was used as the input to the Pharmit server to screen the Molport and PubChem libraries by constructing a structure-based pharmacophore model. Shape filters for the protein and ligand as well as Lipinski's rule of five have been applied to filter out the output of virtual screening from pharmacophore search. Three hundred and thirty-four compounds were finally retrieved from the virtual screening and were fed to the previously constructed SVM model. Among them, the SVM model rendered seven active compounds and they were also analyzed by docking calculations and ADME/Tox parameters.

Alignment independent 3D-QSAR, quantum calculations and molecular docking of Mer specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors as anticancer drugs.

Mer receptor tyrosine kinase is a promising novel cancer therapeutic target in many human cancers, because abnormal activation of Mer has been implicated in survival signaling and chemoresistance. 3D-QSAR analyses based on alignment independent descriptors were performed on a series of 81 Mer specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The fractional factorial design (FFD) and the enhanced replacement method (ERM) were applied and tested as variable selection algorithms for the selection of optimal subsets of molecular descriptors from a much greater pool of such regression variables. The data set was split into 65 molecules as the training set and 16 compounds as the test set. All descriptors were generated by using the GRid INdependent descriptors (GRIND) approach. After variable selection, GRIND were correlated with activity values (pIC50) by PLS regression. Of the two applied variable selection methods, ERM had a noticeable improvement on the statistical parameters of PLS model, and yielded a q (2) value of 0.77, an [Formula: see text] of 0.94, and a low RMSEP value of 0.25. The GRIND information contents influencing the affinity on Mer specific tyrosine kinase were also confirmed by docking studies. In a quantum calculation study, the energy difference between HOMO and LUMO (gap) implied the high interaction of the most active molecule in the active site of the protein. In addition, the molecular electrostatic potential energy at DFT level confirmed results obtained from the molecular docking. The identified key features obtained from the molecular modeling, enabled us to design novel kinase inhibitors.

In silico studies of bis-spiro- and Furano-Labdane diterpenoids from Rydingia persica Scheen (Otostegia persica) as α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitor.

The inhibition potential of α-glucosidase enzyme by crude- dichloromethane, methanol, and ethanol -extracts of Rydingia persica were evaluated using colorimetric method. We have isolated four labdane diterpenoids: 15, 16- epoxy-3α, 7ß, 9α -trihydroxylabdan-13- (16), 14-dien-6-one (1), 15, 16- epoxy-3α, 7α, 9α -trihydroxylabdan-13- (16), 14-dien-6-one (2), 9, 13, 15, 16-diepoxy- 3α, 7ß, 15α (ß)- trihydroxy-labdan- 6 one (3, 4) from the most potent enzyme inhibitor fraction; the ethyl acetate soluble part of ethanol extract of the aerial parts of R. persica. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by their 1H and13C NMR and ESIMS spectral data analyses. The enzyme inhibition potential of the compounds was evaluated against acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and α-glucosidase by simulation studies. The predicted binding energy of most diterpenes towards mouse AChE enzyme was low, while the binding energy of diterpenes towards α-glucosidase enzyme was moderate to potent.

Hit discovery of potential CDK8 inhibitors and analysis of amino acid mutations for cancer therapy through computer-aided drug discovery.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) has emerged as a promising target for inhibiting cancer cell function, intensifying efforts towards the development of CDK8 inhibitors as potential cancer therapeutics. Mutations in CDK8, a protein kinase, are also implicated as a primary factor associated with tumor formation. In this study, we identified potential inhibitors through virtual screening for CDK8 and single amino acid mutations in CDK8, namely D173A (Aspartate 173 mutate to Alanine), D189N (Aspartate 189 mutate to Asparagine), T196A (Threonine 196 mutate to Alanine) and T196D (Threonine 196 mutate to Aspartate). Four databases (CHEMBEL, ZINC, MCULE, and MolPort) containing 65,209,131 molecules have been searched to identify new inhibitors for CDK8 and its single mutations. In the first step, structure-based pharmacophore modeling in the Pharmit server was used to select the compounds to know the inhibitors. Then molecules with better predicted drug-like molecule properties were selected. The final filter used to select more effective inhibitors among the previously selected molecules was molecular docking. Finally, 13 hits for CDK8, 11 hits for D173A, 11 hits for D189N, 15 hits for T196A, and 12 hits for T196D were considered potential inhibitors. A majority of the virtual screening hits exhibited satisfactorily predict pharmacokinetic characteristics and toxicity properties.