A long isoform of GIV/Girdin contains a PDZ-binding module that regulates localization and G-protein binding.

PDZ domains are one of the most abundant protein domains in eukaryotes and are frequently found on junction-localized scaffold proteins. Various signaling molecules bind to PDZ proteins via PDZ-binding motifs (PBM) and fine-tune cellular signaling. However, how such interaction affects protein function is difficult to predict and must be solved empirically. Here we describe a long isoform of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor GIV/Girdin (CCDC88A) that we named GIV-L, which is conserved throughout evolution, from invertebrates to vertebrates, and contains a PBM. Unlike GIV, which lacks PBM and is cytosolic, GIV-L localizes onto cell junctions and has a PDZ interactome (as shown through annotating Human Cell Map and BioID-proximity labeling studies), which impacts GIV-L's ability to bind and activate trimeric G-protein, Gαi, through its guanine-nucleotide exchange modulator (GEM) module. This GEM module is found exclusively in vertebrates. We propose that the two functional modules in GIV may have evolved sequentially: the ability to bind PDZ proteins via the PBM evolved earlier in invertebrates, whereas G-protein binding and activation may have evolved later only among vertebrates. Phenotypic studies in Caco-2 cells revealed that GIV and GIV-L may have antagonistic effects on cell growth, proliferation (cell cycle), and survival. Immunohistochemical analysis in human colon tissues showed that GIV expression increases with a concomitant decrease in GIV-L during cancer initiation. Taken together, these findings reveal how regulation in GIV/CCDC88A transcript helps to achieve protein modularity, which allows the protein to play opposing roles either as a tumor suppressor (GIV-L) or as an oncogene (GIV).

Cereblon-based Bifunctional Degrader of SOS1, BTX-6654, Targets Multiple KRAS Mutations and Inhibits Tumor Growth.

Mutations within the oncogene KRAS drive an estimated 25% of all cancers. Only allele-specific KRAS G12C inhibitors are currently available and are associated with the emergence of acquired resistance, partly due to upstream pathway reactivation. Given its upstream role in the activation of KRAS, son of sevenless homolog 1 (SOS1), has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target. Agents that target SOS1 for degradation could represent a potential pan-KRAS modality that may be capable of circumventing certain acquired resistance mechanisms. Here, we report the development of two SOS1 cereblon-based bifunctional degraders, BTX-6654 and BTX-7312, cereblon-based bifunctional SOS1 degraders. Both compounds exhibited potent target-dependent and -specific SOS1 degradation. BTX-6654 and BTX-7312 reduced downstream signaling markers, pERK and pS6, and displayed antiproliferative activity in cells harboring various KRAS mutations. In two KRAS G12C xenograft models, BTX-6654 degraded SOS1 in a dose-dependent manner correlating with tumor growth inhibition, additionally exhibiting synergy with KRAS and MEK inhibitors. Altogether, BTX-6654 provided preclinical proof of concept for single-agent and combination use of bifunctional SOS1 degraders in KRAS-driven cancers.

Regulation of DNA damage response by trimeric G-proteins.

Upon sensing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), eukaryotic cells either die or repair DSBs via one of the two competing pathways, i.e., non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). We show that cell fate after DSBs hinges on GIV/Girdin, a guanine nucleotide-exchange modulator of heterotrimeric Giα•ßγ protein. GIV suppresses HR by binding and sequestering BRCA1, a key coordinator of multiple steps within the HR pathway, away from DSBs; it does so using a C-terminal motif that binds BRCA1's BRCT-modules via both phospho-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Using another non-overlapping C-terminal motif GIV binds and activates Gi and enhances the "free" Gßγ→PI-3-kinase→Akt pathway, which promotes survival and is known to suppress HR, favor NHEJ. Absence of GIV, or loss of either of its C-terminal motifs enhanced cell death upon genotoxic stress. Because GIV selectively binds other BRCT-containing proteins suggests that G-proteins may fine-tune sensing, repair, and survival after diverse types of DNA damage.

Tyrosine-Based Signals Regulate the Assembly of Daple⋠PARD3 Complex at Cell-Cell Junctions.

Polarized distribution of organelles and molecules inside a cell is vital for a range of cellular processes and its loss is frequently encountered in disease. Polarization during planar cell migration is a special condition in which cellular orientation is triggered by cell-cell contact. We demonstrate that the protein Daple (CCDC88C) is a component of cell junctions in epithelial cells which serves like a cellular "compass" for establishing and maintaining contact-triggered planar polarity. Furthermore, these processes may be mediated through interaction with the polarity regulator PARD3. This interaction, mediated by Daple's PDZ-binding motif (PBM) and the third PDZ domain of PARD3, is fine-tuned by tyrosine phosphorylation on Daple's PBM by receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, such as Src. Hypophosphorylation strengthens the interaction, whereas hyperphosphorylation disrupts it, thereby revealing an unexpected role of Daple as a platform for signal integration and gradient sensing for tyrosine-based signals within the planar cell polarity pathway.

GIV/Girdin and Exo70 Collaboratively Regulate the Mammalian Polarized Exocytic Machinery.

Polarized exocytosis is a fundamental process by which membranes and cargo proteins are delivered to the cell surface with precise spatial control. Although the need for the octameric exocyst complex is conserved from yeast to humans, what imparts spatial control is known only in yeast, i.e., a polarity scaffold called Bem1p. We demonstrate here that the mammalian scaffold protein, GIV/Girdin, fulfills the key criteria and functions of its yeast counterpart Bem1p; both bind Exo70 proteins via similar short-linear interaction motifs, and each prefers its evolutionary counterpart. Selective disruption of the GIV⋅Exo-70 interaction derails the delivery of the metalloprotease MT1-MMP to invadosomes and impairs collagen degradation and haptotaxis through basement membrane matrix. GIV's interacting partners reveal other components of polarized exocytosis in mammals. Findings expose how the exocytic functions aid GIV's pro-metastatic functions and how signal integration via GIV may represent an evolutionary advancement of the exocytic process in mammals.

GIV•Kindlin Interaction Is Required for Kindlin-Mediated Integrin Recognition and Activation.

Cells perceive and respond to the extracellular matrix via integrin receptors; their dysregulation has been implicated in inflammation and cancer metastasis. Here we show that a guanine nucleotide-exchange modulator of trimeric-GTPase Gαi, GIV (a.k.a Girdin), directly binds the integrin adaptor Kindlin-2. A non-canonical short linear motif within the C terminus of GIV binds Kindlin-2-FERM3 domain at a site that is distinct from the binding site for the canonical NPxY motif on the -integrin tail. Binding of GIV to Kindlin-2 allosterically enhances Kindlin-2's affinity for ß1-integrin. Consequently, integrin activation and clustering are maximized, which augments cell adhesion, spreading, and invasion. Findings elucidate how the GIV•Kindlin-2 complex has a 2-fold impact: it allosterically synergizes integrin activation and enables ß1-integrins to indirectly access and modulate trimeric GTPases via the complex. Furthermore, Cox proportional-hazard models on tumor transcriptomics provide trans-scale evidence of synergistic interactions between GIV•Kindlin-2•ß1-integrin on time to progression to metastasis.