Chemodosimeter for Selective and Sensitive Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Detection of Mustard Gas for Real Time Analysis.

Since the first use of chemical warfare agents (CWA) (1915) to the recent attacks in Syria (2017) on mankind, there have been many incidents where CWA have claimed thousands of lives and left many more contaminated. In order to provide the appropriate and immediate medical counter measure to the victims, the exact classification of these chemical agents within few minutes on the field itself using a rapid and simple detection technique is extremely important to save the lives of the effected people. This has motivated all of us to explore the novel strategies/detection systems that can be field deployable with better selectivity and greater sensitivity. In view of this, we present a novel chemosensor, 3,6-bis(dimethylamino)-9(10H)-acridine thione (1), that can detect mustard gas and its simulant by both chromogenic and fluorogenic methods. For the first time, a single probe was able to demonstrate the detection with unprecedented selectivity over most probable interferences (nerve agents and alkylating agents) including solvents, acids, and bases which are routinely present in the environment. The desired level of sensitivity by naked eyes (0.04 mg/mL), UV spectroscopy (0.02 mg/mL), and fluorescence spectroscopy (0.005 mg/mL) makes this method truly field deployable. For the spot detection on the affected areas, a handy and potable chemosensor kit was also fabricated. This paper provides a simple, highly specific, and easy to use method in "actual sense" that not only detects the agents in the solution phase but also in the contaminated samples.

A naked-eye selective detection of cyanide ion: studies on the effect of chromophores and spacers on ditopic receptors.

A series of novel thiourea based receptors (1-12) with different signaling units and spacers have been synthesized for the detection of cyanide ion. Among these receptors, 4,4'-bis-[3-(4-cyanophenyl)thiourea]diphenyl sulfide 6 and 4,4'-bis-[3-(3-cyanophenyl)thiourea]diphenyl sulfide 9 exhibited selective detection of cyanide by the naked-eye as well as by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Furthermore, the chemosensor is insensitive to the presence of other environmentally relevant anions. The chromogenic transformation permits the detection of cyanide (TBA(+) and K(+) salts) in the natural environment.

CBLB ablation with CRISPR/Cas9 enhances cytotoxicity of human placental stem cell-derived NK cells for cancer immunotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Tumors often develop resistance to surveillance by endogenous immune cells, which include natural killer (NK) cells. Ex vivo activated and/or expanded NK cells demonstrate cytotoxicity against various tumor cells and are promising therapeutics for adoptive cancer immunotherapy. Genetic modification can further enhance NK effector cell activity or activation sensitization. Here, we evaluated the effect of the genetic deletion of ubiquitin ligase Casitas B-lineage lymphoma pro-oncogene-b (CBLB), a negative regulator of lymphocyte activity, on placental CD34+ cell-derived NK (PNK) cell cytotoxicity against tumor cells. METHODS: Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, CBLB was knocked out in placenta-derived CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, followed by differentiation into PNK cells. Cell expansion, phenotype and cytotoxicity against tumor cells were characterized in vitro. The antitumor efficacy of CBLB knockout (KO) PNK cells was tested in an acute myeloid leukemia (HL-60) tumor model in NOD-scid IL2R gammanull (NSG) mice. PNK cell persistence, biodistribution, proliferation, phenotype and antitumor activity were evaluated. RESULTS: 94% of CBLB KO efficacy was achieved using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. CBLB KO placental CD34+ cells differentiated into PNK cells with high cell yield and >90% purity determined by CD56+ CD3- cell identity. Ablation of CBLB did not impact cell proliferation, NK cell differentiation or phenotypical characteristics of PNK cells. When compared with the unmodified PNK control, CBLB KO PNK cells exhibited higher cytotoxicity against a range of liquid and solid tumor cell lines in vitro. On infusion into busulfan-conditioned NSG mice, CBLB KO PNK cells showed in vivo proliferation and maturation as evidenced by increased expression of CD16, killer Ig-like receptors and NKG2A over 3 weeks. Additionally, CBLB KO PNK cells showed greater antitumor activity in a disseminated HL60-luciferase mouse model compared with unmodified PNK cells. CONCLUSION: CBLB ablation increased PNK cell effector function and proliferative capacity compared with non-modified PNK cells. These data suggest that targeting CBLB may offer therapeutic advantages via enhancing antitumor activities of NK cell therapies.

Placenta Derived Adherent Cell (PDAC) Interaction and Response on Extracellular Matrix Isolated from Human Placenta t.

A method was developed to isolate extracellular matrix from the human placenta (pECM). The isolated material is composed primarily of collagen, in addition to, elastin, fibronectin, laminin, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The pECM is isolated as a water insoluble paste. This paste can be molded into sheets, tubes, and other 3-D structures that are stable at room temperature. This report describes the interaction of the pluripotent progenitor cells (PDACs) with the isolated pECM. The stem cells used in this study are of human placental origin (placenta derived adherent cells or PDACs) and have a phenotype described as CD200+, CD105+, CD10+, CD34-, and CD45-. The PDACs bind to and proliferate on the pECM, and are stimulated to secrete soluble fibronectin. They actively assemble the soluble fibronectin into a complex network of detergent-insoluble extracellular matrix fibrils. While proliferating on the pECM, PDACs secrete key cytokines at levels well above that observed on tissue-treated tissue culture plates. These cytokines included monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), IL-6, and IL-8, all of which are important participants in wound healing processes. These results suggest the feasibility of designing a combination product of pECM with PDACs to augment repair processes in nonhealing deep wounds and in diabetic ulcers.

The Mechanism of Cell Interaction and Response on Decellularized Human Amniotic Membrane: Implications in Wound Healing.

ACELAGRAFT™ (Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, Cedar Knolls, NJ) was developed as a decellularized and dehydrated human amniotic membrane product (DDHAM). The product has demonstrated potential as a wound healing product with several ongoing preclinical and clinical studies in the area of acute and chronic ulcers. Although the mechanism of action of such a decellularized product has not been examined, a detailed study of the ability of fibroblasts to interact with DDHAM and subsequent cellular responses are presented. These studies indicate that the composition of DDHAM is that of an extracellular matrix (ECM)-like material with high collagen content, retaining key bioactive molecules, such as fibronectin, laminin, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and elastin. No cytokines or growth factors were identified as one might expect in a nondecellularized amniotic membrane product. Cell assays show that fibroblasts can recognize fibronectin in DDHAM and bind to it via typical integrin-fibronectin interactions. Fibroblasts secrete fibronectin and can actively assemble the soluble fibronectin into a complex extracellular matrix on DDHAM. Fibroblasts are also stimulated by DDHAM to secrete key proinflammatory(IL-1 and IL-6) and chemotactic cytokines or chemokines (proand IL-8) involved in regulating and enhancing wound repair processes. Microarray gene expression studies on fibroblasts bound to DDHAM show increased expression of key wound healing cytokines. Together, these studies provide insight into the mechanisms by which DDHAM may augment the wound healing process.

Highly selective and sensitive chromogenic detection of nerve agents (sarin, tabun and VX): a multianalyte detection approach.

A novel strategy using ferrocenyl dye (1) was developed for highly selective chromogenic detection of all nerve agents. The protocol was first established with nerve agent mimics (DFP, DCNP, and malaoxon) and then implemented on real agents, i.e. sarin, tabun and VX. The developed chemosensor showed no interferences from the most probable interferents such as acetyl chloride, sulfur mustard, oxygen mustard and DMMP. Real-time visual detection with a lower limit of detection (below LD50) made the present protocol highly appealing and versatile.

Modulation of Cell Attachment, Proliferation, and Angiogenesis by Decellularized, Dehydrated Human Amniotic Membrane in In Vitro Models.

BACKGROUND: Decellularized, dehydrated human amniotic membrane (DDHAM) is an extracellular matrix devoid of cells, cell debris, and growth factors. This study examines the effect of cell attachment to the DDHAM and the induced cellular responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cell types employed in this study were human dermal fibroblasts (HDF), human epithelial keratinocytes (HEK), and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC), all of which play critical roles in the wound healing process. Further, the DDHAM was compared to a dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane (dHACM), which contains and releases biological entities including growth factors and cytokines. The HDF and HEK were cultured on the DDHAM and the dHACM, and cell imaging and proliferation assays were performed to evaluate cell attachment to and the ability to proliferate on the DDHAM relative to the dHACM. In addition, the effect of soluble factors released by the DDHAM and the dHACM on cell survival, attachment, and proliferation were examined. The authors also evaluated the effect of soluble factors produced by culturing cells on the DDHAM in in vitro functional assays, including cell survival and endothelial cell migration in a wound closure angiogenesis assay. RESULTS: The HDF and HEK cells readily attached to and proliferated on the DDHAM, while the dHACM did not support cell attachment and proliferation when cultured under the same conditions. Soluble factors secreted when HDF were cultured on the DDHAM enhanced both endothelial cell and keratinocyte survival and endothelial cell migration in a wound closure assay. CONCLUSIONS: Although DDHAM is only an extracellular matrix and serves primarily as a scaffold, it has sufficient cues to allow for cell attachment and proliferation. Further, the biological entities released as a consequence of cell attachment promote cell survival and migration.

Chromogenic and fluorogenic detection and discrimination of nerve agents Tabun and Vx.

Our approach uses squaraine (SQ) as the molecular-receptor as well as an indicator for the chromogenic and fluorogenic detection and discrimination of nerve agents Tabun and Vx. To mimic a real-life scenario, the protocols were implemented in spiked water and soil samples, on surfaces, and in the gas phase. The lower detection limit will be useful to protect human health and national security.

Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of xylene linked carbamoyl bis-pyridinium monooximes as reactivators of organophosphorus (OP) inhibited electric eel acetylcholinesterase (AChE).

A series of carbamoyl bis-pyridinium monooximes linked with xylene linker were synthesized and their in-vitro reactivation potential was evaluated against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by organophosphorus inhibitors (OP) such as sarin, DFP and VX and the data were compared with reactivation obtained with 2-PAM and obidoxime. Amongst the synthesized compounds, 3-carbamoyl-2'hydroxyiminomethyl-1-1'-(1,4-phenylenedimethyl)-bispyridinium dibromide (5e) 3-carbamoyl-2'hydroxyiminomethy l-1-1'-(1,3-phenylenedimethyl)-bispyridinium dibromide (5k) and 4-carbamoyl-2'hydroxyiminomethyl-1-1'-(1,3-phenylenedimethyl)-bispyridinium dibromide (5l) were found to be the most potent reactivators for electric eel AChE inhibited by sarin and DFP. However, in case of VX inhibited AChE, none of the synthesized oximes could surpass the reactivation potential of 2-PAM and obidoxime. The pKa values of all the oximes were determined and correlated with their observed reactivation potential.