Maternal obesity, environmental factors, cesarean delivery and breastfeeding as determinants of overweight and obesity in children: results from a cohort.

BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity are a public health problem with a multifactorial aetiology. The objective of this study was to evaluate risk factors for overweight and obesity in children at 6 years of age, including type of delivery and breastfeeding. METHODS: This study relates to a cohort of 672 mother-baby pairs who have been followed from birth up to 6 years of age. The sample included mothers and infants seen at all ten maternity units in a large Brazilian city. Genetic, socioeconomic, demographic variables and postnatal characteristics were analyzed. The outcome analyzed was overweight and/or obesity defined as a body mass index greater than or equal to +1 z-score. The sample was stratified by breastfeeding duration, and a descriptive analysis was performed using a hierarchical logistic regression. P-values of <0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Prevalence rates (PR) of overweight and obesity among the children were 15.6% and 12.9%, respectively. Among the subset of breastfed children, factors associated with the outcome were maternal overweight and/or obesity (PR 1.92; 95% confidence interval "95% CI" 1.15-3.24) and lower income (PR 0.50; 95% CI 0.29-0.85). Among children who had not been breastfed or had been breastfed for shorter periods (less than 12 months), predictors were mothers with lower levels of education (PR 0.39; 95% CI 0.19-0.78), working mothers (PR 1.83; 95% CI 1.05-3.21), caesarean delivery (PR 1.98; 95% CI 1.14 - 3.50) and maternal obesity (PR 3.05; 95% CI 1.81 - 5.25). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal obesity and caesarean delivery were strongly associated with childhood overweight and/or obesity. Lower family income and lower levels of education were identified as protective factors. Breastfeeding duration appeared to modify the association between overweight/obesity and the other predictors studied.

[Asymptomatic osteonecrosis of the hip in HIV-infected patients]. / Osteonecrosis asintomática de la cadera en los pacientes infectados por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana.

BACKGROUND: Osteonecrosis (ON) of the hip in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients has been related to corticosteroid use, dyslipidemia, alcoholism, lipodystrophy, antiretroviral drug use, and HIV infection, itself. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of silent ON of the hip in HIV-infected patients and its association with several risk factors. METHODS: From a total of 1200 patients followed up at the HIV clinic of Xeral-Cies Hospital in Vigo (Spain), we selected those diagnosed with HIV infection before January 2006, aged 20-70 years, who came to the clinic during the period of March to May 2008. Patients with a diagnosis of ON of the hip and those with current symptoms were excluded. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the hips was performed. RESULTS: Ninety-seven Caucasian patients (68 men) with a median age of 44 years were included. ON of the hip was detected in 4 patients (4.1%), with bilateral involvement in 2 patients. All 4 patients were men, with a median age of 44.5 years. Several risk factors for ON of the hip were recorded in each patient. CD4 lymphocyte nadir (P=0.034), percentage of patients with CDC stage C (P=0.039), and number of patients with previous corticosteroid treatment (P=0.042) were significantly different between patients with ON of the hip and those with normal MRI findings. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of asymptomatic ON of the hip in HIV-infected patients was 4.1%. The most important risk factors for developing this condition were corticosteroid treatment, lower CD4 lymphocyte nadir, and AIDS-defining disease. Antiretroviral treatment was not associated with osteonecrosis.

Accuracy of a pediatric early warning score in the recognition of clinical deterioration.

Objective: to evaluate the accuracy of the version of the Brighton Pediatric Early Warning Score translated and adapted for the Brazilian context, in the recognition of clinical deterioration. Method: a diagnostic test study to measure the accuracy of the Brighton Pediatric Early Warning Score for the Brazilian context, in relation to a reference standard. The sample consisted of 271 children, aged 0 to 10 years, blindly evaluated by a nurse and a physician, specialists in pediatrics, with interval of 5 to 10 minutes between the evaluations, for the application of the Brighton Pediatric Early Warning Score for the Brazilian context and of the reference standard. The data were processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and VassarStats.net programs. The performance of the Brighton Pediatric Early Warning Score for the Brazilian context was evaluated through the indicators of sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, area under the ROC curve, likelihood ratios and post-test probability. Results: the Brighton Pediatric Early Warning Score for the Brazilian context showed sensitivity of 73.9%, specificity of 95.5%, positive predictive value of 73.3%, negative predictive value of 94.7%, area under Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve of 91.9% and the positive post-test probability was 80%. Conclusion: the Brighton Pediatric Early Warning Score for the Brazilian context, presented good performance, considered valid for the recognition of clinical deterioration warning signs of the children studied.

Translation and adaptation of a pediatric early warning score. / Tradução e adaptação de um escore pediátrico de alerta precoce.

OBJECTIVE:: to translate and adapt the BPEWS for the Portuguese language, with the purpose of verifying its applicability in the Brazilian context studied. METHOD:: methodological study guided by international and nationally accepted recommendations for translation and adaptation of health measurement instruments. Stages of conceptual, item, semantic, operational and pre-test equivalence are described for obtaining the BPEWS Portuguese version to be used in Brazil. RESULTS:: the BPEWS version translated and adapted for Brazilian Portuguese (BPEWS-Br) identified, in the pilot study, that 26.6% of children were presenting warning signs for clinical deterioration. CONCLUSION:: the BPEWS-Br seems to be applicable for the context studied, and its use might help nurses in the recognition and documentation of warning signs for clinical deterioration in hospitalized Brazilian children.

Factors associated with the clinical deterioration recognized by an early warning pediatric score / Factores asociados al deterioro clínico reconocido por una puntuación pediátrica de alerta temprana / Fatores associados à deterioração clínica reconhecida por um escore pediátrico de alerta precoce

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the factors associated with clinical deterioration recognized by a Pediatric Early Warning Score. Method: A cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary pediatric public hospital with 271 children aged from zero to ten, hospitalized between May and October 2015. For the identification of the children with and without signs of clinical deterioration, the translated, adapted and validated version of the Brighton Pediatric Early Warning Score was applied to the Brazilian context. Logistic regression analysis and prevalence ratio (PR) were used to measure the association between the variables studied. A 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and p value were adopted as a measure of statistical significance to identify potential associated factors. Results: The factors associated with the clinical deterioration of the children studied were age ≤ 2 years old (p=0.000), hospitalization in the emergency unit (p=0.000), comorbidity (p=0.020) and clinical diagnosis of respiratory disease (p=0.000). Conclusion: Children ≤ 2 years old, with comorbidity, diagnosed with respiratory disease and hospitalized in the emergency unit showed an increased likelihood of clinical deterioration. The identification of factors associated with clinical deterioration may alert and direct the health team to children more susceptible to this phenomenon.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar los factores asociados al deterioro clínico reconocido por una Puntuación Pediátrica de Alerta Temprana. Método: estudio de corte transversal realizado en un hospital público pediátrico terciario con 271 niños de cero a diez años de edad, hospitalizados entre mayo y octubre de 2015. Para identificar a los niños con y sin signos de deterioro clínico, se aplicó la versión traducida, adaptada y validad del Brighton Pediatric Early Warning Score para el contexto brasileño. Se utilizaron el análisis de regresión logística y la relación de prevalencia (RP) para medir la asociación entre las variables estudiadas. Se adoptaron el Intervalo de Confianza (IC) del 95% y el Valor de p como medida de significancia estadística para identificar los potenciales factores asociados. Resultados: los factores asociados al deterioro clínico de los niños estudiados fueron los siguientes: edad ≤ 2 años (p=0,000), internación en la unidad de emergencia (p=0,000), comorbilidad (p=0,020) y diagnóstico clínico de enfermedad respiratoria (p=0,000). Conclusión: los niños con una edad máxima de 2 años, con alguna comorbidad, con diagnóstico de enfermedad respiratoria e internadas en la unidad de emergencia presentaron una mayor probabilidad de deterioro clínico. Identificar factores asociados al deterioro clínico puede servir como alerta y orientar al equipo de salud hacia los niños más susceptibles a este fenómeno.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os fatores associados à deterioração clínica reconhecida por um Escore Pediátrico de Alerta Precoce. Método: estudo de corte transversal, realizado num hospital público pediátrico terciário, com 271 crianças de zero a dez anos, hospitalizadas entre maio e outubro de 2015. Para a identificação das crianças com e sem sinais de deterioração clínica, foi aplicada a versão traduzida, adaptada e validada do Brighton Pediatric Early Warning Score para o contexto brasileiro. Foram utilizadas a análise de regressão logística e a razão de prevalência (RP) para medir a associação entre as variáveis estudadas. O Intervalo de Confiança (IC) de 95% e Valor de p foram adotados como medida de significância estatística para a identificação dos potenciais fatores associados. Resultados: os fatores associados à deterioração clínica das crianças estudadas foram idade ≤ 2 anos (p=0,000), internamento na unidade de emergência (p=0,000), comorbidade (p=0,020) e diagnóstico clínico de doença respiratória (p=0,000). Conclusão: crianças ≤ 2 anos, portadoras de comorbidade, com diagnóstico de doença respiratória e internadas na unidade de emergência apresentaram aumento da probabilidade de deterioração clínica. A identificação de fatores associados à deterioração clínica pode alertar e direcionar a equipe de saúde para crianças mais suscetíveis a esse fenômeno.

Reprodutibilidade e aplicabilidade de um escore pediátrico de alerta de deterioração clínica / Reproducibility and applicability of a pediatric score of clinical deterioration warning / Reproducibilidad y aplicabilidad de una escala pediátrica de alerta de deterioro clínico

Objetivo: medir a reprodutibilidade e aplicabilidade do Brighton Paediatric Early Warning Score para o contexto brasileiro (BPEWS-Br) no reconhecimento da deterioração clínica. Método: estudo para testar o desempenho do BPEWS-Br quanto à sua reprodutibilidade e aplicabilidade. Duas enfermeiras treinadas aplicaram o escore em 50 crianças de zero a 10 anos de forma cega com intervalo de três a cinco minutos entre as avaliações. Para verificar a aplicabilidade as enfermeiras mensuraram o tempo de aplicação do escore. Os dados foram processados no SPSS e VassarStats.net. A reprodutibilidade foi medida pelos índices Kappa simples e ponderado. Para o tempo de aplicação calculou-se a média. Resultados: o Kappa simples foi 0,85 e o Kappa ponderado, 0,80. Os tempos médios para avaliação e aplicação do BPEWS-Br pelas enfermeira foram de 4,14 e 3,48 minutos. Conclusão: o BPEWS-Br mostrou-se confiável e viável para reconhecer sinais de alerta de deterioração clínica nas crianças estudadas.(AU)

Objective: to measure the reproducibility and applicability of the Brighton Pediatric Early Warning Score to the Brazilian context (BPEWS-Br) in order to detect clinical deterioration. Method: a study to test the performance of BPEWS-Br regarding its reproducibility and applicability. Two trained nurses randomly assigned a score to 50 children from zero to 10 years old with a three to five minute interval between evaluations. To verify the applicability, nurses timed the score assignment. Data were processed in SPSS and VassarStats.net. Reproducibility was measured by simple Kappa and weighted Kappa score. The mean was calculated regarding the time of the score. Results: simple Kappa was 0.85 and weighted Kappa was 0.80. The average time required for the nurses to evaluate and use BPEWS-Br was 4.14 and 3.48 minutes. Conclusion: BPEWS-Br proved to be reliable and feasible to recognize warning signs of clinical deterioration in the children studied.(AU)

Objetivo: medir la reproducibilidad y aplicabilidad del Brighton Paediatric Early Warning Score para el contexto brasileño (BPEWS-Br) en el reconocimiento del deterioro clínico. Método: estudio para medir el desempeño del BPEWS-Br en cuanto a su reproducibilidad y aplicabilidad. Dos enfermeras capacitadas aplicaron la escala a ciegas en 50 niños de 0 a 10 años con intervalo de 3 a 5 minutos entre las evaluaciones. Para verificar la aplicabilidad, las enfermeras midieron el tiempo de aplicación de la escala. Los datos se procesaron en SPSS y VassarStats. Net. La reproducibilidad se midió por los índices Kappa simple y ponderado. Para el tiempo de aplicación se calculó el promedio. Resultados: el índice Kappa simple fue 0,85 y el Kappa ponderado 0,80. Los tiempos promedio para evaluación y aplicación del BPEWS-Br por las...(AU)

High prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.

OBJECTIVE: Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a vascular disorder causing mucocutaneous telangiectases and visceral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is considered an uncommon complication of HHT whose impact on the survival of these patients is currently unknown. METHODS: From January 1995 to December 2008, 29 hospitalized patients with definite HHT were included and followed until January 2011. Data on demographics, clinical symptoms and survival were recorded. PH was classified according to echocardiographic probability. RESULTS: A CT angiogram was performed in 24 of the 29 patients with HHT and AVMs were detected in 16 of them (67%): hepatic in 58%, pulmonary in 33% and spinal in 3%; 37% had both pulmonary and hepatic AVMs. Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE) was performed in 21 patients. PH was considered possible in 4 (14%) and probable in 9 (31%). The mean age at diagnosis was lower in patients with PH than in patients without PH (54±16.5 years vs 73±8.8 years, p=0.002). PH was more prevalent in patients with AVMs (56 vs. 23%, p=0.036). The mean follow-up of the entire cohort was 6±4.4 years (range: 2 months-17 years), during this time 18 patients died (62%; mean age 73±8.1 years). Patients with PH died at a younger age (68±8.4 vs. 79±2.7 years, p=0.015) than those without PH. CONCLUSIONS: PH is a severe condition that significantly reduces survival on HHT patients. PH should be suspected in all HHT patients with dyspnea and hepatic AVMs.

Accuracy of a pediatric early warning score in the recognition of clinical deterioration / Acurácia de um escore pediátrico de alerta precoce no reconhecimento da deterioração clínica / Precisión de un puntaje pediátrico de alerta precoz en el reconocimiento de la deterioración clínica

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the accuracy of the version of the Brighton Pediatric Early Warning Score translated and adapted for the Brazilian context, in the recognition of clinical deterioration. Method: a diagnostic test study to measure the accuracy of the Brighton Pediatric Early Warning Score for the Brazilian context, in relation to a reference standard. The sample consisted of 271 children, aged 0 to 10 years, blindly evaluated by a nurse and a physician, specialists in pediatrics, with interval of 5 to 10 minutes between the evaluations, for the application of the Brighton Pediatric Early Warning Score for the Brazilian context and of the reference standard. The data were processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and VassarStats.net programs. The performance of the Brighton Pediatric Early Warning Score for the Brazilian context was evaluated through the indicators of sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, area under the ROC curve, likelihood ratios and post-test probability. Results: the Brighton Pediatric Early Warning Score for the Brazilian context showed sensitivity of 73.9%, specificity of 95.5%, positive predictive value of 73.3%, negative predictive value of 94.7%, area under Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve of 91.9% and the positive post-test probability was 80%. Conclusion: the Brighton Pediatric Early Warning Score for the Brazilian context, presented good performance, considered valid for the recognition of clinical deterioration warning signs of the children studied.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a acurácia da versão traduzida e adaptada do Brighton Paediatric Early Warning Score para o contexto brasileiro, no reconhecimento da deterioração clínica. Método: estudo de teste diagnóstico para medir a acurácia do Brighton Paediatric Early Warning Score, para o contexto brasileiro, em relação a um padrão de referência. A amostra foi composta por 271 crianças de 0 a 10 anos, avaliadas de forma cega por uma enfermeira e um médico, especialistas em pediatria, com intervalo de 5 a 10 minutos entre as avaliações, para aplicação do Brighton Paediatric Early Warning Score, para o contexto brasileiro e do padrão de referência. Os dados foram processados e analisados nos programas Statistical Package for the Social Sciences e VassarStats.net. O desempenho do Brighton Paediatric Early Warning Score para o contexto brasileiro foi avaliado por meio dos indicadores de sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos, área sob a curva ROC, razões de probabilidades e probabilidade pós-teste. Resultados: o Brighton Paediatric Early Warning Score para o contexto brasileiro apresentou sensibilidade de 73,9%, especificidade de 95,5%, valor preditivo positivo de 73,3%, valor preditivo negativo de 94,7%, área sob a Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve de 91,9% e a probabilidade pós-teste positivo foi de 80%. Conclusão: o Brighton Paediatric Early Warning Score, para o contexto brasileiro, apresentou bom desempenho, considerado válido para o reconhecimento de sinais de alerta de deterioração clínica das crianças estudadas

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la precisión de la versión traducida y adaptada del Brighton Paediatric Early Warning Score para el contexto brasileño, en el reconocimiento de la deterioración clínica. Método: estudio de test diagnóstico para medir la precisión del Brighton Paediatric Early Warning Score para el contexto brasileño, en relación a un estándar de referencia. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 271 niños de 0 a 10 años, evaluadas de forma ciega por especialistas en pediatría, una enfermera y un médico, con intervalo de 5 a 10 minutos entre las evaluaciones, para aplicación del Brighton Paediatric Early Warning Score para el contexto brasileño. Los datos fueron procesados y analizados en los programas Statistical Package for the Social Sciences y VassarStats.net. El desempeño del Brighton Paediatric Early Warning Score para el contexto brasileño fue evaluado por medio de los indicadores de sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos, área debajo de la curva ROC, razones de probabilidades y probabilidad postest. Resultados: el Brighton Paediatric Early Warning Score para el contexto brasileño presentó sensibilidad de 73,9%, especificidad de 95,5%, valor predictivo positivo de 73,3%, valor predictivo negativo de 94,7%, área bajo la Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve de 91,9% y la probabilidad postest positivo fue de 80%. Conclusión: el Brighton Paediatric Early Warning Score para el contexto brasileño, presentó buen desempeño, considerado válido para el reconocimiento de señales de alerta de deterioración clínica de los niños estudiados.

Tradução e adaptação de um escore pediátrico de alerta precoce / Traducción y adaptación de un instrumento pediátrico de alerta precoz / Translation and adaptation of a pediatric early warning score

RESUMO O Brighton Paediatric Early Warning Score (BPEWS) é um instrumento construído para identificar sinais de alerta para deterioração clínica em crianças hospitalizadas. Objetivo: traduzir e adaptar o BPEWS para o português a fim de verificar sua aplicabilidade no contexto brasileiro estudado. Método: estudo metodológico guiado por recomendações internacional e nacionalmente aceitas para tradução e adaptação de instrumentos de medida em saúde. Descreve-se as etapas de equivalências conceitual, de itens, semântica, operacional e pré-testagem para obtenção da versão em português do BPEWS para uso no Brasil. Resultados: o BPEWS na sua versão traduzida e adaptada para o português brasileiro (BPEWS-Br) identificou no estudo-piloto que 26,6% das crianças estavam apresentando sinais de alerta para deterioração clínica. Conclusão: o BPEWS-Br parece ser aplicável ao contexto estudado, e seu uso poderá ajudar o enfermeiro no reconhecimento e documentação de sinais de alerta para deterioração clínica em crianças brasileiras hospitalizadas.

RESUMEN El Brighton Paediatric Early Warning Score (BPEWS) es un instrumento construido para identificar señales de alerta de deterioro clínico en niños hospitalizados. Objetivo: traducir y adaptar el BPEWS al portugués, a fin de verificar su aplicabilidad en el ámbito brasileño estudiado. Método: estudio metodológico orientado por recomendaciones nacional e internacionalmente aceptadas de traducción y adaptación de instrumentos de medición en salud. Se describen las etapas de equivalencias: conceptual, de ítems, semántica, operativa y pre-testeo para obtención de versión en portugués del BPEWS para utilización en Brasil. Resultados: el BPEWS en su versión traducida y adaptada al portugués brasileño (BPEWS-Br) identificó en su estudio piloto que el 26,6% de los niños estaba presentando señales de alerta de deterioro clínico. Conclusión: el BPEWS-Br parece ser aplicable en el contexto estudiado, y su uso ayudará al enfermero en el reconocimiento y documentación de señales de alerta de deterioro clínico en niños brasileños hospitalizados.

ABSTRACT The Brighton Paediatric Early Warning Score (BPEWS) is an instrument developed to identify warning signs for clinical deterioration in hospitalized children. Objective: to translate and adapt the BPEWS for the Portuguese language, with the purpose of verifying its applicability in the Brazilian context studied. Method: methodological study guided by international and nationally accepted recommendations for translation and adaptation of health measurement instruments. Stages of conceptual, item, semantic, operational and pre-test equivalence are described for obtaining the BPEWS Portuguese version to be used in Brazil. Results: the BPEWS version translated and adapted for Brazilian Portuguese (BPEWS-Br) identified, in the pilot study, that 26.6% of children were presenting warning signs for clinical deterioration. Conclusion: the BPEWS-Br seems to be applicable for the context studied, and its use might help nurses in the recognition and documentation of warning signs for clinical deterioration in hospitalized Brazilian children.

CD4+ cell counts and HIV-RNA levels do not predict outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized HIV-infected patients.

BACKGROUND: Outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in relation to CD4+ cell counts have not been established. We examined the correlation of CD4+ cell count and HIV-RNA level with the clinical outcomes of CAP in hospitalized HIV-infected patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 127 adult hospitalized patients with HIV infection enrolled with the CAP Organization (CAPO), examining the time to clinical stability (TCS), length of hospital stay (LOS), and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Mortality data were available for 117 HIV-infected patients with CAP. Death within 28 days was reported in 28 patients. The risk of mortality at 28 days was not significant when adjusted for CD4+ cell count (p=0.123), HIV-RNA <400-1000 copies/ml (p=0.093), HIV-RNA ≥ 1000-10,000 copies/ml (p=0.543), and HIV-RNA ≥ 10,000-100,000 copies/ml (p=0.383). The propensity-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models did not show any statistically significant differences in LOS or TCS for CD4+ cell counts (p=0.590 and p=0.420, respectively) or HIV-RNA levels (p=0.470 and p=0.080, respectively). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models did not reveal any statistically significant relationships between CD4+ cell counts or HIV-RNA levels with LOS or TCS. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that clinical outcomes of HIV-infected patients with CAP are not predicted by CD4+ cell counts or HIV-RNA levels after adjusting for confounders. The management of CAP in patients with HIV infection should not be based on CD4+ cell counts or HIV-RNA levels of the HIV infection.