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OBJECTIVES: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective treatments in mood disorders, mainly in major depressive episode (MDE) in the context of either unipolar (MDD) or bipolar disorder (BD). However, ECT remains a neglected and underused treatment. Older people are at high risk patients for the development of adverse drug reactions. In this context, we sought to determine the duration of MDEs and the number of lines of treatment before the initiation of ECT in patients aged 65 years or over according to the presence or absence of first-line indications for using ECT from international guidelines. METHODS: In this multicenter, retrospective study including patients aged 65 years or over with MDEs in MDD or BD who have been treated with ECT for MDEs, data on the duration of MDEs and the number of lines of treatment received before ECT were collected. The reasons for using ECT, specifically first-line indications (suicidality, urgency, presence of catatonic and psychotic features, previous ECT response, patient preference) were recorded. Statistical comparisons between groups used standard statistical tests. RESULTS: We identified 335 patients. The mean duration of MDEs before ECT was about 9 months. It was significantly shorter in BD than in MDD- about 7 and 10 months, respectively. The co-occurrence of chronic medical disease increased the duration before ECT in the MDD group. The presence of first-line indications for using ECT from guidelines did not reduce the duration of MDEs before ECT, except where there was a previous response to ECT. The first-line indications reduced the number of lines of treatment before starting ECT. CONCLUSION: Even if ECT seems to be a key treatment in the elderly population due to its efficacity and safety for MDEs, the delay before this treatment is still too long.
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Transtorno Bipolar , Transtorno Depressivo Maior , Eletroconvulsoterapia , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Humanos , Eletroconvulsoterapia/métodos , Idoso , Feminino , Masculino , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/terapia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Transtorno Bipolar/terapia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou maisRESUMO
PURPOSE: Peripheral inflammation is frequent in schizophrenia and could play a role in the pathophysiology, prognosis, and persistence of psychotic symptomatology under treatment. We seek to determine the relationship between peripheral inflammation and brain SPECT perfusion in stabilized antipsychotic-treated outpatients with schizophrenia, and to determine whether such perfusion changes are correlated with persistent symptoms. METHODS: Highly sensitive C-reactive protein blood level (hs-CRP) and brain SPECT perfusion were assessed in 137 stabilized outpatients with schizophrenia. Whole-brain voxel-based associations were searched with SPM between SPECT perfusion and hs-CRP (correlation analysis to quantitative levels and between-group analysis according to a threshold of 3 mg/L). The identified clusters were secondarily correlated with clinical symptoms. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, sex, educational level, illness duration, antidepressant use, chlorpromazine equivalent dose, tobacco smoking and obesity, a negative correlation was found between hs-CRP level and the perfusion of 4 brain areas: the right inferior frontal gyrus, the right middle/superior temporal gyrus, the left superior parietal lobe, and the right postcentral/transverse temporal gyrus (p-voxel < 0.001, k > 80, uncorrected). Increased perfusion of the left amygdala was found in patients with hs-CRP ≥ 3 mg/L compared to those with hs-CRP levels < 3 mg/L. A negative correlation was found between perfusion of the right inferior frontal gyrus and the persistence of positive, negative, and excitement symptoms under antipsychotic treatment. CONCLUSION: In stabilized patients with schizophrenia, peripheral inflammation is associated with brain perfusion changes that are correlated with the persistence of psychotic symptomatology.
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Esquizofrenia , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Inflamação/complicações , Inflamação/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Perfusão , Esquizofrenia/complicações , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico por imagem , Esquizofrenia/tratamento farmacológico , Tomografia Computadorizada de Emissão de Fóton ÚnicoRESUMO
A consensus has yet to emerge whether deep brain stimulation (DBS) for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can be considered an established therapy. In 2014, the World Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery (WSSFN) published consensus guidelines stating that a therapy becomes established when "at least two blinded randomized controlled clinical trials from two different groups of researchers are published, both reporting an acceptable risk-benefit ratio, at least comparable with other existing therapies. The clinical trials should be on the same brain area for the same psychiatric indication." The authors have now compiled the available evidence to make a clear statement on whether DBS for OCD is established therapy. Two blinded randomized controlled trials have been published, one with level I evidence (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) score improved 37% during stimulation on), the other with level II evidence (25% improvement). A clinical cohort study (N = 70) showed 40% Y-BOCS score improvement during DBS, and a prospective international multi-center study 42% improvement (N = 30). The WSSFN states that electrical stimulation for otherwise treatment refractory OCD using a multipolar electrode implanted in the ventral anterior capsule region (including bed nucleus of stria terminalis and nucleus accumbens) remains investigational. It represents an emerging, but not yet established therapy. A multidisciplinary team involving psychiatrists and neurosurgeons is a prerequisite for such therapy, and the future of surgical treatment of psychiatric patients remains in the realm of the psychiatrist.
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Estimulação Encefálica Profunda , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/terapia , Humanos , Estudos Multicêntricos como Assunto , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/psicologia , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/cirurgia , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: As almost all mental disorders are associated with increased suicidal-related behavior, anhedonia might be a trans-diagnostic dimension to target for suicide prevention. METHODS: For this 3-year-long prospective study, 2,839 outpatients with mood disorders were recruited. They were divided in: (a) two groups according to the occurrence or not of suicidal ideation during the follow-up, and (b) two groups according to the occurrence or not of suicide attempts during the follow-up. Anhedonia was assessed using a composite score (the French version of the 14-item Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale and item 13 of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology scale) at inclusion and at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after inclusion. RESULTS: Patients with mood disorders and anhedonia at least at one follow-up visit had a 1.4-fold higher risk of suicidal ideation (adjusted odds ratio = 1.35; 95% confidence interval [1.07, 1.70]), even after adjustment for confounding factors of suicide risk (i.e., bipolar or unipolar disorder, sex, age, marital status, education level, antidepressant intake, personal history of suicide attempt, at least one childhood trauma, and mean of the maximum depression score during the follow-up). Conversely, association between anhedonia and suicide attempt did not remain significant after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: The significant association between anhedonia and suicide ideation in patients with mood disorders stresses the need of targeting hedonia in mood disorders, and of research focusing on the position to pleasure in life through eudaimonia.
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Anedonia , Ideação Suicida , Humanos , Transtornos do Humor/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Tentativa de SuicídioRESUMO
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a potential treatment option for depression, with the newer intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) protocols providing brief intervention. However, their mechanism of action remains unclear. We investigated the hypothesis that iTBS influences brain circuits involved in emotion processing that are also affected by antidepressants. We predicted that iTBS would lead to changes in performance on emotion-processing tasks. We investigated the effects of intermittent TBS (iTBS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on the processing of emotional information (word recall and categorization, facial emotion recognition, and decision-making) in 28 healthy volunteers by contrasting these effects with those of sham stimulation. Each volunteer received iTBS and sham stimulation in a blinded crossover design and completed the emotion-processing tasks before and after stimulation. Compared to sham stimulation, iTBS increased positive affective processing for word recall, yet had an unexpected effect on facial emotion recognition for happy and sad faces. There was no evidence of an effect on decision-making or word categorization. We found support for our hypothesis that iTBS influences emotion processing, though some changes were not in the expected direction. These findings suggest a possible common mechanism of action between iTBS and antidepressants, and a complex neural circuitry involved in emotion processing that could potentially be tapped into via brain stimulation. Future research should investigate the neural correlates of emotion processing more closely to inform future iTBS protocols.
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Ritmo Teta , Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana , Estudos Cross-Over , Método Duplo-Cego , Emoções , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Córtex Pré-FrontalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Childhood maltreatment is associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). It not only increases the risk of lifetime MDD, but it also aggravates its course. Among depressed patients, 20-30% of them experience treatment-resistance depression (TRD). We aimed to assess the association between childhood maltreatment, severity of depression in a unipolar TRD sample, and patient outcomes after one-year of follow-up. METHODS: Patients were recruited for a prospective cohort from the French network of TRD expert centers. Depressive symptom severity was assessed with the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology self-report (QIDS-SR). Childhood maltreatment was evaluated with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). RESULTS: In total, 256 patients filled in the CTQ at baseline between 2012 and 2019. At baseline, the MADRS score was associated with CTQ score (ß = .185; p = .004). QIDS was also associated with CTQ scores (ß = .27; p < .001). Regarding the different subtypes of childhood maltreatment, MADRS was associated with physical (ß = .21; p = .005) and sexual abuse (ß = .22; p = .002), while QIDS with physical abuse (ß = .304; p < .001) and physical neglect (ß = .254; p < .001). However, we did not find any significant association focusing on the other types of traumas. During a 1-year follow-up focusing on remission, CTQ scores (baseline) were less important in remittent patients [n = 38; CTQ score = 39.26 (9.68)] than in nonremittent ones [n = 92; CTQ score = 46.02 (17.53)] (p = .027). There was no significant difference among remitters and nonremitters based on trauma subtypes. At baseline, CTQ scores had a significant influence on remission at 1 year (χ2 (1) = 5.57; p < .05). We lost this influence adding MADRS scores at baseline in the model (p = .063). CONCLUSION: We highlighted a significant association between the severity of depressive disorders and childhood maltreatment in the TRD population. Information about a history of childhood maltreatment helps in identifying individuals who could be less likely to go into remission after treatment.
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Maus-Tratos Infantis , Transtorno Depressivo Maior , Criança , Depressão , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/epidemiologia , Seguimentos , Humanos , Pacientes Ambulatoriais , Estudos Prospectivos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE:: This study aimed to evaluate the validity of the Evaluation of Cognitive Processes involved in Disability in Schizophrenia scale (ECPDS) to discriminate for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. DESIGN:: This multicentre cross-sectional study used a validation design with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. SETTINGS:: The study was undertaken in a French network of seven outward referral centres. SUBJECTS:: We recruited individuals with clinically stable schizophrenia diagnosed based on the Structured Clinical Interview for assessing Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., rev.; DSM-IV-R) criteria. MAIN MEASURES:: The index test for cognitive impairment was ECPDS (independent variable), a 13-item scale completed by a relative of the participant. The reference standard was a standardized test battery that evaluated seven cognitive domains. Cognitive impairment was the dependent variable and was defined as an average z-score more than 1 SD below the normative mean in two or more cognitive domains. RESULTS:: Overall, 97 patients were included (67 with schizophrenia, 28 with schizoaffective disorder, and 2 with schizophreniform disorder). The mean age was 30.2 (SD 7.7) years, and there were 75 men (77.3%). There were 59 (60.8%) patients with cognitive impairment on the neuropsychological battery, and the mean ECPDS score was 27.3 (SD 7.3). The ROC curve analysis showed that the optimal ECPDS cut-off was 29.5. The area under the curve was 0.77, with 76.3% specificity and 71.1% sensitivity to discriminate against cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION:: The ECPDS is a valid triage tool for detecting cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, before using an extensive neuropsychological battery, and holds promise for use in everyday clinical practice.
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Disfunção Cognitiva/diagnóstico , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatologia , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Adulto , Idoso , Disfunção Cognitiva/etiologia , Estudos Transversais , Avaliação da Deficiência , Feminino , França , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Esquizofrenia/complicações , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
PURPOSE: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive and safe alternative to electroconvulsive therapy for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). After rTMS, changes in brain SPECT perfusion have been remotely identified within medial temporal limbic areas, while no local effects have been found within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)-i.e. under the coil. Functional changes in connectivity may underlie these remote effects. Interestingly, functional connectivity has been recently investigated using perfusion SPECT, and abnormalities identified in TRD patients. The aim of the present study is to evaluate perfusion and connectivity SPECT changes in TRD patients after rTMS of the left DLPFC. We hypothesize that changes in DLPFC networks may explain remote hypoperfusions found after rTMS. METHODS: Fifty-eight TRD patients underwent a brain SPECT before and after high-frequency rTMS of the left DLPFC. Whole-brain voxel-based changes in perfusion were evaluated with SPM8, and inter-regional correlation analysis performed to study left DLPFC functional connectivity (p < 0.005, corrected for cluster volume). RESULTS: After rTMS, patients were significantly improved on Beck Depression Inventory score (p < 0.0001). Considering a 50% reduction threshold, 27 patients were identified as responders (47%). After rTMS, perfusion changes were not found locally within the left DLPFC, but remotely within the bilateral temporal lobes, including limbic areas. Inter-regional correlation SPECT analysis brings out a decrease of connectivity between the left DLPFC and both the cingulate/medial frontal cortex and bilateral medial temporal limbic areas, in relation with the clinical response. CONCLUSIONS: rTMS of DLPFC in TRD patients leads to remote temporal hypoperfusions in relation with changes in functional connectivity between the DLPFC and the default mode network, especially including medial temporal limbic areas.
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Transtorno Depressivo Resistente a Tratamento/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtorno Depressivo Resistente a Tratamento/terapia , Rede Nervosa/diagnóstico por imagem , Imagem de Perfusão , Córtex Pré-Frontal/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada de Emissão de Fóton Único , Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana , Transtorno Depressivo Resistente a Tratamento/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Rede Nervosa/fisiopatologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiopatologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: New determinants of quality of life in schizophrenia need to be identified. As sensory gating deficit is core impairment in schizophrenia, the present study hypothesized that sensory gating deficit is a determinant of impaired quality of life in schizophrenia. This study therefore investigated the relationship between sensory gating deficit and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia after adjusting for key confounding factors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Sensory gating was assessed with the auditory event-related potential method by measuring P50 amplitude changes in a double-click conditioning-testing procedure, perceptual impairments related to sensory gating deficit was assessed with the SGI questionnaire and quality of life was assessed with the SQoL 18 questionnaire in 39 patients with schizophrenia. RESULTS: Patients with sensory gating deficit (n=14) had a lower subjective quality of life on the psychological well-being dimension evaluated with SQoL 18 questionnaire (p=0.008) compared to those without it (n=25). This result remained significant (B=-0.45, Wald=4.84, p=0.02) after taking into account 7 potential confounding factors (gender, age, level of education, duration of disorder, positive symptoms, depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms). Poorer psychological well-being was related to a higher score on the SGI (rho=-0.40, p=0.01), in particular on the Distractibility dimension (rho=-0.47, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that sensory gating deficit may be a determinant of impaired quality of life in schizophrenia. Further studies are needed to address the causal relationship between sensory gating deficit, perceptual impairments, attentional deficit and impaired quality of life in schizophrenia in order to act more efficiently on the quality of life of patients with this disorder.
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Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Filtro Sensorial , Adulto , Doença Crônica , Potenciais Evocados Auditivos/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatologia , Filtro Sensorial/fisiologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of second-generation antipsychotics (clozapine or another second-generation antipsychotic) on perceptual abnormalities related to sensory gating deficit. Although clozapine is known to improve sensory gating assessed neurophysiologically, we hypothesized that patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine would report less perceptual abnormalities related to sensory gating deficit than patients treated with other second-generation antipsychotics do. Forty patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were investigated (10 patients treated with clozapine and 30 patients treated with another second-generation antipsychotic drug). Perceptual abnormalities were assessed with the Sensory Gating Inventory. Sensory gating was assessed through electroencephalogram with the auditory event-related potential method by measuring P50 amplitude changes in a dual click conditioning-testing procedure. Patients treated with clozapine present normal sensory gating and report less perceptual abnormalities related to sensory gating than patients treated with other second-generation antipsychotics do. Although the cross-sectional design of this study is limited because causal inferences cannot be clearly concluded, the present study suggests clinical and neurophysiological advantages of clozapine compared with other second-generation antipsychotics and provides a basis for future investigations on the effect of this treatment on perceptual abnormalities related to sensory gating deficit in patients with schizophrenia.
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Antipsicóticos/uso terapêutico , Clozapina/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Cognitivos/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Cognitivos/psicologia , Esquizofrenia/tratamento farmacológico , Filtro Sensorial/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Percepção/efeitos dos fármacos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Psicologia do EsquizofrênicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Science is beginning to establish the benefits of the use of virtual reality (VR) in health care. This therapeutic approach may be an appropriate complementary treatment for some mental illnesses. It could prevent high levels of morbidity and improve the physical health of patients. For many years, the literature has shown the health benefits of physical exercise. Physical exercise in a VR environment may improve the management of mild to moderate mental health conditions. In this context, we developed a virtual environment combined with an ergocycle (the augmented physical training for isolated and confined environments [APTICE] system). OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the impact of physical exercise in a VR environment. METHODS: A total of 14 healthy participants (11 men and 3 women; mean age 43.28, SD 10.60 years) undertook 15 minutes of immersive physical exercise using the system. Measures included mindfulness and immersion disposition, subjective perceptions of sensory information, user experience, and VR experience (ie, psychological state, flow, and presence). RESULTS: First, the APTICE system appears to be a useful tool because the user experience is positive (subscales in the AttrakDiff questionnaire: pragmatic quality=0.99; hedonic quality-stimulation=1.90; hedonic quality-identification=0.67; attractiveness=1.58). Second, the system can induce a positive psychological state (negative emotion, P=.06) and an experience of flow and presence (P values ranging from <.001 to .04). Third, individual immersive and mindful disposition plays a role in the VR experience (P values ranging from <.02 to .04). Finally, our findings suggest that there is a link between the subjective perception of sensory information and the VR experience (P values ranging from <.02 to .04). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the device is well accepted with positive psychological and exteroceptive outcomes. Overall, the APTICE system could be a proof of concept to explore the benefits of virtual physical exercise in clinical medicine.
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Background: Anterior capsulotomy is one of the therapeutic options for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Safety and efficacy of Gamma Knife Capsulotomy (GKC) have been demonstrated in the past. Objective: To characterize changes induced by GKC using a fixel-based analysis (FBA) and possible predictors of efficacy. Methods: Patients with OCD refractory to other therapies underwent bilateral GKC with 120 Gy as a maximum dose on the anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC). The clinical outcome was percent reduction in Yale- Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). White Matter changes were analyzed using fixel-based analysis (FBA) for fibre density (FD), fibre-bundle cross-section (FC) and the combination of the two (FDC). Results: Seven patients underwent GKC. Median follow-up was 13 months (range 12-58 months). Mean (±SD) decrease in Y-BOCS score at last follow-up was 61 % ± 35 % with five patients considered as responders. FBA showed a symmetric FD reduction in the ALIC with extension to the anterior fronto-thalamic radiation; a reduction of FC along the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) in both hemispheres with a predominance in the left one. Reductions in FDC were detected predominantly in the right hemisphere, with a similar pattern to FD reductions and associated with a positive correlation (p < 0.05) between Y-BOCS reduction and fibres passing in the ventral part. Conclusions: GKC is safe and efficient in reducing OCD severity in selected patients. Changes induced in white matter by GKC extend over the ALIC. Reduction of fibres passing the ventral part of the right sided ALIC correlates with better results.
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INTRODUCTION: Suicide is a major health issue. Its prevalence is particularly high in subjects presenting major depression disorder (MDD), making this a key suicide-related risk factor. Suicide attempts in severe forms of MDD were assumed to be linked to impulsivity and loss of control. Nevertheless, we failed to find data specifically investigating the link between impulsivity and suicide risk in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). This study seeks to review this relationship. METHOD: Patients were recruited for a prospective cohort. Suicide risk and impulsivity were assessed using the International Neuropsychiatric Interview and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Version 10, respectively, while the severity of depressive symptoms was assessed using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, anxiety with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and childhood maltreatment using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. RESULTS: 220 TRD patients were enrolled in the study. The impulsivity score was correlated with self-esteem, marital status, professional status and anxiety. There was no direct link to suicide risk. However, impulsivity was associated with self-esteem (coefficient: -0.24; p value 0.043) and depressive symptom severity (coefficient: 0.; p value 0.045). The suicide risk was significantly correlated with depressive symptom severity (coefficient = 0.38, p < 0.001) and self-esteem (coefficient = -0.34, p = 0.01). Considering these correlations, we postulated that the effect of impulsivity on suicide risk could be mediated by self-esteem in terms of depressive symptom severity and we finally found a relevant mediation model within impulsivity having an indirect effect on suicide risk by impacting self-esteem and depressive symptoms with anxiety also playing a significant role as a covariable. CONCLUSION: We found that impulsivity could play an indirect role with the involvement of self-esteem and depressive symptoms and the contributing role of anxiety.
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Depressão , Tentativa de Suicídio , Humanos , Depressão/epidemiologia , Depressão/psicologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Tentativa de Suicídio/psicologia , Comportamento ImpulsivoRESUMO
Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe and frequent affection that is highly comorbid to major depressive disorder. Comorbid PTSD and depression are usually treatment-resistant, with a high risk of functional impairment and suicide. Esketamine nasal spray is a recent validated treatment for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), but its efficacy on comorbid TRD-PTSD remains insufficiently documented. In particular, flashbacks can occur during esketamine administration and their influence on clinical outcomes is unknown. Objectives: Our main objective was to describe esketamine-induced traumatic flashbacks and their impact on clinical trajectories within a sample of patients with comorbid TRD-PTSD. Methods: We retrospectively collected clinical data of patients receiving esketamine nasal spray for TRD with comorbid PTSD who experienced at least one flashback of their trauma during esketamine sessions across 11 psychiatric departments. Results: Between February 2020 and March 2023, 22 adult patients with TRD met inclusion criteria. In sixteen patients (72.7%) flashbacks disappeared as the sessions progressed. In six patients (27.3%), esketamine treatment was stopped because of persistent flashbacks. When esketamine was continued, clinical response was observed both for depression and PTSD (depression response rate: 45.5% and remission rate: 22.7%; PTSD response rate: 45.5% and remission: 18.2%). Limitations: The retrospective design of the study and the absence of a comparator group are the main limitations of our study. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the occurrence of esketamine-induced traumatic flashbacks does not hinder clinical response. On the contrary, when managed appropriately and combined with targeted psychotherapy, it could even contribute to positive outcomes.
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a functional remission threshold for the Functional Remission Of General Schizophrenia (FROGS) scale, and test its validity regarding clinical and quality of life outcomes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Schizophrenia according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. DATA COLLECTION: Functioning was assessed using the FROGS and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scales; psychotic symptoms using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; memory, attention, and executive functions were assessed using the California Verbal Learning Test, the D2 attention task, the Stroop color-word test, the verbal fluency test, the Trail Making Test A and B and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; and quality of life using the schizophrenia quality of life (S-QoL 18) scale. ANALYSIS: A logistic regression analysis including the different dimensions of the FROGS was used to create a composite score to classify patients into remitted and non-remitted according a gold standard (cut-off: GAF>= 61). Receiver operating characteristics analyses were then performed to determine the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: Of 137 patients enrolled, 26 were functionally remitted and 111 were not remitted according to GAF score. The AUC for the combination of the FROGS's dimensions to detect functional remission was 0.903 (p<0.001). Sensitivity and specificity for the combination of the FROGS dimensions using the Youden index were 88.5 [69.8; 97.6] and 81.1 [72.5; 87.9], respectively. Validity of this combination was satisfactory. Patients in functional remission had a lower severity of the disease, especially for PANSS negative (p<0.001) and general psychopathology (p<0.001) symptoms. Only two cognitive functions (i.e. fluency and episodic memory) were improved in remitted patients. Higher quality of life levels were globally associated with better functioning. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide for first accurate FROGS thresholds to detect functional remission in schizophrenia.
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Qualidade de Vida , Esquizofrenia/terapia , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Atividades Cotidianas , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Função Executiva , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Psicometria , Indução de Remissão , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We report a focal morphofunctional brain impairment within the left temporopolar cortex in a patient with a posttraumatic hypersomnia. This case may contribute to better understanding the possible pathophysiological mechanism for posttraumatic hypersomnia.
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Transtornos Intrínsecos do Sono/fisiopatologia , Lobo Temporal/patologia , Lobo Temporal/fisiopatologia , Lesões Encefálicas/complicações , Córtex Entorrinal , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Fluxo Sanguíneo Regional , Sono/fisiologia , Transtornos Intrínsecos do Sono/etiologia , Lobo Temporal/irrigação sanguínea , Tomografia Computadorizada de Emissão de Fóton Único , Adulto JovemRESUMO
About 30% of patients with major depressive disorder have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Recently, intranasal esketamine was approved as a treatment option after the failure of two antidepressant trials. We report a patient with multiresistant depression that was successfully and safely treated with esketamine nasal spray. This 31-year-old inpatient with severe, chronic, and multi-TRD received an acute course of intranasal esketamine (84â mg). Previously, 14 different antidepressants, alone or in potentiation, and several neurostimulation techniques had been unsuccessful. Over 20 bi-weekly sessions, she had no significant adverse effects and was stabilized into remission. During the maintenance phase and 1â year after, she continues to be stable. This case report provides an example of a patient with severe TRD that showed significant improvement after treatment with intranasal esketamine.
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BACKGROUND: Benzodiazepine long-term use (BLTU) is a public health challenge. We lack data on the consequences of LBTU on the trajectory of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of BLTU in a nationwide non-selected population of patients with TRD, to determine the rate of patients succeeding at withdrawing benzodiazepines at one year and to determine if persistent BLTU is associated with poorer mental health outcomes. METHOD: The FACE-TRD cohort is a national cohort of TRD patients recruited in 13 resistant depression expert centers between 2014 and 2021 and followed-up at one year. A standardized one-day long comprehensive battery was carried out, including trained-clinician and patient-reported outcomes, and patients were reevaluated at one year. RESULTS: At baseline, 45.2% of the patients were classified in the BLTU group. In multivariate analysis, compared to patients without BLTU, patients with BLTU were more frequently classified in the "low physical activity" group (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.885, p = 0.036), and had higher primary healthcare consumption (B = 0.158, p = 0.031) independently of age, sex and antipsychotic consumption. We found no significant difference for personality traits, suicidal ideation, impulsivity, childhood trauma exposure, earlier age at first major depressive episode, anxiety and sleep disorders (all p > 0.05). Despite recommendations for withdrawal, <5% of BLTU patients withdraw benzodiazepines during the one-year follow-up. Persistent BLTU at one-year was associated with higher depression severity (B = 0.189, p = 0.029), higher clinical global severity (B = 0.210, p = 0.016), higher state-anxiety (B = 0.266, p = 0.003), impaired sleep quality (B = 0.249, p = 0.008), increased peripheral inflammation (B = 0.241, p = 0.027), lower functioning level (B = -0.240, p = 0.006), decreased processing speed (B = -0.195, p = 0.020) and verbal episodic memory (B = -0.178, p = 0.048), higher absenteeism and productivity loss (B = 0.595, p = 0.016) and lower subjective global health status (B = -0.198, p = 0.028). CONCLUSION: Benzodiazepines are over-prescribed in TRD (in almost a half of the patients). Despite recommendations for withdrawal and psychiatric follow-up, <5% of patients successfully stopped taking benzodiazepines at one-year. Maintaining BLTU may contribute to the worsening of clinical and cognitive symptoms and of daily functioning in TRD patients. Progressive and planed withdrawal of benzodiazepines seems therefore strongly recommended in TRD patients with BLTU. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological alternatives should be promoted when possible.