[CO detector: a tool for the early diagnosis of carbon monoxide intoxication and a personal protective equipment. The experience of the Emergency Medical Sevice (118) in the Province of Cuneo]. / Il Rilevatore di Monossido di Carbonio: uno strumento di sorveglianza ambientale e di protezione individuale nel soccorso pre-ospedaliero. L'esperienza del Servizio di Emergenza Sanitaria Territoriale (118) della Provincia di Cuneo.

BACKGROUND: Many people are poisoned by carbon monoxide (CO) each year, either intentionally (e.g. suicide attempts) or by accident. In the prehospital care the early diagnosis is primary for a correct treatment with high flow of oxygen and for the appropriate hospitalization of the patient. The aim of this study is to detect the main factors associated with CO poisoning in our area and to evaluate the role of CO detector in the prehospital setting. METHODS: From 1 January 2012 to 1 May 2013, all cases of carbon monoxide poisoning, recorded by the Emergency Medical Service (118) in the Province of Cuneo, were analyzed. RESULTS: Seventy clinical cases were collected, 68.5% of poisonings occurred in the months of December, January and February. Boilers were found to be the main source of indoor CO poisoning (average CO concentration of 66.78 versus 32.92 ppm generated by other heating systems, p = 0.004). CO detector was used in 77.4% of cases. The prehospital diagnosis was properly made in 96% (48/50) of cases in which CO detector was used, versus 70% (14/20) of correct clinical assessment without its use (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The CO detector is not only a personal protective equipment for Emergency Medical Service operators, but it contributes significantly to increase prehospital diagnosis of CO poisoning, thus suggesting its use in all emergency services in the national territory.

Team Dynamics and Nontechnical Skills Perception During the Disaster Response in Mozambique in 2019: A Survey Study Among the Italian Emergency Medical Team.

OBJECTIVE: Team dynamics and nontechnical skills in general are crucial for emergency medical teams (EMT). No study has ever examined these important issues during a real mission in the field. This study aimed to better investigate team dynamics and nontechnical skills for EMTs; it tried to understand if a real mission, when the people are obliged to work together for the first time, without a prior specific training focused on teamwork, is enough or not to work as an effective team in the field. METHODS: The study is designed as a pre-test/post-test survey study, and it collected data from 51 people deployed to Mozambique in 2019. Three indexes (the self-efficacy (SE), the teamwork (TW), and the overall team's performance (TW12)) were calculated as the average value of the rating given by all the participants. Open text feedback was also collected. RESULTS: A positive trend was observed comparing the "post" data to the "pre" data, but results did not show a statistical significance, with the only exception of stratified analyses showing a P-value less than 0.05 for SE and TW12 for some categories. CONCLUSIONS: According to the study findings, humanitarian workers feel good but not at their best; training programs focused on team dynamics can be really useful to improve self-confidence of people leaving for a mission.

COVID-19 Surge Capacity Solutions: Our Experience of Converting a Concert Hall into a Temporary Hospital for Mild and Moderate COVID-19 Patients.

The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has stressed the health care system in Italy as well as around the world, with hospitals implementing their surge capacity to increase the number of available beds for patients positive to the virus.At the end of March, the Piemonte (Northern Italy) Government decided to build a temporary rapid-assembly emergency hospital for the treatment of mild and moderate COVID-19 patients, converting an existing concert hall in the city of Turin. The decision was prompted not only by the urgent need of hospital beds, but also by a forward-looking approach for the months immediately after the emergency, when it will be essential for conventional hospitals to return to a normal configuration.This paper documents the temporary hospital project, describing the site, the layout and the equipment, the idea behind structural choices, and the staff involved. The aim of the work is to share the experience and to provide some practical recommendations to other professionals who are fighting the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide.

Italian Field Hospital Experience in Mozambique: Report of Ordinary Activities in an Extraordinary Context.

On March 15, 2019, Cyclone Idai made landfall near the port city of Beira in central Mozambique causing significant casualties and serious damage to infrastructure. The Emergency Medical Team Type 2 - Italy Regione Piemonte (EMT2-ITA) was deployed approximately two weeks after the disaster to support the country in need, providing essential medical and surgical care.The EMT2-ITA staff was composed of 77 team members including two rotations and integrating local staff. A total of 1,121 patients (1,183 triage admissions) were treated during the 27 days of field hospital activity; among all the admissions, only few cases (17; 1%) were directly or indirectly attributed to the disaster event. Only three cases of cholera were confirmed and transferred to one of the treatment centers set up in Beira. The EMT2-ITA performed a total of 62 surgical operations (orthopedic, gynecological, general, and plastic surgery), of which more than one-half were elective procedures.The objective of this manuscript is to report the mission of the EMT2-ITA in Mozambique, raising interesting points of discussion regarding the impact of timing on the mission outcomes, the operational and clinical activities in the field hospital, and the great importance to integrate local staff into the team.

Improving Oxygen Capacity at ITBP Referral Hospital During the Second Wave of COVID-19 Infections in Greater Noida, India: An Operative Targeted Intervention.

OBJECTIVES: Due to factors that still remain under debate, both social and virological, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has continued to flare up in India, particularly in northern and western areas. This has led to an incidence of approximately 350,000 cases per day and a daily death toll of around 4000 in the weeks between May 1 and 14, 2021. The current pandemic is testing the adaptability of the oxygen distribution and consumption. METHODS: Following India's request for support, the European Union (EU) Civil Protection Mechanism coordinated the response agreed by EU Member States providing shipments of oxygen and equipment. In this scenario, our Emergency Medical Team (EMT)-2, based in Italy, organized a cargo and a 12-member team of technicians and medical professionals with the main objective of installing a novel source of oxygen. RESULTS: The installation of a Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) oxygen plant provided the Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) hospital in Greater Noida, India, with a sustainable solution to combat oxygen shortage in less than 48 h. CONCLUSIONS: The supply of oxygen could not be deemed a successful intervention without a proper plan to guarantee the rational use of the source so additional training was carried out. Our EMT were among the first responders in mitigating this public health crisis.