RESUMO
Although the recent Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in the Americas and its link to birth defects have attracted a great deal of attention, much remains unknown about ZIKV disease epidemiology and ZIKV evolution, in part owing to a lack of genomic data. Here we address this gap in knowledge by using multiple sequencing approaches to generate 110 ZIKV genomes from clinical and mosquito samples from 10 countries and territories, greatly expanding the observed viral genetic diversity from this outbreak. We analysed the timing and patterns of introductions into distinct geographic regions; our phylogenetic evidence suggests rapid expansion of the outbreak in Brazil and multiple introductions of outbreak strains into Puerto Rico, Honduras, Colombia, other Caribbean islands, and the continental United States. We find that ZIKV circulated undetected in multiple regions for many months before the first locally transmitted cases were confirmed, highlighting the importance of surveillance of viral infections. We identify mutations with possible functional implications for ZIKV biology and pathogenesis, as well as those that might be relevant to the effectiveness of diagnostic tests.
Assuntos
Filogenia , Infecção por Zika virus/transmissão , Infecção por Zika virus/virologia , Zika virus/genética , Zika virus/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Culicidae/virologia , Surtos de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricos , Genoma Viral/genética , Mapeamento Geográfico , Honduras/epidemiologia , Humanos , Metagenoma/genética , Epidemiologia Molecular , Mosquitos Vetores/virologia , Mutação , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Porto Rico/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Zika virus/classificação , Zika virus/patogenicidade , Infecção por Zika virus/diagnóstico , Infecção por Zika virus/epidemiologiaRESUMO
In 2016, four clusters of local mosquitoborne Zika virus transmission were identified in Miami-Dade County, Florida, USA, generating "red zones" (areas into which pregnant women were advised against traveling). The Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division initiated intensive control activities, including property inspections, community education, and handheld sprayer applications of larvicides and adulticides. For the first time, the Mosquito Control Division used a combination of areawide ultralow-volume adulticide and low-volume larvicide spraying to effectively control Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the primary Zika virus vector within the county. The number of mosquitoes rapidly decreased, and Zika virus transmission was interrupted within the red zones immediately after the combination of adulticide and larvicide spraying.