A phase Ib trial of mivavotinib (TAK-659), a dual SYK/FLT3 inhibitor, in patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia.

Mivavotinib (TAK-659) is an investigational type 1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor with dual activity against spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3). We conducted a phase Ib study to investigate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of mivavotinib in patients with refractory and/or relapsed (R/R) acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Both daily (QD) and twice daily (BID) dosing regimens were evaluated. A total of 43 patients were enrolled, and there were 5 complete responses (4 with incomplete count recovery). In the QD dosing regimen, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not reached up to 160 mg QD per protocol; 140 mg QD was identified as the recommended phase II dose. In the BID dosing regimen, the MTD was 60 mg BID. Thirty patients (70%) experienced a bleeding event on study; the majority were grades 1 or 2, were resolved without mivavotinib modification, and were not considered related to study treatment. Eleven patients (26%) experienced grade ≥3 bleeding events, which were observed most frequently with the 80 mg BID dose. We conducted platelet aggregation studies to investigate the potential role of mivavotinib-mediated SYK inhibition on platelet function. The bleeding events observed may have been the result of several confounding factors, including AML disease status, associated thrombocytopenia, and high doses of mivavotinib. Overall, these findings indicate that the activity of mivavotinib in R/R AML is modest. Furthermore, any future clinical investigation of this agent should be undertaken with caution, particularly in thrombocytopenic patients, due to the potential bleeding risk of SYK inhibition. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02323113.

CCRL2 affects the sensitivity of myelodysplastic syndrome and secondary acute myeloid leukemia cells to azacitidine.

Better understanding of the biology of resistance to DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors is required to identify therapies that can improve their efficacy for patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). CCRL2 is an atypical chemokine receptor that is upregulated in CD34+ cells from MDS patients and induces proliferation of MDS and secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) cells. In this study, we evaluated any role that CCRL2 may have in the regulation of pathways associated with poor response or resistance to DNMT inhibitors. We found that CCRL2 knockdown in TF-1 cells downregulated DNA methylation and PRC2 activity pathways and increased DNMT suppression by azacitidine in MDS/sAML cell lines (MDS92, MDS-L and TF-1). Consistently, CCRL2 deletion increased the sensitivity of these cells to azacitidine in vitro and the efficacy of azacitidine in an MDS-L xenograft model. Furthermore, CCRL2 overexpression in MDS-L and TF-1 cells decreased their sensitivity to azacitidine. Finally, CCRL2 levels were higher in CD34+ cells from MDS and MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasm patients with poor response to DNMT inhibitors. In conclusion, we demonstrated that CCRL2 modulates epigenetic regulatory pathways, particularly DNMT levels, and affects the sensitivity of MDS/sAML cells to azacitidine. These results support CCRL2 targeting as having therapeutic potential in MDS/sAML.

A novel combination regimen of BET and FLT3 inhibition for FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia.

Acute myeloid leukemia patients with FLT3-ITD mutations have a high risk of relapse and death. FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors improve overall survival, but their efficacy is limited and most patients who relapse will ultimately die of the disease. Even with potent FLT3 inhibition, the disease persists within the bone marrow microenvironment, mainly due to bone marrow stroma activating parallel signaling pathways that maintain pro-survival factors. BET inhibitors suppress pro-survival factors such as MYC and BCL2, but these drugs thus far have shown only limited single-agent clinical potential. We demonstrate here, using pre-clinical and clinical correlative studies, that the novel 4-azaindole derivative, PLX51107, has BET-inhibitory activity in vitro and in vivo. The combination of BET and FLT3 inhibition induces a synergistic antileukemic effect in a murine xenograft model of FLT3-ITD AML, and against primary FLT3-ITD AML cells co-cultured with bone marrow stroma. Using suppression of MYC as a surrogate for BET inhibition, we demonstrate BET inhibition in human patients. The short plasma half-life of PLX51107 results in intermittent target inhibition to enable tolerability while overcoming the protective effect of the microenvironment. Mechanistically, the synergistic cytotoxicity is associated with suppression of key survival genes such as MYC. These data provide the scientific rationale for a clinical trial of a BET plus FLT3 inhibitor for the treatment of relapsed/refractory FLT3-ITD AML. A clinical trial of PLX51107 as monotherapy in patients with different malignancies is underway and will be reported separately.

Crenolanib is a potent inhibitor of FLT3 with activity against resistance-conferring point mutants.

Mutations of the type III receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3 occur in approximately 30% of acute myeloid leukemia patients and lead to constitutive activation. This has made FLT3-activating mutations an attractive drug target because they are probable driver mutations of this disease. As more potent FLT3 inhibitors are developed, a predictable development of resistance-conferring point mutations, commonly at residue D835, has been observed. Crenolanib is a highly selective and potent FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) with activity against the internal tandem duplication (FLT3/ITD) mutants and the FLT3/D835 point mutants. We tested crenolanib against a panel of D835 mutant cell lines and primary patient blasts and observed superior cytotoxic effects when compared with other available FLT3 TKIs such as quizartinib and sorafenib. Another potential advantage of crenolanib is its reduced inhibition of c-Kit compared with quizartinib. In progenitor cell assays, crenolanib was less disruptive of erythroid colony growth, which may result in relatively less myelosuppression than quizartinib. Finally, correlative data from an ongoing clinical trial demonstrate that acute myeloid leukemia patients can achieve sufficient levels of crenolanib to inhibit both FLT3/ITD and resistance-conferring FLT3/D835 mutants in vivo. Crenolanib is thus an important next-generation FLT3 TKI.

Phase 2 study of azacytidine plus sorafenib in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and FLT-3 internal tandem duplication mutation.

Patients received 5-azacytidine (AZA) 75 mg/m(2) intravenously daily for 7 days and sorafenib 400 mg orally twice daily continuously; cycles were repeated at ~1-month intervals. Forty-three acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with a median age of 64 years (range, 24-87 years) were enrolled; 37 were evaluable for response. FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3)-internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutation was detected in 40 (93%) patients, with a median allelic ratio of 0.32 (range, 0.009-0.93). They had received a median of 2 prior treatment regimens (range, 0-7); 9 had failed prior therapy with a FLT3 kinase inhibitor. The response rate was 46%, including 10 (27%) complete response with incomplete count recovery (CRi), 6 (16%) complete responses (CR), and 1 (3%) partial response. The median time to achieve CR/CRi was 2 cycles (range, 1-4), and the median duration of CR/CRi was 2.3 months (range, 1-14.3 months). Sixty-four percent of patients achieved adequate (defined as >85%) FLT3 inhibition during their first cycle of therapy. The degree of FLT3 inhibition correlated with plasma sorafenib concentrations. FLT3 ligand levels did not rise to levels seen in prior studies of patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy. The combination of AZA and sorafenib is effective for patients with relapsed AML and FLT-3-ITD. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01254890.

Phase I/II trial of the combination of midostaurin (PKC412) and 5-azacytidine for patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome.

We investigated the combination of midostaurin and azacitidine (AZA) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and high risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Patients received AZA 75 mg m(-2) on days 1-7 and midostaurin 25 mg bid (in cohort 1 of phase I) or 50 mg bid (in cohort 2 of Phase I and in Phase II) orally on day 8-21 during the first cycle and continuously thereafter. Fourteen patients were enrolled in the phase I and 40 in the phase II. Overall response rate was 26%. The median remission duration (RD) was 20 weeks and was significantly longer in patients with FLT3 mutations not previously exposed to other FLT3 inhibitors (P = 0.05) and in patients not previously transplanted (P = 0.01). Thirty-two (59%) patients have died, all of complications related to disease progression. G3-4 nonhematological toxicity was reported in 38 (70%) patients, most frequently infections (56%), ejection fraction reduction (11%), and diarrhea or nausea/vomiting (9% each). The combination of midostaurin and AZA is an effective and safe regimen in patients with AML and high-risk MDS. Patients with FLT3 mutations but not previously exposed to other FLT3 inhibitors and patients not previously transplanted derived the greatest benefit. Further studies with this combination are warranted.

Phase I trial of maintenance sorafenib after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 internal tandem duplication acute myeloid leukemia.

The fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) mutation is associated with a high relapse rate for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) even after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Sorafenib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which inhibits the FLT3 tyrosine kinase and has shown encouraging activity in FLT3-ITD AML. We conducted a phase I trial of maintenance sorafenib after HSCT in patients with FLT3-ITD AML (ClinicalTrials.govNCT01398501). Patients received a variety of conditioning regimens and graft sources. A dose escalation 3 + 3 cohort design was used to define the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), with an additional 10 patients treated at the MTD. Sorafenib was initiated between days 45 and 120 after HSCT and continued for 12 28-day cycles. Twenty-two patients were enrolled (status at HSCT: first complete remission [CR1], n = 16; second complete remission [CR2], n = 3; refractory, n = 3). The MTD was established at 400 mg twice daily with 1 dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) observed (pericardial effusion). Two patients died of transplantation-related causes, both unrelated to sorafenib. Two patients stopped sorafenib after relapse and 5 stopped because of attributable toxicities after the DLT period. Median follow-up for surviving patients is 16.7 months after HSCT (range, 8.1 to 35.0). There was 1 case of grade II acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after starting sorafenib and the 12-month cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD was 38% (90% confidence interval [CI], 21% to 56%). For all patients, 1-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 85% (90% CI, 66% to 94%) and 1-year overall survival (OS) was 95% (90% CI, 79% to 99%) after HSCT. For patients in CR1/CR2 before HSCT (n = 19), 1-year PFS was 95% (90% CI, 76% to 99%) and 1-year OS was 100%, with only 1 patient who relapsed. Sorafenib is safe after HSCT for FLT3-ITD AML and merits further investigation for the prevention of relapse.

Terminal myeloid differentiation in vivo is induced by FLT3 inhibition in FLT3/ITD AML.

A hallmark of cancer is the disruption of differentiation within tumor cells. Internal tandem duplication mutations of the FLT3 kinase (FLT3/ITD) occur commonly in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and are associated with poor survival, leading to efforts to develop FLT3 kinase inhibitors. However, FLT3 inhibitors have thus far met with limited success, inducing only a clearance of peripheral blasts with minimal BM responses. Quizartinib is a novel potent and selective FLT3 inhibitor currently being studied in clinical trials. In 13 of 14 FLT3/ITD AML patients with normal karyotype treated with quizartinib, we observed terminal myeloid differentiation of BM blasts in association with a clinical differentiation syndrome. The single patient whose blasts failed to differentiate had a preexisting C/EBPα mutation and another developed a C/EBPα mutation at disease progression, suggesting a mechanism of resistance to FLT3 inhibition. In vitro, in primary blasts cocultured with human BM stroma, FLT3 inhibition with quizartinib induced cell-cycle arrest and differentiation rather than apoptosis. The present study is the first description of terminal differentiation of cancer cells in patients treated with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. These data highlight the importance of the differentiation block in the patho-genesis of AML.

A phase 1 study of the irreversible FLT3 inhibitor FF-10101 in relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia.

ABSTRACT: FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have clinical efficacy for patients with FLT3-mutated AML (acute myeloid leukemia), but their impact is limited by resistance in the setting of monotherapy and by tolerability problems when used in combination therapies. FF-10101 is a novel compound that covalently binds to a cysteine residue near the active site of FLT3, irreversibly inhibiting receptor signaling. It is effective against most FLT3 activating mutations, and, unlike other inhibitors, is minimally vulnerable to resistance induced by FLT3 ligand. We conducted a phase 1 dose escalation study of oral FF-10101 in patients with relapsed and/or refractory AML, the majority of whom harbored FLT3-activating mutations and/or had prior exposure to FLT3 inhibitors. Fifty-four participants enrolled in cohorts receiving doses ranging from 10 to 225 mg per day and 50 to 100 mg twice daily (BID). The dose limiting toxicities were diarrhea and QT prolongation. Among 40 response-evaluable participants, the composite complete response rate was 10%, and the overall response rate (including partial responses) was 12.5%, including patients who had progressed on gilteritinib. Overall, 56% of participants had prior exposure to FLT3 inhibitors. The recommended phase 2 dose was 75 mg BID. FF-10101 potentially represents a next-generation advance in the management of FLT3-mutated AML. This trial was registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov as #NCT03194685.

FLT3-mutant allelic burden and clinical status are predictive of response to FLT3 inhibitors in AML.

We examined 6 different FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) inhibitors (lestaurtinib, midostaurin, AC220, KW-2449, sorafenib, and sunitinib) for potency against mutant and wild-type FLT3, as well as for cytotoxic effect against a series of primary blast samples obtained from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) harboring internal tandem duplication (FLT3/ITD) mutations. We found that inhibition of FLT3 autophosphorylation in a FLT3/ITD specimen does not always induce cell death, suggesting that some FLT3/ITD AML may not be addicted to FLT3 signaling. Relapsed samples and samples with a high mutant allelic burden were more likely to be responsive to cytotoxicity from FLT3 inhibition compared with the samples obtained at diagnosis or those with a low mutant allelic burden. These FLT3 inhibitors varied to a considerable degree in their selectivity for FLT3, and this selectivity influenced the cytotoxic effect. These results have important implications for the potential therapeutic use of FLT3 inhibitors in that patients with newly diagnosed FLT3-mutant AML might be less likely to respond clinically to highly selective FLT3 inhibition.

The role of the atypical chemokine receptor CCRL2 in myelodysplastic syndrome and secondary acute myeloid leukemia.

The identification of new pathways supporting the myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) primitive cells growth is required to develop targeted therapies. Within myeloid malignancies, men have worse outcomes than women, suggesting male sex hormone-driven effects in malignant hematopoiesis. Androgen receptor promotes the expression of five granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor-regulated genes. Among them, CCRL2 encodes an atypical chemokine receptor regulating cytokine signaling in granulocytes, but its role in myeloid malignancies is unknown. Our study revealed that CCRL2 is up-regulated in primitive cells from patients with MDS and secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML). CCRL2 knockdown suppressed MDS92 and MDS-L cell growth and clonogenicity in vitro and in vivo and decreased JAK2/STAT3/STAT5 phosphorylation. CCRL2 coprecipitated with JAK2 and potentiated JAK2-STAT interaction. Erythroleukemia cells expressing JAK2V617F showed less effect of CCRL2 knockdown, whereas fedratinib potentiated the CCRL2 knockdown effect. Conclusively, our results implicate CCRL2 as an MDS/sAML cell growth mediator, partially through JAK2/STAT signaling.

Midostaurin after allogeneic stem cell transplant in patients with FLT3-internal tandem duplication-positive acute myeloid leukemia.

We evaluated standard-of-care (SOC) treatment with or without midostaurin to prevent relapse following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (alloHSCT) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) harboring internal tandem duplication (ITD) in FLT3. Adults (aged 18-70 years) who received alloHSCT in first complete remission, had achieved hematologic recovery, and were transfusion independent were randomized to receive SOC with or without midostaurin (50 mg twice daily) continuously in twelve 4-week cycles. The primary endpoint was relapse-free survival (RFS) 18 months post-alloHSCT. Sixty patients were randomized (30/arm); 30 completed all 12 cycles (midostaurin + SOC, n = 16; SOC, n = 14). The estimated 18-month RFS (95% CI) was 89% (69-96%) in the midostaurin arm and 76% (54-88%) in the SOC arm (hazard ratio, 0.46 [95% CI, 0.12-1.86]; P = 0.27); estimated relapse rates were 11% and 24%, respectively. Inhibition of FLT3 phosphorylation to <70% of baseline (achieved by 50% of midostaurin-treated patients) was associated with improved RFS. The most common serious adverse events were diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Rates of graft-vs-host disease were similar between both arms (midostaurin + SOC, 70%; SOC, 73%). The addition of midostaurin maintenance therapy following alloHSCT may provide clinical benefit in some patients with FLT3-ITD AML. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01883362).

Regulation of renal proximal tubule Na-K-ATPase by prostaglandins.

Prostaglandins (PGs) play a number of roles in the kidney, including regulation of salt and water reabsorption. In this report, evidence was obtained for stimulatory effects of PGs on Na-K-ATPase in primary cultures of rabbit renal proximal tubule (RPT) cells. The results of our real-time PCR studies indicate that in primary RPTs the effects of PGE(2), the major renal PG, are mediated by four classes of PGE (EP) receptors. The role of these EP receptors in the regulation of Na-K-ATPase was examined at the transcriptional level. Na-K-ATPase consists of a catalytic α-subunit encoded by the ATP1A1 gene, as well as a ß-subunit encoded by the ATP1B1 gene. Transient transfection studies conducted with pHß1-1141 Luc, a human ATP1B1 promoter/luciferase construct, indicate that both PGE(1) and PGE(2) are stimulatory. The evidence for the involvement of both the cAMP and Ca(2+) signaling pathways includes the inhibitory effects of the myristolylated PKA inhibitor PKI, the adenylate cyclase (AC) inhibitor SQ22536, and the PKC inhibitors Gö 6976 and Ro-32-0432 on the PGE(1) stimulation. Other effectors that similarly act through cAMP and PKC were also stimulatory to transcription, including norepinephrine and dopamine. In addition to its effects on transcription, a chronic incubation with PGE(1) was observed to result in an increase in Na-K-ATPase mRNA levels as well as an increase in Na-K-ATPase activity. An acute stimulatory effect of PGE(1) on Na-K-ATPase was observed and was associated with an increase in the level of Na-K-ATPase in the basolateral membrane.

Renal proximal tubule Na,K-ATPase is controlled by CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivators as well as salt-inducible kinase 1.

Sodium reabsorption by the kidney is regulated by locally produced natriuretic and anti-natriuretic factors, including dopamine and norepinephrine, respectively. Previous studies indicated that signaling events initiated by these natriuretic and anti-natriuretic factors achieve their effects by altering the phosphorylation of Na,K-ATPase in the renal proximal tubule, and that protein kinase A (PKA) and calcium-mediated signaling pathways are involved. The same signaling pathways also control the transcription of the Na,K-ATPase ß subunit gene atp1b1 in renal proximal tubule cells. In this report, evidence is presented that (1) both the recently discovered cAMP-regulated transcriptional coactivators (CRTCs) and salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) contribute to the transcriptional regulation of atp1b1 in renal proximal tubule (RPT) cells and (2) renal effectors, including norepinephrine, dopamine, prostaglandins, and sodium, play a role. Exogenously expressed CRTCs stimulate atp1b1 transcription. Evidence for a role of endogenous CRTCs includes the loss of transcriptional regulation of atp1b1 by a dominant-negative CRTC, as well as by a CREB mutant, with an altered CRTC binding site. In a number of experimental systems, SIK phosphorylates CRTCs, which are then sequestered in the cytoplasm, preventing their nuclear effects. Consistent with such a role of SIK in primary RPT cells, atp1b1 transcription increased in the presence of a dominant-negative SIK1, and in addition, regulation by dopamine, norepinephrine, and monensin was disrupted by a dominant-negative SIK1. These latter observations can be explained if SIK1 is phosphorylated and inactivated in the presence of these renal effectors. Our results support the hypothesis that Na,K-ATPase in the renal proximal tubule is regulated at the transcriptional level via SIK1 and CRTCs by renal effectors, in addition to the previously reported control of the phosphorylation of Na,K-ATPase.

A potential therapeutic target for FLT3-ITD AML: PIM1 kinase.

Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and a FLT3 internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutation have a poor prognosis, and FLT3 inhibitors are now under clinical investigation. PIM1, a serine/threonine kinase, is up-regulated in FLT3-ITD AML and may be involved in FLT3-mediated leukemogenesis. We employed a PIM1 inhibitor, AR00459339 (Array Biopharma Inc.), to investigate the effect of PIM1 inhibition in FLT3-mutant AML. Like FLT3 inhibitors, AR00459339 was preferentially cytotoxic to FLT3-ITD cells, as demonstrated in the MV4-11, Molm-14, and TF/ITD cell lines, as well as 12 FLT3-ITD primary samples. Unlike FLT3 inhibitors, AR00459339 did not suppress phosphorylation of FLT3, but did promote the de-phosphorylation of downstream FLT3 targets, STAT5, AKT, and BAD. Combining AR00459339 with a FLT3 inhibitor resulted in additive to mildly synergistic cytotoxic effects. AR00459339 was cytotoxic to FLT3-ITD samples from patients with secondary resistance to FLT3 inhibitors, suggesting a novel benefit to combining these agents. We conclude that PIM1 appears to be closely associated with FLT3 signaling, and that inhibition of PIM1 may hold therapeutic promise, either as monotherapy, or by overcoming resistance to FLT3 inhibitors.

Evidence for post-transcriptional regulation of Na,K-ATPase by prostaglandin E1.

The stimulatory effect of PGE1 on the activity of the Na,K-ATPase in MDCK cells is associated with an increase in the rate of transcription of the Na,K-ATPase beta1 subunit gene and an increase in the rate of biosynthesis of the Na,K-ATPase [M.L. Taub, Y. Wang, I.S. Yang, P. Fiorella, S.M. Lee, Regulation of the Na,K-ATPase activity of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells in defined medium by prostaglandin E1 and 8-bromocyclic AMP, J. Cell. Physiol. 151 (1992) 337-346]. In order to further define the molecular mechanisms, transient transfection and biosynthesis studies were conducted with dibutyryl cAMP resistant (DBr) MDCK cells, defective in cAMP dependent protein kinase, and PGE1 independent (PGE1 Ind) MDCK cells with elevated intracellular cAMP. Transient transfection studies with the human Na,K-ATPase beta1 promoter/luciferase construct, pHbeta1-1141 Luc [J. Feng, J. Orlowski, J.B. Lingrel, Identification of a functional thyroid hormone response element in the upstream flanking region of the human Na,K-ATPase beta 1 gene, Nucleic Acids Res. 21 (1993) 2619-2626], showed that the stimulatory effect of PGE1 and 8Br-cAMP on beta1 subunit gene transcription is retained in the DBr and PGE1 independent variants. However, the stimulatory effect of PGE1 and 8Br-cAMP on Na,K-ATPase biosynthesis was lost in DBr (unlike PGE1 Ind) variants. These results can be explained by a defect in post-transcriptional regulation.

Identification of a prostaglandin-responsive element in the Na,K-ATPase beta 1 promoter that is regulated by cAMP and Ca2+. Evidence for an interactive role of cAMP regulatory element-binding protein and Sp1.

The Na,K-ATPase is a transmembrane protein responsible for maintaining electrochemical gradients across the plasma membrane in all mammalian cells, a process that is subject to regulation at the transcriptional as well as post-transcriptional level. Included among physiologic regulators in the kidney are prostaglandins. Previously, we demonstrated that prostaglandin E(1) (PGE(1)) increases the activity and expression of the Na,K-ATPase in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (Taub, M., Borsick, M., Geisel, J., Matlhagela, K., Rajkhowa, T., and Allen, C. (2004) Exp. Cell Res. 299, 1-14; Taub, M. L., Wang, Y., Yang, I. S., Fiorella, P., and Lee, S. M. (1992) J. Cell. Physiol. 151, 337-346). In this work, we present evidence that transcription of the Na,K-ATPase beta(1) subunit is stimulated by PGE(1), an effect that may be mediated through the cAMP and Ca(2+) pathways. Transient transfection studies using 5'-deletion mutants of the human beta(1) subunit promoter indicated that region -100 to -92 containing the sequence AGTCCCTGC (a prostaglandin-responsive element (PGRE)) is required to elicit the stimulatory effects of PGE(1), 8-bromo-cAMP, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, and okadaic acid. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that both the cAMP regulatory element-binding protein (CREB) and Sp1 bind to the PGRE present within this region of the beta(1) subunit promoter. The involvement of the PGRE and Sp1 sites in regulation by PGE(1) was further confirmed by the increased PGE(1) stimulation that was observed following insertion of the PGRE into a promoter/luciferase construct containing a portion of a heterologous promoter and the fibronectin promoter with four GC boxes. Further evidence suggesting an interaction between Sp1 and CREB was obtained from experiments conducted with pLuc-MCS-beta 72-167, which contains region -167 to -72 in the human beta(1) subunit promoter. The PGE(1) stimulation observed in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells transiently transfected with pLuc-MCS-beta 72-167 was reduced when the two GC boxes immediately upstream from the PGRE were translocated farther upstream. Also consistent with an interaction between CREB and Sp1 are the results of our immunoprecipitation studies indicating that CREB co-immunoprecipitated with Sp1 when an antibody against CREB, Sp1, or the CREB-binding protein was used.

Regulation of the Na,K-ATPase in MDCK cells by prostaglandin E1: a role for calcium as well as cAMP.

Prostaglandins (PGs) play a significant role in the regulation of sodium reabsorption by the kidney, in addition to accumulating during inflammation as well as in several solid tumors. Previously, we presented evidence indicating that prostaglandin E(1) (PGE(1)), a supplement in the serum-free medium for MDCK cells, increases the activity of the Na,K-ATPase in MDCK cells, in addition to its growth stimulatory effect [J. Cell. Physiol. 151 (1992) 337]. This report defines the molecular mechanisms, and signaling pathways responsible for the increased Na,K-ATPase activity. Our results indicate that the increased activity of the Na,K-ATPase in MDCK monolayers treated with either PGE(1) or 8Bromocyclic AMP (8Br-cAMP) can be attributed to an increase in the rate of biosynthesis of the Na,K-ATPase, and an increase in the levels of Na,K-ATPase alpha and beta subunit mRNAs. As beta subunit mRNA increased to a larger extent than alpha subunit mRNA, transient transfection studies were conducted using a human beta1 promoter/luciferase construct [Nucleic Acids Res. 21 (1993) 2619]. While an 8Br-cAMP stimulation was observed (suggesting the involvement of cAMP), our results also suggest that the observed PGE(1) stimulation could be explained by the involvement of Ca(2+) as well protein kinase C (PKC). Consistent with the involvement of Ca(2+), TMB-8 (which inhibits Ca(2+) efflux from intracellular stores) inhibited the PGE(1) stimulation. Moreover, PGE(1) was observed to stimulate the translocation of PKC beta1 from the soluble to the particulate fraction. The translocation of PKC, the PGE(1) stimulation of transcription, and the PGE(1)-mediated increase in the beta subunit mRNA level were all inhibited by the PKC inhibitor Gö6989. These results can be explained by the involvement of two classes of cell surface receptors in mediating the PGE(1) stimulation, including the EP1subtype (which activates phospholipase C), as well as the EP2 subtype (which activates adenylate cyclase).

Clonal analysis of immortalized renal proximal tubule cells: Na(+)/glucose cotransport system levels are maintained despite a decline in transport function.

Primary rabbit kidney proximal tubule (RPT) cells (S.D. Chung et al., 1982, J. Cell Biol. 95, 118-126) were transfected with the vector pRSV-T, which contains SV40 early region genes. After the third passage (when normal cells had stopped dividing), individual colonies formed in cultures transfected with pRSV-T. Clonal isolates (RPT-I cells) could be obtained in a simple and reproducible manner. Southern analysis of clone RPT-I8 indicated the presence of SV40 early region genes. Nuclear SV40 T was detected. After 23 passages, and subcloning, RPT-I8 (and subclones) was found to express renal proximal tubule markers to a similar extent, indicating that the phenotype was stable. Nevertheless, the activities of the Na(+)/glucose cotransport system, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase, were reduced as compared with primary cultures. Western analysis indicated that the level of Na(+)/glucose cotransporters was maintained in RPT-I8 cells, when compared with intact proximal tubules and primary cultures. Thus, the reduction in alpha-MG uptake in RPT-I8 cells may be attributed to other types of cellular alterations, including changes in energy metabolism. Indeed, growth in glucose-free medium was not observed in RPT-I8 cell cultures, suggesting that unlike primary RPT cells (J. C. Chung et al., 1992, J. Cell. Physiol. 150, 243-250), the gluconeogenic pathway was not intact.