Oral health, stress and barriers accessing dental health care among war-affected Ukrainian refugees in Germany.

BACKGROUND: After Russian invasion many Ukrainians fled to European countries including Germany. In this context, the German health care system faced challenges delivering dental care to a displaced population. Recently surfaced obstacles as well as different cultural and medical traits need to be considered in order to deliver appropriate medical care. The aim of this study was to evaluate oral health and hygiene of Ukrainian refugees, identify barriers accessing dental health care and explore the relation to their mental health state. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-assessment questionnaire, distributed via non-probability snowball sampling method among war-affected Ukrainians, who fled to Germany. The online form was distributed via web-based platforms, the printed version was hand-delivered across diverse local venues. Chi-Square Tests, T-Tests and Mann-Whitney-U Tests were performed. Analysis of variance and Spearman correlation coefficient analysis were also conducted. RESULTS: From 819 completed questionnaires, 724 questionnaires were included in the analysis with 78 males (10.8%) and 640 females (88.6%) and a mean age of 37.5 years (SD = 10.5). The majority of participants rated their state of teeth (77%) and gums (81%) as average or better. The main problems, caused by state of their teeth, were: "Have avoided smiling because of teeth" (23.6%) or "Felt embarrassed due to appearance of teeth" (22.2%). The most frequent limiting factors to access dental care were finances (82.6%), language (82.2%) and complicated health care system (74.1%). 45.8% of the participants scored 10 or more in the Patient Health Questionnaire and 37.4% in the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, respectively. These participants were more likely to report pain, poor state of teeth and gums and to fail a dental consultation. Overall, 59.6% participants reported not consulting a dentist, when needed. Failed consultations were associated with a poorer reported state of teeth and gums. CONCLUSIONS: Ukrainian refugees reported barriers accessing dental health care in Germany. It is important to improve oral health literacy and dental services for displaced people and provide help and guidance in seeking dental care.

A Versatile Silver(I) Pentafluorooxosulfate Reagent for the Synthesis of OSF5 Compounds.

Herein, we report the preparation of silver(I) pentafluorooxosulfate from commercially available AgF and OSF4 . The compound is surprisingly stable in a MeCN solution. Apart from that, AgOSF5 has been stabilised by the addition of 2,2'-bipyridine ligands. Starting from solutions of the unstabilised silver(I) salt, OSF5 complexes with NiII , CuI , and CuII -centres have been obtained. In addition, AgOSF5 has proven to be generally capable of mediating the transfer of OSF5 groups to aryne moieties, thus furnishing a new and safe method for the preparation of OSF5 -substituted arenes. X-ray crystal structure analysis of selected transition-metal OSF5 compounds have revealed distorted octahedral [OSF5 ]- anions which are extensively stabilised by hydrogen bonding.

New Chiral Reagent for Installation of Pharmacophoric (S)- or (R)-2-(Alkoxyphosphono)-1-amino-2,2-difluoroethyl Groups.

A new chiral reagent has been developed for generalized installation of pharmacophoric (S)- or (R)-2-(alkoxyphosphono)-1-amino-2,2-difluoroethyl group into organic compounds. The original synthetic application of this new reagent is exemplified by Friedel-Crafts reactions with indoles, which proceed efficiently with excellent diastereoselectivity to give enantiomerically pure products.

SF5-Enolates in Ti(IV)-Mediated Aldol Reactions.

The F···Ti bonding in the transition structures determines high trans- and syn-diastereoselectivities for aldol reactions of SF5-acetates with aldehydes in the presence of TiCl4 in the non-nucleophilic solvent CH2Cl2. Such bonding is canceled in nucleophilic solvents where opposite cis-stereochemistry is observed. The potential of thus obtained stereoisomeric SF5-aryl acrylates as dipolarophiles in the preparation of SF5-containing heterocycles is demonstrated.

Complementary bonding analysis of the N-Si interaction in pentacoordinated silicon compounds using quantum crystallography.

The N-Si interaction in two pentacoordinated silicon compounds is investigated based on a complementary bonding analysis, which consists of bonding descriptors from real space and orbital space. These are derived from X-ray wavefunction refinements of high-resolution X-ray diffraction data of single crystals and from isolated-molecule theoretical wavefunctions. The two pentacoordinated compounds only differ in one methylene group, so that the amino substituent is more flexible in one of the structures, hence probing the attractive or repulsive character of the N-Si interaction. All studies suggest weak dative interactions, which do, however, greatly influence the character of the Si-F bond: A strong N-Si interaction results in a weakened Si-F bond, which is quantified in this study experimentally and theoretically.