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BACKGROUND: The majority of opioid analgesics prescribed for pain after ambulatory pediatric surgery remain unused. Most parents do not dispose of these leftover opioids or dispose of them in an unsafe manner. We aimed to evaluate the association of optimal opioid disposal with a multidisciplinary quality improvement (QI) initiative that proactively educated parents about the importance of optimal opioid disposal practices and provided a home opioid disposal kit before discharge after pediatric ambulatory surgery. METHODS: Opioid disposal behaviors were assessed during a brief telephone interview pre- (Phase I) and post-implementation (Phase II) after surgery. For each phase, we aimed to contact the parents of 300 pediatric patients ages 0 to 17 years who were prescribed an opioid after an ambulatory surgery. The QI initiative included enhanced education and a home opioid disposal kit including DisposeRX®, a medication disposal packet that renders medications inert within a polymeric gel when mixed with water. Weighted segmented regression models evaluated the association between the QI initiative and outcomes. We considered the association between the QI initiative and outcome significant if the beta coefficient for the change in intercept between the end of Phase I and the beginning of Phase II was significant. Safe opioid disposal and any opioid disposal were evaluated as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: The analyzed sample contained 161 pediatric patients in Phase I and 190 pediatric patients in Phase II. Phase II (post-QI initiative) cohort compared to Phase I cohort reported higher rates of optimal (58%, n = 111/190 vs 11%, n = 18/161) and safe (66%, n = 125/190 vs 34%, n = 55/161) opioid disposal. Weighted segmented regression analyses demonstrated significant increases in the odds of optimal (odds ratio [OR], 26.5, 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.0-177.0) and safe (OR, 4.4, 95% CI, 1.1-18.4) opioid disposal at the beginning of Phase II compared to the end of Phase I. The trends over time (slopes) within phases were nonsignificant and close to 0. The numbers needed to be exposed to achieve one new disposal event were 2.2 (95% CI, 1.4-3.7]), 3.1 (95% CI, 1.6-7.4), and 4.3 (95% CI, 1.7-13.6) for optimal, safe, and any disposal, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A multidisciplinary approach to educating parents on the importance of safe disposal of leftover opioids paired with dispensing a convenient opioid disposal kit was associated with increased odds of optimal opioid disposal.
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BACKGROUND: Opioid analgesics are commonly prescribed for postoperative analgesia following pediatric surgery and often result in leftover opioid analgesics in the home. To reduce the volume of leftover opioids and overall community opioid burden, the State of Tennessee enacted a policy to reduce initial opioid prescribing to a 3-day supply for most acute pain incidents. We aimed to evaluate the extent of leftover opioid analgesics following pediatric ambulatory surgeries in the context of a state-mandated restrictive opioid-prescribing policy. We also aimed to evaluate opioid disposal rates, methods of disposal, and reasons for nondisposal. METHODS: Study personnel contacted the parents of 300 pediatric patients discharged with an opioid prescription following pediatric ambulatory surgery. Parents completed a retrospective telephone survey regarding opioid use and disposal. Data from the survey were combined with data from the medical record to evaluate proportion of opioid doses prescribed that were left over. RESULTS: The final analyzable sample of 185 patients (62% response rate) were prescribed a median of 12 opioid doses (interquartile range [IQR], 12-18), consumed 2 opioid doses (IQR, 0-4), and had 10 opioid doses left over (IQR, 7-13). Over 90% (n = 170 of 185) of parents reported they had leftover opioid analgesics, with 83% of prescribed doses left over. A significant proportion (29%, n = 54 of 185) of parents administered no prescribed opioids after surgery. Less than half (42%, n = 71 of 170) of parents disposed of the leftover opioid medication, most commonly by flushing down the toilet, pouring down the sink, or throwing in the garbage. Parents retaining leftover opioids (53%, n = 90 of 170) were most likely to keep them in an unlocked location (68%, n = 61 of 90). Parents described forgetfulness and worry that their child will experience pain in the future as primary reasons for not disposing of the leftover opioid medication. CONCLUSIONS: Despite Tennessee's policy aimed at reducing leftover opioids, a significant proportion of prescribed opioids were left over following pediatric ambulatory surgeries. A majority of parents did not engage in safe opioid disposal practices. Given the safety risks related to leftover opioids in the home, further interventions to improve disposal rates and tailor opioid prescribing are warranted after pediatric surgery.
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Analgésicos Opioides/administração & dosagem , Controle de Medicamentos e Entorpecentes , Dor Pós-Operatória/tratamento farmacológico , Pediatria/normas , Padrões de Prática Médica , Dor Aguda , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/prevenção & controle , Oxicodona/administração & dosagem , Pais , Segurança do Paciente , Estudos Retrospectivos , Risco , TennesseeRESUMO
Vancomycin, a commonly used antibiotic, can be nephrotoxic. Known risk factors such as age, creatinine clearance, vancomycin dose / dosing interval, and concurrent nephrotoxic medications fail to accurately predict nephrotoxicity. To identify potential genomic risk factors, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of serum creatinine levels while on vancomycin in 489 European American individuals and validated findings in three independent cohorts totaling 439 European American individuals. In primary analyses, the chromosome 6q22.31 locus was associated with increased serum creatinine levels while on vancomycin therapy (most significant variant rs2789047, risk allele A, ß = -0.06, p = 1.1 x 10(-7)). SNPs in this region had consistent directions of effect in the validation cohorts, with a meta-p of 1.1 x 10(-7). Variation in this region on chromosome 6, which includes the genes TBC1D32/C6orf170 and GJA1 (encoding connexin43), may modulate risk of vancomycin-induced kidney injury.
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Creatinina/sangue , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Vancomicina/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal , Adulto , Idoso , Cromossomos Humanos/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 6/genética , Conexina 43/genética , Feminino , Proteínas Ativadoras de GTPase/genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genéticaAssuntos
Atenção à Saúde/normas , Farmacêuticos/normas , Serviço de Farmácia Hospitalar/normas , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto/normas , Papel Profissional , Sociedades Farmacêuticas/normas , Criança , Humanos , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto/métodos , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto/normas , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Children warrant access to care from clinical pharmacists trained in pediatrics. The American College of Clinical Pharmacy Pediatrics Practice and Research Network (ACCP Pediatrics PRN) released an opinion paper in 2005 with recommendations for improving the quality and quantity of pediatric pharmacy education in colleges of pharmacy, residency programs, and fellowships. Although progress has been made in increasing the availability of pediatric residencies, there is still much to be done to meet the direct care needs of pediatric patients. The purpose of this joint opinion paper is to outline strategies and recommendations for expanding the quality and capacity of pediatric clinical pharmacy practitioners by elevating the minimum expectations for pharmacists entering pediatric practice, standardizing pediatric pharmacy education, expanding the current number of pediatric clinical pharmacists, and creating an infrastructure for development of pediatric clinical pharmacists and clinical scientists. These recommendations may be used to provide both a conceptual framework and action items for schools of pharmacy, health care systems, and policymakers to work together to increase the quality and quantity of pediatric training, practice, and research initiatives.
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Educação em Farmácia/normas , Diretrizes para o Planejamento em Saúde , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde/normas , Defesa do Paciente/normas , Pediatria/normas , Farmacêuticos/normas , Criança , Humanos , Pediatria/educação , Sociedades Médicas/normas , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Children warrant access to care from clinical pharmacists trained in pediatrics. The American College of Clinical Pharmacy Pediatrics Practice and Research Network (ACCP Pediatrics PRN) released an opinion paper in 2005 with recommendations for improving the quality and quantity of pediatric pharmacy education in colleges of pharmacy, residency programs, and fellowships. While progress has been made in increasing the availability of pediatric residencies, there is still much to be done to meet the direct care needs of pediatric patients. The purpose of this Joint Opinion paper is to outline strategies and recommendations for expanding the quality and capacity of pediatric clinical pharmacy practitioners by 1) elevating the minimum expectations for pharmacists entering practice to provide pediatric care; 2) standardizing pediatric pharmacy education; 3) expanding the current number of pediatric clinical pharmacists; and 4) creating an infrastructure for development of pediatric clinical pharmacists and clinical scientists. These recommendations may be used to provide both a conceptual framework and action items for schools of pharmacy, health care systems, and policymakers to work together to increase the quality and quantity of pediatric training, practice, or research initiatives.
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OBJECTIVES: Adverse drug events (ADEs) occur more frequently in pediatric patients than adults. ADEs frequently cause serious harm to children and increase the cost of care. The purpose of this study was to decrease ADEs by targeting the entire medication-delivery system for all high-risk medications. METHODS: Thirteen freestanding children's hospitals participated in this ADE collaborative. An advisory panel developed a change package of interventions that consisted of standardization of medication-ordering (eg, consensus-based protocols and order sets and high-alert medication protocols), reliable medication-dispensing processes (eg, automated dispensing cabinets and redesign of floor stock procedures), reliable medication-administration processes (eg, safe pump use and reducing interruptions), improvement of patient safety culture (eg, safety-culture changes and reduction of staff intimidation), and clinical decision support (eg, increase ADE detection and redesign care systems). ADE rates were compared from the 3-month baseline period to quarters of the 12-month intervention phase. ADE rates were categorized further as opioid related and other medication related. RESULTS: From baseline to the final quarter, the collaborative resulted in a 42% decrease in total ADEs, a 51% decrease in opioid-related ADEs, and a 41% decrease in other medication ADEs. CONCLUSION: A pediatric collaborative that targeted the medication-delivery system decreased the rate of ADEs at participating institutions.
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Sistemas de Notificação de Reações Adversas a Medicamentos/normas , Comportamento Cooperativo , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/prevenção & controle , Sistemas de Medicação no Hospital/normas , Sistemas de Notificação de Reações Adversas a Medicamentos/tendências , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Humanos , Sistemas de Medicação no Hospital/tendênciasRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Patient morbidity and mortality associated with contaminated and improperly prepared sterile products has captured national attention. In response, both the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) have published recommendations in an effort to minimize the risk of infection. While the CDC recommends that administration sets are not changed more frequently than every 72 hours, the USP recommends a maximum beyond use date of 48 hours. Neither organization provides specific guidance on expiration dating once the intravenous drug is dispensed. Likewise, neither addresses the length of time that a bag containing medication for continuous infusion may hang once administration to the patient has begun. We evaluated the sterility of medications that are commonly administered by continuous infusion to pediatric patients. Because frequent manipulation of infusion and administration sets may predispose the patient to adverse events, we evaluated sterility for extended beyond use dating up to 72 hours. METHODS: Thirty-five common intravenous (IV) continuous infusions using 94 standard concentrations and diluents were identified. IV solutions were mixed using sterile technique in the laminar flow hood in accordance with USP guidelines. Medications were excluded for short stability, short durations of use or high cost. A sample from each solution was tested for contamination or bacterial growth at 72 hours. Any visible discoloration suggesting physical instability was also evaluated. RESULTS: None of the syringes or chambers resulted in contamination, bacterial growth or discoloration after 72 hours. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides sufficient data that these compounded sterile products may be stored using a beyond use date up to 72 hours for a number of commonly used continuous IV infusions in pediatric patients. In our institution, this allows for a more convenient and consistent change of both administration sets and continuous infusions at 72 hours to potentially minimize adverse events, workload and cost.
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OBJECTIVE: Medication errors are a major concern of health care professionals and medical institutions, especially errors involving children. Studies in adults have shown that computerized physician order entry (CPOE) systems reduce medication errors and adverse drug events (ADEs). The effect of CPOE implementation in a pediatric population has not been reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of CPOE on the frequency of errors in the medication ordering process in a pediatric critical care unit (PCCU). METHODS: A prospective trial was conducted of 514 pediatric patients who were admitted to a 20-bed PCCU in a tertiary-care children's hospital before and after implementation of CPOE. Medication errors were identified after review of all orders during the study period and then further classified as potential ADEs, medication prescribing errors (MPE), and rule violations (RV). RESULTS: A total of 13 828 medication orders were reviewed. Before implementation, potential ADEs occurred at a rate of 2.2 per 100 orders, MPEs at a rate of 30.1 per 100 orders, and RVs at a rate of 6.8 per 100 orders. After implementation, the rate of potential ADEs was reduced to 1.3 per 100 orders, MPEs to 0.2 per 100 orders, and RVs to 0.1 per 100 orders. The overall error reduction was 95.9%. Potential ADEs were reduced by 40.9%, and MPEs and RVs were reduced by 99.4% and 97.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of CPOE resulted in almost a complete elimination of MPEs and RVs and a significant but less dramatic effect on potential ADEs.