A microtiter assay for quantifying protein-protein interactions associated with cell-cell adhesion.

Cell-cell adhesions are a hallmark of epithelial tissues, and the disruption of these contacts plays a critical role in both the early and late stages of oncogenesis. The interaction between the transmembrane protein E-cadherin and the intracellular protein beta-catenin plays a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of epithelial cell-cell contacts and is known to be downregulated in many cancers. The authors have developed a protein complex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that can quantify the amount of beta-catenin bound to E-cadherin in unpurified whole-cell lysates with a Z' factor of 0.74. The quantitative nature of the E-cadherin:beta-catenin ELISA represents a dramatic improvement over the low-throughput assays currently used to characterize endogenous E-cadherin:beta-catenin complexes. In addition, the protein complex ELISA format is compatible with standard sandwich ELISAs for parallel measurements of total levels of endogenous E-cadherin and beta-catenin. In 2 case studies closely related to cancer cell biology, the authors use the protein complex ELISA and traditional sandwich ELISAs to provide a detailed, quantitative picture of the molecular changes occurring within adherens junctions in vivo. Because the E-cadherin: beta-catenin protein complex plays a crucial role in oncogenesis, this protein complex ELISA may prove to be a valuable quantitative prognostic marker of tumor progression.

Short-lived, transitory cell-cell interactions foster migration-dependent aggregation.

During embryonic development, motile cells aggregate into cohesive groups, which give rise to tissues and organs. The role of cell migration in regulating aggregation is unclear. The current paradigm for aggregation is based on an equilibrium model of differential cell adhesivity to neighboring cells versus the underlying substratum. In many biological contexts, however, dynamics is critical. Here, we provide evidence that multicellular aggregation dynamics involves both local adhesive interactions and transport by cell migration. Using time-lapse video microscopy, we quantified the duration of cell-cell contacts among migrating cells that collided and adhered to another cell. This lifetime of cell-cell interactions exhibited a monotonic decreasing dependence on substratum adhesivity. Parallel quantitative measurements of cell migration speed revealed that across the tested range of adhesive substrata, the mean time needed for cells to migrate and encounter another cell was greater than the mean adhesion lifetime, suggesting that aggregation dynamics may depend on cell motility instead of the local differential adhesivity of cells. Consistent with this hypothesis, aggregate size exhibited a biphasic dependence on substratum adhesivity, matching the trend we observed for cell migration speed. Our findings suggest a new role for cell motility, alongside differential adhesion, in regulating developmental aggregation events and motivate new design principles for tuning aggregation dynamics in tissue engineering applications.

Automated quantitative analysis of epithelial cell scatter.

Epithelial cell scatter is a well-known in vitro model for the study of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Scatter recapitulates many of the events that occur during EMT, including the dissociation of multicellular structures and increased cell motility.Because it has been implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis,much effort has been made to identify the molecular signals that regulate EMT. To better understand the quantitative contributions of these signals, we have developed metrics that quantitatively describe multiple aspects of cell scatter. One metric (cluster size)quantifies the disruption of intercellular adhesions while a second metric (nearest-neighbor distance) quantifies cell dispersion. We demonstrate that these metrics delineate the effects of individual cues and detect synergies between them. Specifically, we find epidermal growth factor (EGF), cholera toxin (CT) and insulin to synergistically reduce cluster sizes and increase nearest-neighbor distances. To facilitate the rapid measurement of our metrics from live-cell images, we have also developed automated techniques to identify cell nuclei and cell clusters in fluorescence images. Taken together, these studies provide broadly applicable quantitative image analysis techniques and insight into the control of epithelial cell scatter, both of which will contribute to the understanding of EMT and metastasis.