THE ABSENCE OF THYROID DISEASE IN AN AUSTRALIAN HEPATITIS C COHORT TREATED WITH TRIPLE COMBINATION THERAPY: A PARADIGM SHIFT.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of thyroid disease in triple combination therapy with interferon (IFN)-α, ribavirin (RBV), and protease inhibitors (boceprevir and telaprevir) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in an Australian hepatitis C cohort. Also, to compare with those who received dual RBV and IFN in the past. METHODS: A preliminary, retrospective, and nested case control study of thyroid disease in patients who underwent triple combination therapy for chronic HCV infection compared with dual therapy at a major tertiary referral hospital center. Fifty-nine patients were treated with such therapy at the Hunter New England Area Hepatitis C Treatment Center. Of these, 38 were treated with boceprevir and 21 with telaprevir. All had genotype 1 HCV infection. The main outcome measures included (1) the prevalence of thyroid disease (TD), including hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, and (2) thyroid outcome comparison with patients who had received dual therapy. RESULTS: There was no case of TD detected for the entire duration of therapy with triple anti-HCV therapy. There was a significant absence of TD in the protease inhibitor-treated group. CONCLUSION: No case of TD was detected during the treatment of HCV patients with protease inhibitor-based triple therapy. The reasons for this are unclear. Larger studies are necessary to confirm this finding.

Influence of Age on Outcome in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: The development of effective orally administered medical therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has made a significant impact on outcome in patients with PAH. Identification of patient groups likely to derive optimal benefit is important, given cost and potential side effects; the clinical effectiveness of these therapies in older patients with PAH is unclear as the presence of co-morbidity may limit benefits of therapy. AIMS: We evaluated the epidemiology of PAH in a contemporary cohort to assess the influence of age on long-term outcome using PAH-specific therapies. RESULTS: A total of 119 patients (88% female; mean age 65±12 years) were reviewed, comprising 52% with underlying connective tissue disease. Bosentan was the PAH specific agent most frequently used. The baseline 6MWT distance in the entire cohort was 304m with age associated with a significant decline in 6MWT. CONCLUSIONS: In a large cohort of patients treated with PAH-specific therapies, patients less than 55 years of age showed improvement in 6MWT with older patients demonstrating stabilisation or decline.

Assessing quality of life in pulmonary arterial hypertension: An independent prognostic marker.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH, or PH Group 1), a disease of aberrant pulmonary vascular remodeling, causing progressive right heart failure (RHF) due to elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Patient mortality risk stratification guides choice and intensity of pharmacological intervention and is assessed by haemodynamics (especially PVR) as well as noninvasive tools including WHO functional class (FC), 6-min walk distance (6MWD), and NT-proBNP levels. Quality of life (QOL) assessment is acknowledged as a central aspect of patient-centered care, but our study sought to extend QOL's role as an additional noninvasive risk marker that could further refine risk stratification and hence therapeutic choices within a "treatment to target" paradigm (aiming to achieve low-risk status). This study found that QOL assessment using the PAH-SYMPACT© physical activity tool provided enhanced, independent mortality risk information, with one unit rise in this score associated with a 41% increase in likelihood risk (odds ratio 1.41, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.98 (p < 0.05)) of falling within intermediate versus low-group category. We therefore found further support for additional prognostic value being conferred by measurement of QOL as part of routine PAH evaluation, reinforcing its critical role.

Non-invasive detection of microvascular changes in a paediatric and adolescent population with type 1 diabetes: a pilot cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The detection of microvascular damage in type 1 diabetes is difficult and traditional investigations do not detect changes until they are well established. The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined ability of nailfold capillaroscopy, laser Doppler flowmetry, retinal vessel analysis and 24-hr ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to detect early microvascular changes in a paediatric and adolescent population with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Patients aged between 8 - 18 years with type I diabetes and no other autoimmune conditions were studied. The participants underwent the above cardiac and vascular investigations in a single three-hour session. Standard parameters including HbA1c were also investigated. Associations between all parameters were described by correlation analysis. Fisher's exact and t-tests determined the association with clinical findings. RESULTS: 26 participants were recruited. The mean HbA1c was 8.1% (SD ± 1.1) with a mean duration of type 1 diabetes of 7.9 years (SD ± 3.4). Three participants had microalbuminuria and one had early signs of retinopathy. Participants with microvascular complications had more avascular areas on nailfold capillaroscopy (p = 0.03). Recent HbA1c was positively associated with the number of nailfold microhaemorrhages (p = 0.03) Decreased baseline perfusion by laser Doppler flowmetry was associated with increased capillary density (p = 0.001) and an increased number of microaneurysms (p = 0.04) on nailfold capillaroscopy. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study has shown that in children and adolescents with established type 1 diabetes, abnormal microvasculature can be detected by these investigations. These markers were also positively associated with evidence of suboptimal diabetes control as assessed by HbA1c. Further research will be necessary to determine the practical role of these investigations in the management and progress of the complications of type 1 diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trial number NCT01279928, ClinicalTrials.gov.

Thyroid disease is a favorable prognostic factor in achieving sustained virologic response in chronic hepatitis C undergoing combination therapy: A nested case control study.

BACKGROUND: Interferon-α in combination with ribavirin is the current gold standard for treatment of chronic hepatitis C. It is unknown if the development of autoimmune thyroid disease (TD) during treatment confers an improved chance of achieving sustained virologic response. The aim of this study is to assess the chance of achieving sustained virologic response (SVR) in patients who developed TD during treatment when compared with those who did not. METHODS: We performed a tertiary hospital-based retrospective nested case-control analysis of 19 patients treated for hepatitis C who developed thyroid disease, and 76 controls (matched for age, weight, gender, cirrhosis and aminotransferase levels) who did not develop TD during treatment. Multivariate logistic-regression models were used to compare cases and controls. RESULTS: The development of TD was associated with a high likelihood of achieving SVR (odds ratio, 6.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 24.6) for the pooled group containing all genotypes. The likelihood of achieving SVR was increased in individuals with genotype 1 HCV infection who developed TD (odds ratio, 5.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 22.3), and all genotype 3 patients who developed TD achieved SVR. CONCLUSIONS: Development of TD during treatment for hepatitis C infection is associated with a significantly increased chance of achieving SVR. The pathophysiogical mechanisms for this observation remain to be determined. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRB12610000830099.

Development of thyroid diseases in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C with alpha-interferon may be a good prognosticator in achieving a sustained virological response: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Thyroid dysfunction is the most common endocrinopathy associated with hepatitis C and its interferon-based treatment. When undergoing treatment, interferon and ribavirin synergize to potently stimulate the immune system in order to eradicate the virus. One of the innocent bystanders in this accentuated response is the thyroid. The present study investigated whether thyroid dysfunction while undergoing combination treatment for hepatitis C is a favorable prognostic maker for a sustained virological response. METHODS: We carried out a prospective clinical audit in 201 patients treated with combination ribavirin and alpha-interferon and determined the prevalence of sustained virological response in patients in association with thyroid disease. A meta-analysis was also carried out pooling 741 patients from four previous studies on this topic. RESULTS: There was positive and significant association between thyroid disease and viral clearance. This was not supported by the meta-analysis, however, and some plausible explanations are proffered for this inconsistency. CONCLUSION: Despite lacking supportive evidence from the meta-analysis, it is important that this information is confirmed (or refuted) in future studies.

A clinical decision rule to aid ordering of serum and urine protein electrophoresis for case-finding of paraproteins in hospitalized inpatients.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a simple clinical decision rule that could increase the yield of serum and urine protein electrophoresis (SPE/UPE) without loss of sensitivity. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of inpatients with a SPE/UPE performed over a 5-year period (2001-2006) with complete data on electrolytes, globulins, full blood count, creatinine, age, and gender. SETTING: A tertiary-care general teaching hospital serving the Hunter Valley in New South Wales, with a referral population of over 1 million. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 14,374 adult patients admitted between January 2001-November 2006. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Paraprotein on serum and/or urine protein electrophoresis (SPE/UPE). RESULTS: Five points were assigned for globulin > 41 g/l, 3 points for age > or = 60, 2 points for each of hemoglobin < 121 and male gender, and 1 point for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60. Total scores of 0-5, 6-10, and > or = 11 corresponded to positive likelihood ratios of an abnormal SPE/UPE of 1, 2.5, and 6.6, respectively. The predictive ability of this model was strong, with an area under the curve of approximately 0.8. Results in the validation set were almost identical. CONCLUSION: A clinical decision rule using simple clinical variables has the potential to improve the yield of SPE/UPE. This rule however needs to be verified prospectively.

Hepatitis C infection and thyrotoxic periodic paralysis--a novel use of an old drug.

Hypokalaemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis is an enigmatic and uncommon condition which occurs exclusively in males of Asian descent. The underlying causes of thyrotoxicosis may be any of the well-recognized etiologies including a toxic multinodular goiter, Graves' disease or iodine excess. Beside thyrotoxicosis, a number of other hormonal factors have been hypothesized to contribute to hypokalaemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, particularly postprandial hyperinsulinaemia and testosterone. We hereby present a case of a 48-year-old hepatitis C positive gender-assigned man in whom all of these factors are proposed to interact, lending further support to these hypotheses. The patient presented with interferon-induced thyroiditis causing acute generalized weakness whilst undergoing combination interferon-alpha-2beta and ribavirin therapy. As part of his hepatitis C infection, marked insulin resistance with hyperinsulinaemia was also present, exacerbating the paresis. Initial treatment with beta-blocker failed to normalize his serum potassium concentration, requiring the novel use of spironolactone, despite euthyroidism. This continued to be required until his testosterone supplement dissipated.

Inflammation-Nature's Way to Efficiently Respond to All Types of Challenges: Implications for Understanding and Managing "the Epidemic" of Chronic Diseases.

Siloed or singular system approach to disease management is common practice, developing out of traditional medical school education. Textbooks of medicine describe a huge number of discrete diseases, usually in a systematic fashion following headings like etiology, pathology, investigations, differential diagnoses, and management. This approach suggests that the body has a multitude of ways to respond to harmful incidences. However, physiology and systems biology provide evidence that there is a simple mechanism behind this phenotypical variability. Regardless if an injury or change was caused by trauma, infection, non-communicable disease, autoimmune disorders, or stress, the typical physiological response is: an increase in blood supply to the area, an increase in white cells into the affected tissue, an increase in phagocytic activity to remove the offending agent, followed by a down-regulation of these mechanisms resulting in healing. The cascade of inflammation is the body's unique mechanism to maintain its integrity in response to macroscopic as well as microscopic injuries. We hypothesize that chronic disease development and progression are linked to uncontrolled or dysfunctional inflammation to injuries regardless of their nature, physical, environmental, or psychological. Thus, we aim to reframe the prevailing approach of management of individual diseases into a more integrated systemic approach of treating the "person as a whole," enhancing the patient experience, ability to a make necessary changes, and maximize overall health and well-being. The first part of the paper reviews the local immune cascades of pro- and anti-inflammatory regulation and the interconnected feedback loops with neural and psychological pathways. The second part emphasizes one of nature's principles at work-system design and efficiency. Continually overwhelming this finely tuned system will result in systemic inflammation allowing chronic diseases to emerge; the pathways of several common conditions are described in detail. The final part of the paper considers the implications of these understandings for clinical care and explore how this lens could shape the physician-patient encounter and health system redesign. We conclude that healthcare professionals must advocate for an anti-inflammatory lifestyle at the patient level as well as at the local and national levels to enhance population health and well-being.

Diagnostic accuracy of coeliac serological tests: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The best way to test serologically for coeliac disease (CD) remains controversial, with endomysial (EMA), transglutaminase (TTG), and gliadin antibodies (AGA) being assessed in various combinations with no apparent standardization. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether TTG-IgA+/-TTG-IgG could be used as a replacement for endomysial antibodies as a reliable screen for CD in patients presenting to a major Australian tertiary referral hospital for assessment of symptoms consistent with CD. METHODS: Individuals referred for gastroscopic assessment of possible CD were prospectively evaluated by duodenal biopsy assessment. The following diagnostic methods were compared: dual-isotype transglutaminase (TTG-dual), combined-isotype transglutaminase (TTG-IgA+G), TTG-IgA, combined-isotype gliadin antibodies (AGA-IgA+G), AGA-IgA, and endomysial antibody assays. Clinical performance characteristics (sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve for receiver-operating characteristic analysis; AUROC) were assessed for all kits. RESULTS: The correlation between transglutaminase kits was generally good, with the best transglutaminase kit demonstrating high correlation (r=0.86) with endomysial antibodies. A comparison of different types of endomysial antibody assays displayed variable diagnostic performance (sensitivity 61.90-68.42%; specificity 80.00-98.57%; AUROC 0.71-0.83). Sensitivity (90.48-92.31%), specificity (80.77-82.89%) and AUROC values (0.92-0.94) for dual-isotype transglutaminase kits displayed narrow ranges. AGA assays were less sensitive (AGA-IgA: 42.31-46.15%; AGA-IgG: 61.54%) and less specific (AGA-IgA: 85.09-87.73%; AGA-IgG: 82.46-84.09%). Dual-isotype transglutaminase testing was diagnostically equivalent to transglutaminase-IgA (AUROC 0.92 versus 0.91, P=0.33). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that transglutaminase screening (using the IgA+/-IgG isotype) is a sensitive and specific alternative to endomysial antibody testing in the serological assessment of CD. On the basis of our findings, AGA antibody testing no longer appears to be an essential part of the diagnostic strategy for adult CD.

Self-reported Lupus flare: Association with everyday home and personal product exposure.

BACKGROUND: The number of chemicals in household products has driven concern about potential adverse health through their use. Most research concentrates on product chemicals with reproductive and carcinogenic consequences, however some evidence exists that immune effects can lead to exacerbation of autoimmune illnesses such as lupus (SLE). OBJECTIVES: This paper examines household and personal product exposure patterns in a pilot case/control study of female Australians. We also examined associations between common product exposure and SLE symptom exacerbation over a year period. METHODS: We enrolled 41 control and 80 SLE participants aged 18-80 years. Qualitative techniques of structured interview and thematic analysis retrospectively explored patterns of product use, and flare history data of SLE participants. Negative binomial regression models explored associations between self-reported flare (SRF) days and exposure to 34 common home product groups. RESULTS: Mean product counts did not differ between participant groups (mean 33.1: SD 11.8), or flare groups (flare mean 32.6:SD 12, no-flare 31.8:SD 6.6). Products used for personal hygiene and general house cleaning were most frequently used.Significant association with increased SRF day relative risk (IRR) was seen for bath oil use (IRR 1.008, CI 1.00-1.02). Paradoxical "protective" effects, (reduced SRF days) were found for cleansing beauty (IRR 0.999, CI 0.998-0.999), make-up (IRR 0.998, CI 0.997-0.999); adhesives (IRR 0.994, CI 0.991-0.997) and paint (IRR 0.99, CI 0.986-0.995). CONCLUSIONS: Everyday product exposures can impact on symptom exacerbation in SLE. Some offering protection and others increased health risk. Identifying environmental associations offer the possibility of life-style interventions to reduce illness impact.

Antibody and genetic testing in coeliac disease.

The description of a range of antibodies associated with coeliac disease has been an important development in the ability to test for this common and treatable condition non-invasively. However, the detection of these antibodies remains unstandardised and the appreciation of the clinical utility of each is evolving. In view of the advances in the diagnosis and understanding of coeliac disease, we discuss: (1) the relative advantages, disadvantages and comparative diagnostic utility of the different antibody tests including the confounding effect of selective IgA deficiency; (2) various technical aspects of these tests; (3) HLA-DQ typing as a supplementary tool to antibody testing; (4) areas of controversy resulting from insufficient or conflicting published data; and (5) potential testing strategies.

Rectal cancer masquerading as an amoeboma: case report and review of the literature.

Despite the prevalence of amoebiasis in many parts of the world, amoebomas are relatively uncommon. Amoebomas within the colorectum are indistinguishable from carcinomas either macroscopically or by barium enema examination and the presence of both conditions is much rarer still. Herein, we describe such a case and review the possible reasons for their coexistence.

Exploring lifetime occupational exposure and SLE flare: a patient-focussed pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Environmental effectors, such as ultraviolet radiation exposure, infection and stress, have been established as having a role in exacerbating lupus symptoms. However, unpredictable patterns of flare events still remain a mystery. Occupational effectors have also been suggested as having a contributing role; however, they are not widely researched. In this paper we report a pilot study designed to generate focus areas for future research regarding occupational exposures and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: The study explored potential links between exposures and the occurrence of patient-reported flare events in 80 Australian women with SLE (American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria classified). Specifically, the study assessed the hypothesis that occupational exposure is associated with significant changes in the likelihood of lupus flares. Lifetime employment history was analysed with the Finnish Job Exposure Matrix (FINJEM), 40 different semiquantified exposure class estimates for a wide number of occupations based on probability of exposure (p≥5%=exposed) were analysed with the construction of negative binomial regression models to test relationships between occupational agents and flare days. A backward stepwise elimination was used to generate a parsimonious model. RESULTS: Significant associations were noted for exposure classes of manual handling burden, (p=0.02, incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.01), Iron (p=0.00, IRR 1.37), wood dust (p=0.00, IRR 3.34) and asbestos (p=0.03, IRR 2.48). CONCLUSION: Exposure assessment results indicated that occupations, such as nursing, with a high manual handling burden, posed increased risk to patients with SLE, however, the greatest risk was associated with wood dust and iron exposure with teachers and specialist labourers.

Vitamin D Levels Are Associated with Expression of SLE, but Not Flare Frequency.

This study explores links between vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D = 50 nmol/L) and serological autoimmunity (ANA > 1 : 80) and frequency of self-reported flares (SRF) in participants with clinical autoimmunity (SLE). 25(OH)D levels of 121 females were quantified and compared. The cohort consisted of 80 ACR defined SLE patients and 41 age and sex matched controls. Association analysis of log2 (25(OH)D) levels and ANA 80 positivity was undertaken via two-sample t-tests and regression models. Significant differences were found for 25(OH)D levels (mean: control 74 nmol/L (29.5 ng/ml); SLE 58 nmol/L (23.1 ng/ml), P = 0.04), 25(OH)D deficiency (P = 0.02). Regression models indicate that, for a twofold rise in 25(OH)D level, the odds ratio (OR) for ANA-positivity drops to 36% of the baseline OR. No link was found between SRF-days and 25(OH)D levels. Our results support links between vitamin D deficiency and expression of serological autoimmunity and clinical autoimmunity (SLE). However, no demonstrable association between 25(OH)D and SRF was confirmed, suggesting independent influences of other flare-inducing factors. Results indicate that SLE patients have high risk of 25(OH)D deficiency and therefore supplementation with regular monitoring should be considered as part of patient management.

The Lived Experience of Lupus Flares: Features, Triggers, and Management in an Australian Female Cohort.

Individuals living with lupus commonly experience daily backgrounds of symptoms managed to acceptable tolerance levels to prevent organ damage. Despite management, exacerbation periods (flares) still occur. Varied clinical presentations and unpredictable symptom exacerbation patterns provide management and assessment challenges. Patient perceptions of symptoms vary with perceived impact, lifestyles, available support, and self-management capacity. Therefore, to increase our understanding of lupus' health impacts and management, it was important to explore lupus flare characteristics from the patient viewpoint. Lupus flares in 101 Australian female patients were retrospectively explored with the use of a novel flare definition. Qualitative methods were used to explore patient-perceived flare symptoms, triggers, and management strategies adopted to alleviate symptom exacerbations. A mean of 29.9 flare days, with 6.8 discrete flares, was experienced. The study confirmed that patients perceive stress, infection, and UV light as flare triggers and identified new potential triggers of temperature and weather changes, work, and chemical exposure from home cleaning. The majority of flares were self-managed with patients making considered management choices without medical input. Barriers to seeking medical support included appointment timings and past negative experiences reflecting incongruence between clinician and patient views of symptom impact, assessment, and ultimately flare occurrence.

Thyroid disease in chronic hepatitis C infection treated with combination interferon-α and ribavirin: management strategies and future perspective.

OBJECTIVE: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the major epidemics afflicting young people in both developed and developing countries. The most common endocrine disorder associated with this infection, especially in conjunction with interferon-α (IFN-α)-based therapy, is thyroid disease (TD). This review examines the development of TD before, during, and after the completion of treatment with combination IFN-α and ribavirin (RBV) for chronic HCV infection. We also summarize the current understanding of the natural history of the condition and propose management and follow-up guidelines. METHODS: PubMed was searched up to June 30, 2011 for English-language publications that contained the search terms "hepatitis C virus," "chronic hepatitis C," "HCV," "thyroid disease," "thyroiditis," "autoimmunity," "interferon-alpha," and "ribavirin." Additional publications were identified from the reference lists of identified papers. The included studies were original research publications and included combination IFN-α and RBV use in patients that developed TD. RESULTS: The prevalence of TD before combination IFN-α and RBV therapy ranges from 4.6 to 21.3%; during therapy, 1.1 to 21.3%; and after therapy, 6.7 to 21.3%. The most common TD is thyroiditis. Thyroid function testing (TFT) frequency and diagnostic criteria for various thyroid conditions are not standardized, and many of the existing studies are retrospective. CONCLUSION: Patients undergoing this therapy should be assessed with a standardized protocol to appropriately detect and manage developed TD. Based on the currently available literature, we recommend that patients receiving combination interferon-α and RBV therapy undergo monthly thyrotropin (TSH) level testing.

The reduced predictive value of interleukin 28b gene polymorphisms in a cohort of patients with thyroiditis developed during antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C: a preliminary study.

BACKGROUND: Single nucleotide polymorphism in the interleukin28B (IL28B) gene was recently shown to be associated with a significant increase in response to interferon-α and ribavirin treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Similarly, thyroid disease (TD) occurring during treatment confer an improved sustained virologic response (SVR). OBJECTIVES: To determine the role of IL28B genotypes in a cohort of hepatitis C patients who develop TD during treatment and its relationship to SVR. PATIENTS AND METHODS: IL28B gene profiles including rs12979860, rs12980275 and rs 8099917 and their genotypes were determined in a cohort of 23 hepatitis C patients who developed TD during treatment and their relationship to SVR. RESULTS: Out of 23 studies cases, 19 has one or more favorable genotypes, of which 15 (78.9%) achieved SVR. Eleven has all three unfavorable genotypes and yet achieved 72.7 % SVR. The presence of more than one favorable genotype only correctly predicts SVR vs. non- SVR in ~50 % of cases, i.e. by chance. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the small number of subjects, the presence of one or more unfavorable IL28B genotype does not portend a poor SVR prognostic outcome. This suggests that TD in this clinical context may be a critical factor in the achievement of SVR, probably above that of the genetic predisposition.

The natural history of interferon-α induced thyroiditis in chronic hepatitis c patients: a long term study.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune thyroid disease is a common complication of patients with chronic hepatitis C undergoing combination pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin treatment. A small proportion develops interferon-induced thyroiditis of which the long term natural history is unknown and how it compares with de novo thyroiditis. The aim of the study is to determine the natural history of thyroid disease including antibody profile in this particular setting 36 months from the completion of therapy. METHODS: A cohort of 18 hepatitis C patients (mean age 45 ± 8 years (standard deviation)) who developed exclusively thyroiditis in this setting was followed every 12 months after the completion of therapy for 36 months. Investigations included thyrotropin, free tetra-iodothyronine, free tri-iodothyronine levels and thyroid autoantibodies. RESULTS: None of the patients developed any long term thyroid disease. Two patients had a prolonged hypothyroid phase of the thyroiditis early after the completion of treatment but recovered fully. The remaining 16 patients remained euthyroid. Similarly, thyroid autoantibodies all declined and returned to reference range. CONCLUSIONS: The long term natural history in this small series of interferon induced thyroiditis was benign. If a larger series confirms a similar outcome then there is no long term residual effect on thyroid function and follow-up testing would not be warranted.