Characterization of age/sex and the regional distribution of mGluR5 availability in the healthy human brain measured by high-resolution [(11)C]ABP688 PET.

PURPOSE: Metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) is a G protein-coupled receptor that has been implicated in several psychiatric and neurological diseases. The radiopharmaceutical [(11)C]ABP688 allows for in vivo quantification of mGluR5 availability using positron emission tomography (PET). In this study, we aimed to detail the regional distribution of [(11)C]ABP688 binding potential (BPND) and the existence of age/sex effects in healthy individuals. METHODS: Thirty-one healthy individuals aged 20 to 77 years (men, n = 18, 45.3 ± 18.2 years; females, n = 13, 41.5 ± 19.6 years) underwent imaging with [(11)C]ABP688 using the high-resolution research tomograph (HRRT). We developed an advanced partial volume correction (PVC) method using surface-based analysis in order to accurately estimate the regional variation of radioactivity. BPND was calculated using the simplified reference tissue model, with the cerebellum as the reference region. Surface-based and volume-based analyses were performed for 39 cortical and subcortical regions of interest per hemisphere. RESULTS: We found the highest [(11)C]ABP688 BPND in the lateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. The lowest [(11)C]ABP688 BPND was observed in the pre- and post-central gyri as well as the occipital lobes and the thalami. No sex effect was observed. Associations between age and [(11)C]ABP688 BPND without PVC were observed in the right amygdala and left putamen, but were not significant after multiple comparisons correction. CONCLUSIONS: The present results highlight complexities underlying brain adaptations during the aging process, and support the notion that certain aspects of neurotransmission remain stable during the adult life span.

[Neural control of the peripheral circulation and blood pressure]. / Control neural de la circulación periférica y de la presión arterial.

In the XIX century Claude Bernard discovered the action of the nervous system on the peripheral circulation. In the first half of the XX century Ewald Hering discovered the baro-receptor and the reflex control of the heart rate and blood pressure. Cowley and Guyton demonstrated that sino-aortic denervation induces persistent changes in the blood pressure in the dog. The autonomic nervous system is mainly responsible for the regulation of the circulation and blood pressure in the short term on a beat to beat basis. It controls the vasomotor tone, the heart rate and the cardiac output. With the advent of non invasive methods that measure the blood pressure on a beat to beat basis (Finapres) and with the methods of measurement of the variability of the blood pressure in the frequency domain (spectral analysis) we can currently measure many variables including heart rate, blood pressure, stroke volume, peripheral resistances and the baroreceptor sensitivity and make some inferences about their control mechanisms. These variables can be measured at rest in the supine position, standing up, during rhythmic breathing and during the Valsalva maneuver. In this article we present a review of the neural control of the blood pressure and heart rate.

[A brief history of the baroreceptor reflex: from Claude Bernard to Arthur C. Guyton. Illustrated with some classical experiments]. / Breve historia del reflejo barorreceptor: de Claude Bernard a Arthur C. Guyton. Ilustrada con algunos experimentos clásicos.

The baroreceptor reflex is poorly known by most physicians even though is fundamental in stabilizing the blood pressure on a beat to beat basis and is crucial for survival. Its fascinating history is briefly reviewed in this article. In 1852 Claude Bernard discovered that the sympathetic nerves of the neck innervate the blood vessels of the skin of the rabbit. Edgar Douglas Adrian in 1932 demonstrated that the sympathetic nerves that innervate the blood vessels discharge spontaneously at a rate of 4-6 per second and thus discovered the physiological basis of the vasomotor tone. In the XIX century Ludwig Traube and Karl Constantine Ewald Hering discovered that blood pressure fluctuates synchronously with respiratory movements and Sigmund Mayer observed that there are also slow non respiratory fluctuations of blood pressure. In 1921 Heinrich Ewald Hering found that high pressure baroreceptors are located in the carotid sinuses and demonstrated that the stimulation of the afferent nerve that innervates it induces bradycardia and hypotension. These studies were further advanced by Corneille Heymans who won the Nobel Prize for these studies in 1938. Later Cowley and Guyton produced sino-aortic denervation in dogs and thereby could demonstrate the fundamental importance of the baroreceptor reflex in the stabilization of blood pressure.

Breve historia del reflejo barorreceptor: de Claude Bernard a Arthur C. Guyton. Ilustrada con algunos experimentos clásicos / A brief history of the baroreceptor reflex: From Claude Bernard to Arthur C. Guyton. Illustrated with some classical experiments

El reflejo barorreceptor es poco conocido por la mayoría de los médicos a pesar de que es fundamental en la estabilización de la presión arterial latido a latido y es crucial para la supervivencia. Su fascinante historia es brevemente revisada en este artículo. En 1852 Claude Bernard descubrió que los nervios simpáticos del cuello inervan los vasos sanguíneos de la piel. En 1932 Edgar Douglas Adrian demostró que los nervios simpáticos que inervan los vasos sanguíneos de la piel descargan en forma espontánea a una frecuencia de cuatro a seis por segundo y de esta forma encontró las bases fisiológicas del tono vasomotor. En el siglo XIX Ludwig Traube y Karl Constantine Ewald Hering descubrieron que la presión arterial fluctúa sincrónicamente con la respiración y Sigmund Mayer observó que también existían oscilaciones más lentas no relacionadas con la respiración. En 1921 Heinrich Ewald Hering mostró la existencia de barorreceptores de alta presión en los senos carotideos y probó que la estimulación de los nervios aferentes que inervan estos receptores induce bradicardia e hipotensión. Estos estudios fueron más tarde avanzados por Corneille Heymans quien ganó el premio Nobel por estos estudios en 1938. En la época de los setentas Cowley y Guyton produjeron denervación sino-aórtica en los perros y de esta manera demostraron la importancia fundamental del reflejo barorreceptor en la estabilización de la presión arterial.

The baroreceptor reflex is poorly known by most physicians even though is fundamental in stabilizing the blood pressure on a beat to beat basis and is crucial for survival. Its fascinating history is briefy reviewed in this article. In 1852 Claude Bernard discovered that the sympathetic nerves of the neck innervate the blood vessels of the skin of the rabbit. Edgar Douglas Adrian in 1932 demonstrated that the sympathetic nerves that innervate the blood vessels discharge spontaneously at a rate of 4-6 per second and thus discovered the physiological basis of the vasomotor tone. In the XIX century Ludwig Traube and Karl Constantine Ewald Hering discovered that blood pressure fluctuates synchronously with respiratory movements and Sigmund Mayer observed that there are also slow non respiratory fluctuations of blood pressure. In 1921 Heinrich Ewald Hering found that high pressure baroreceptors are located in the carotid sinuses and demonstrated that the stimulation of the afferent nerve that innervates it induces bradycardia and hypotension. These studies were further advanced by Corneille Heymans who won the Nobel Prize for these studies in 1938. Later Cowley and Guyton produced sino-aortic denervation in dogs and thereby could demonstrate the fundamental importance of the baroreceptor reflex in the stabilization of blood pressure.

Control neural de la circulación periférica y de la presión arterial / Neural control of the peripheral circulation and blood pressure

In the XIX century Claude Bernard discovered the action of the nervous system on the peripheral circulation. In the first half of the XX century Ewald Hering discovered the baro-receptor and the reflex control of the heart rate and blood pressure. Cowley and Guyton demonstrated that sino-aortic denervation induces persistent changes in the blood pressure in the dog. The autonomic nervous system is mainly responsible for the regulation of the circulation and blood pressure in the short term on a beat to beat basis. It controls the vasomotor tone, the heart rate and the cardiac output. With the advent of non invasive methods that measure the blood pressure on a beat to beat basis (Finapres) and with the methods of measurement of the variability of the blood pressure in the frequency domain (spectral analysis) we can currently measure many variables including heart rate, blood pressure, stroke volume, peripheral resistances and the baroreceptor sensitivity and make some inferences about their control mechanisms. These variables can be measured at rest in the supine position, standing up, during rhythmic breathing and during the Valsalva maneuver. In this article we present a review of the neural control of the blood pressure and heart rate.