RESUMO
PURPOSE: The outcome of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer patients affects adjuvant treatment. Compared to conventional histopathology, analysis by one-step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA) harvests more micrometastasis, potentially inducing overtreatment. In this study we investigated the impact of OSNA analysis on adjuvant treatment, compared to histopathological analysis. METHODS: Data from T1-3 breast cancer patients with sentinel nodes analysed between January 2016 and December 2019 by OSNA (OSNA group, n = 1086) from Zuyderland Medical Centre, the Netherlands, were compared to concurrent data from the Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR) where sentinel nodes were examined by histology (histology group, n = 35,143). Primary outcomes were micro- or macrometastasis, axillary treatments (axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) or axillary radiotherapy (ART)), chemotherapy, and endocrine therapy. Statistics with Pearson Chi-square. RESULTS: In the OSNA group more micrometastasis (14.9%) were detected compared to the histology group (7.9%, p < 0.001). No difference in axillary treatment between groups was detected (14.3 vs. 14.4%). In case of mastectomy and macrometastasis, ALND was preferred over ART in the OSNA group (14.9%) compared to the histology group (4.4%, p < 0.001). In cases of micrometastasis, no difference was seen. There was no difference in administration of adjuvant chemotherapy between groups. Endocrine treatment was administrated less often in the OSNA group compared to the histology group (45.8% vs. 50.8%, p < 0.002). CONCLUSION: More micrometastasis were detected by OSNA compared to histopathology, but no subsequent increase in adjuvant axillary and systematic treatment was noticed. When performing mastectomy and OSNA, there was a preference for ALND compared to ART.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Ácidos Nucleicos , Linfonodo Sentinela , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/terapia , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Linfonodo Sentinela/patologia , Linfonodos/patologia , Biópsia de Linfonodo Sentinela , Micrometástase de Neoplasia/patologia , Mastectomia , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico , Axila/patologia , Adjuvantes ImunológicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In patients with cT1-T3N0 breast cancer, postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) is considered a contraindication for immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) due to a high risk of complications. The sentinel node biopsy (SNB) is an important determinant for PMRT. In this study, we evaluated the impact of SNB outcome on the planning of IBR after mastectomy. METHODS: Data of patients undergoing mastectomy and SNB in Zuyderland Medical Centre between 2016 and 2019 were retrospectively analysed. Perioperative factors influencing the planning of IBR and SNB results assessed by the intraoperative one-step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA) were registered. RESULTS: Of 397 patients, 169 opted for IBR. One hundred and seven IBRs were performed: 101 tissue expanders, 5 deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps and 1 latissimus dorsi flap. Eighteen patients (18/107) had macrometastases in the SNB, in six of them IBR was cancelled due to the indication for PMRT (33%). In the other 12 patients IBR was executed as planned. A delayed reconstruction was performed in 59 patients. CONCLUSION: In breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy with macrometastases in the SNB, IBR was postponed in 33% due to risk on PMRT. To predict this risk, we advise to acknowledge the SNB outcome by using OSNA before proceeding to IBR.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Mamoplastia , Ácidos Nucleicos , Retalho Perfurante , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/radioterapia , Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Mamoplastia/métodos , Mastectomia , Retalho Perfurante/cirurgia , Radioterapia Adjuvante , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
PURPOSE: In patients with ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR), the detection of distant disease determines whether the intention of the treatment is curative or palliative. Therefore, adequate preoperative staging is imperative for optimal treatment planning. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of conventional imaging techniques, including chest X-ray and/or CT thorax-(abdomen), liver ultrasonography(US), and skeletal scintigraphy, on the distant recurrence-free interval (DRFI) in patients with IBTR, and to compare conventional imaging with 18F-FDG PET-CT or no imaging at all. METHODS: This study was exclusively based on the information available at time of diagnoses of IBTR. To adjust for differences in baseline characteristics between the three imaging groups, a propensity score (PS) weighted method was used. RESULTS: Of the 495 patients included in the study, 229 (46.3%) were staged with conventional imaging, 89 patients (19.8%) were staged with 18F-FDG PET-CT, and in 168 of the patients (33.9%) no imaging was used (N = 168). After a follow-up of approximately 5 years, 14.5% of all patients developed a distant recurrence as first event after IBTR. After adjusting for the PS weights, the Cox regression analyses showed that the different staging methods had no significant impact on the DRFI. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a wide variation in the use of imaging modalities for staging IBTR patients in the Netherlands. After using PS weighting, no statistically significant impact of the different imaging modalities on DRFI was shown. Based on these results, it is not possible to recommend staging for distant metastases using 18F-FDG PET-CT over conventional imaging techniques.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico , Imagem Multimodal , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/diagnóstico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Mama/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/terapia , Terapia Combinada , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Feminino , Fluordesoxiglucose F18/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundário , Metástase Linfática , Mastectomia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/diagnóstico por imagem , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/terapia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Países Baixos , Cuidados Paliativos , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada , CintilografiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Unlike sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in the primary setting, the repeat SLNB (rSLNB) in patients with ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) is challenging, because it is difficult to visualize and/or harvest a sentinel lymph node in every patient. Regional treatments options and safety in terms of regional disease control after such an unsuccessful rSLNB remain unclear. This study assesses factors associated with the performance of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) after unsuccessful rSLNB and evaluates the occurrence of regional recurrences. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Sentinel Node and Recurrent Breast Cancer (SNARB) study. In 239 patients, the rSLNB was unsuccessful, of whom 60 patients underwent ipsilateral ALND. RESULTS: A shorter time interval between primary treatment and IBTR, and a primary negative SLNB were significantly associated with a higher probability to be treated with ALND after unsuccessful rSLNB (P < 0.001). The 5-year regional-recurrence rate was 0.0% in the ALND group compared with 3.7% in the group treated without ALND (P = 0.113). Of the 179 patients treated without ALND, after a median follow-up of 5.1 years (range 0.3-13.2), 7 (3.9%) developed a regional recurrence as first event after unsuccessful rSLNB. None of the seven recurrences occurred in the ipsilateral axilla. Univariable analysis showed no factors associated with regional recurrence as first event after unsuccessful rSLNB (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that the risk of regional recurrence in patients with an IBTR and an unsuccessful rSLNB is negligible, irrespective of the use of ALND. This suggests that there is no need for additional treatment of the axilla after an unsuccessful rSLNB.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Biópsia de Linfonodo Sentinela/estatística & dados numéricos , Linfonodo Sentinela/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Axila , Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Excisão de Linfonodo , Metástase Linfática , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Invasividade Neoplásica , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/cirurgia , Prognóstico , Fatores de Risco , Linfonodo Sentinela/cirurgiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate patterns of care in axillary surgery for Dutch clinical T1-4N0M0 (cT1-4N0M0) breast cancer patients and to assess the effect of the American College for Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG)-Z0011 and After Mapping of the Axilla: Radiotherapy Or Surgery (AMAROS) trial on axillary surgery patterns in Dutch cT1-2N0M0 sentinel node positive breast cancer patients. BACKGROUND: Since publication of the ACOSOG-Z0011 and AMAROS trial, omitting a completion axillary lymph node dissection (cALND) in sentinel node positive breast cancer patients is proposed in selected patients. METHODS: Data were obtained from the nationwide Nationaal Borstkanker Overleg Nederland breast cancer audit. Descriptive analyses were used to demonstrate trends in axillary surgery. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with the omission of cALND in cT1-2N0M0 sentinel node-positive breast cancer patients. RESULTS: Between 2011 and 2015 in cT1-4N0M0 breast cancer patients, the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy as definitive axillary staging increased from 72% to 93%, and (c)ALND as definitive axillary staging decreased from 24% to 6% (P < 0.001). The use of cALND decreased from 75% to 17% in cT1-2N0 sentinel node-positive patients (P < 0.001). Earlier year of diagnosis, lower age, primary mastectomy, invasive lobular subtype, increasing tumor grade, and treatment in a nonteaching hospital were associated with a lower probability of omitting cALND (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows a trend towards less extensive axillary surgery in Dutch cT1-T4N0M0 breast cancer patients; illustrated by an overall increase of sentinel lymph node biopsy and decrease in cALND. Despite this trend, particularly noticed in cT1-2N0 sentinel node-positive patients after publication of the ACOSOG-Z0011 and AMAROS trial, variations in patterns of care in axillary surgery are still present.
Assuntos
Axila/cirurgia , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Excisão de Linfonodo/métodos , Metástase Linfática/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Países Baixos , Biópsia de Linfonodo Sentinela , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: During recent years, an increasing number of patients with ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) and previous axillary surgery have undergone repeat sentinel lymph node biopsy (rSLNB). The influence of axillary nodal status on prognosis for IBTR patients remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the technical success rate, follow-up assessment, and prognostic value of rSLNB for patients with IBTR. METHODS: A systematic search conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library up to July 2017 included all studies on rSLNB in IBTR. RESULTS: A total of 34 articles describing 1761 patients were identified. A repeat sentinel lymph node (rSLN) was successfully harvested from 64.3% of the patients with IBTR, and the rate was significantly higher for the patients who had a previous SLNB than for those who had a previous axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) (75.7% vs. 46.1%; P < 0.0001). The rSLN was tumor-positive for 18.2% of the rSLNs, 40% of which were harvested in basins other than the ipsilateral axilla. The negative predictive value of the rSLNB was 96.5%. Overall survival, reported for 21.5% of the patients, was 95.2% after a mean follow-up period of 29.6 months. CONCLUSION: The prognostic impact of rSLN-positive versus rSLN-negative IBTR remains unclear. Further studies are needed to fill in the gap in the management of lymph nodes for patients with IBTR. However, based on the current evidence, rSLNB is feasible for 64% of patients, especially after previous SLNB. With a negative predictive value of 96.5%, rSLNB appears to be highly specific, with substantial advantages over ipsilateral ALND in IBTR.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Biópsia de Linfonodo Sentinela , Linfonodo Sentinela/patologia , Axila , Neoplasias da Mama/terapia , Reações Falso-Negativas , Feminino , Humanos , Excisão de Linfonodo , Metástase Linfática , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/terapia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prognóstico , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Repeat sentinel lymph node biopsy (rSLNB) has increasingly been used in patients with ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR). The safety in terms of regional disease control after this procedure remains unclear. This study evaluates occurrence of regional recurrence as first event in patients with IBTR and negative rSLNB, treated without additional lymph node dissection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from the Sentinel Node and Recurrent Breast Cancer (SNARB) study. In 201 patients, tumor-negative rSLNB was obtained without performing additional lymph node dissections. RESULTS: With median follow-up of 4.7 (range 0.9-12.7) years, regional recurrence occurred after median time of 3.0 (range 0.4-6.7) years in 4.5% (N = 9) of patients as first event after IBTR and rSLNB. In four of these nine patients, the site of recurrence was in concordance with the anatomical location of rSLNB. Two of the nine recurrences were reported in the ipsilateral axilla, resulting in an ipsilateral axillary regional recurrence rate of 1.0%. In the other seven patients, regional recurrence occurred in aberrant basins. Univariable analysis showed that triple-negative IBTR and lower amount of radioactive-labeled tracer (99mtechnetium) used during rSLNB were associated with developing regional recurrence as first event after negative rSLNB (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of developing regional recurrence after negative rSLNB is low. The low relapse rate supports the safety of rSLNB as primary nodal staging tool in IBTR. The time has come for clinical guidelines to adopt rSLNB as axillary staging tool in patients with IBTR.
Assuntos
Linfonodos/patologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/diagnóstico , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Biópsia de Linfonodo Sentinela , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Axila , Feminino , Humanos , Metástase Linfática , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Fatores de Risco , Tecnécio/administração & dosagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The incidence and clinical significance of multifocality in ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) after breast-conserving therapy (BCT) are unclear. With growing interest in repeat BCT, this information has become of importance. This study aimed to gain insight in the incidence of multifocality in IBTR, to identify patient- and tumor-related predicting factors and to investigate the prognostic significance of multifocality. METHODS: Two hundred and fifteen patients were included in this analysis. All had an IBTR after BCT and were treated by salvage mastectomy and appropriate adjuvant therapy. Predictive tumor- and patient-related factors for multifocality in IBTR were identified using X2 test and univariate logistic regression analyses. Prognostic outcomes were calculated using Kaplan Meier analysis and compared using the log rank test. RESULTS: Multifocality was present in 50 (22.9%) of IBTR mastectomy specimens. Axillary positivity in IBTR was significantly associated with multifocality in IBTR. Chest wall re-recurrences occurred more often after multifocal IBTR (14% versus 7% after unifocal IBTR, p = 0.120). Regional re-recurrences did not differ significantly between unifocal and multifocal IBTR (8% vs. 6%, p = 0.773). Distant metastasis after salvage surgery occurred more frequently after multifocal IBTR (15% vs. 24%, p = 0.122). Overall survival was 132 months after unifocal IBTR and 112 months after multifocal IBTR (p = 0.197). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of multifocality in IBTR is higher than in primary breast cancer. Axillary positivity in IBTR was associated with a multifocal IBTR. Chest wall re-recurrences and distant metastasis were, although not statistically significant, more prevalent after multifocal IBTR.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Mastectomia Segmentar , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Neoplasias da Mama/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
The standard of care for patients with an ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence (IBTR) after breast-conserving therapy (BCT) is a salvage mastectomy. However, there is growing interest in the feasibility of repeat BCT for these patients. This systematic review contains the latest insights on BCT options for patients with an IBTR after initial BCT. A PubMed literature search was performed for articles on BCT options for IBTR after primary lumpectomy followed by radiotherapy. Weighted estimates were calculated for 5- and 10-year local control, distant metastasis-free and overall survival rates. Secondary outcomes were toxicity, cosmesis and quality of life. In total, 34 studies were eligible for analysis, of which 5 reported on repeat breast-conserving surgery (BCS) alone, 10 with mixed populations (BCS⯱â¯RT and/or mastectomy), 18 on repeat BCS followed by re-irradiation (whole-breast or partial) and one on quality of life. The weighted estimates for 5-year overall survival for repeat BCS and repeat BCS followed by reirradiation were 77% and 87%, respectively. Five-year local control was 76% for repeat BCS alone and 89% for repeat BCS followed by re-irradiation. Grade III-IV toxicity rates after re-irradiation varied from 0 to 21%, whereas the cosmesis was excellent-good in 29-100% of patients and unacceptable in 0-18%. Repeat BCS followed by re-irradiation, with either whole breast or partial breast re-irradiation, seems a feasible alternative to mastectomy in case of IBTR, in selected patients. Toxicity rates are low and the cosmetic outcome is good, but the size and follow-up of the published patient series is limited.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Mastectomia Segmentar/métodos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/mortalidade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/cirurgia , Reoperação/métodos , Terapia de Salvação/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Neoplasias da Mama/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Mastectomia Segmentar/efeitos adversos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Invasividade Neoplásica/patologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/radioterapia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Prognóstico , Radioterapia Adjuvante , Reoperação/mortalidade , Medição de Risco , Terapia de Salvação/mortalidade , Análise de Sobrevida , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The proportion of elderly women diagnosed with breast cancer is rising. Standard treatment, including axillary staging, is often not given to these patients. This study aimed to investigate reasons to omit any surgical axillary staging or to refrain from completion axillary lymph node dissection (cALND) after positive-sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB); so-called "incomplete staging". Furthermore, the impact of incomplete staging on regional control and survival in patients aged 75 or older was evaluated. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted including all primary breast cancer patients aged 75 or older, diagnosed between 2001 and 2008, and documented by the Netherlands Cancer Registry (NCR). Patients with incomplete staging were compared to patients with complete axillary staging. Survival analyses were used to determine the risk of local, regional and distant recurrence and overall survival. RESULTS: In total, 1467 of 2116 (69%) patients were considered eligible, of whom 258 (17.2%) had incomplete axillary staging. For 93 patients, diagnosed in 6 of the 10 hospitals in the NCR-area, examination of clinical records revealed that age, comorbidities and patient preferences were the main reason for omitting complete axillary staging. The 10-year axillary recurrence rate in these 93 patients was 5.2% (95% CI, 0.03-10.1). Of the 77 patients who had died, 64 (83%) died of non-breast-cancer-related causes. No significant difference in overall survival was observed between patients with or without complete axillary staging. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the omission of complete axillary staging is common in selected elderly breast cancer patients with ≥2 comorbidities, with no apparent impact on regional control and 10-year overall survival.
Assuntos
Axila/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Metástase Linfática/patologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Excisão de Linfonodo , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Sistema de Registros , Estudos Retrospectivos , Biópsia de Linfonodo Sentinela , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
PURPOSE: The ACOSOG-Z0011-study has resulted in a trend to a more conservative treatment of the axilla for selected sentinel-node-positive patients. However, axillary nodal involvement has always been an important factor for tumor staging and tailoring adjuvant chemotherapy plans. This study evaluates the impact of omitting completion axillary lymph node dissection (cALND) on the administration of adjuvant chemo (-immuno)therapy in Dutch clinical T1-2N0M0 (cT1-2N0M0) sentinel-node-positive breast cancer patients. METHODS: Data were obtained from the nationwide NABON breast cancer audit. Descriptive analyses were used to demonstrate trends in axillary surgery and adjuvant chemo (-immuno)therapy. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with the prescription of chemo (-immuno)therapy. RESULTS: In this cohort of 4331 patients, the omission of a cALND increased from 34% to 92%, and the administration of chemo (-immuno)therapy decreased from 68% to 55%, between 2011 and 2015 (P < 0.001). Patients treated with cALND had an OR of 2.2 for receiving adjuvant chemo (-immuno)therapy compared with SLNB only patients. Lower age, a hormone receptor (HR) status other than HR-positive, HER2-negative, increasing tumor grade and stage, and a lymph node status ≥ pN2 were independently associated with a higher probability of chemo (-immuno)therapy (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that Dutch cT1-2N0M0 sentinel node-positive breast cancer patients treated with cALND had a higher independent probability for receiving adjuvant chemo (-immuno)therapy compared with SLNB only patients, even when corrected for lymph node status and HR-status. Probably, the decisions to administer adjuvant chemo (-immuno)therapy were not only based on guidelines and tumor characteristics, but also on the preferences from physicians and patients.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias da Mama/terapia , Auditoria Clínica/métodos , Imunoterapia/métodos , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Vigilância da População/métodos , Trastuzumab/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Axila , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Mama/secundário , Quimioterapia Adjuvante , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Incidência , Excisão de Linfonodo , Linfonodos/patologia , Linfonodos/cirurgia , Metástase Linfática , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Sistema de Registros , Estudos Retrospectivos , Biópsia de Linfonodo Sentinela , Taxa de Sobrevida/tendênciasRESUMO
There is an exponential rise of patients with massive weight loss because of bariatric surgery or lifestyle changes. The result is an increase of patients with folds of redundant skin that may cause physical and psychological problems. The lower body lift is a procedure to correct deformities in the abdomen, mons, flanks, lateral thighs, and buttocks. Complication rates are quite high and could negatively affect the positive outcomes. The purpose of this study is to assess complication rates and to identify predictors of complications to optimize outcomes for patients after lower body lift surgery. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 100 patients who underwent a lower body lift procedure was performed. The patients were reviewed for complications, demographic data, comorbidities, smoking, highest lifetime body mass index, body mass index before lower body lift surgery, percentage of excess weight loss, and amount of tissue excised. RESULTS: The overall complication rate was 78%. Twenty-two percent of the patients had major complications and 56% had minor complications. There is a linear relationship between body mass index before lower body lift surgery and complications (P = 0.03). The percentage of excess weight loss (odds ratio [OR] 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92-1.00), highest lifetime body mass index (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.01-1.15), body mass index before lower body lift surgery (OR 1.17; 95% CI 1.02-1.33), and smoking (OR 7.74; CI 0.98-61.16) are significantly associated with the development of complications. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasizes the importance of a good weight status before surgery and cessation of smoking to minimize the risk of complications.