Gender differences in bullying among internal medicine residents.

PURPOSE: To describe gender differences in experienced types of bullying, and resulting personal consequences, among internal medicine (IM) residents. METHODS: Participants in this cross-sectional study included 21 212 IM trainees who completed a voluntary survey with their 2016 in-training exam that assessed bullying during residency training. The 2875 (13.6% of) trainees who reported experiencing bullying on a screening question were asked for additional details about types of bullying experienced and resulting personal consequences. RESULTS: Female and male trainees experienced bullying at similar rates (47% versus 53%, P = .08). Gender differences were seen in both the type of bullying experienced and the resulting personal consequences. Female trainees were more likely than their male counterparts to report bullying characterized as verbal (83% versus 77%, P < .001) and sexual (5% versus 2%, P < .001), whereas male trainees were more likely to experience physical (6% versus 4%, P = .03) and "other" bullying types (27% versus 22%, P < .001). Female trainees were more likely to report negative personal consequences than male trainees, and the most common resultant sequela reported was feeling burned out (63% versus 51%, P < .001). CONCLUSION: Gender differences exist in both the types and consequences of bullying experienced among this national sample of IM residents. These results should be considered by programs and institutions that are hoping to optimize the culture of their workplace and enhance safety in the learning environment.

Luchadoras Pensadoras: Reframing the development outcomes of Latina high school wrestlers.

Many necessary developmental assets and competencies can be accrued through the participation of sport that aid in the holistic healthy development of adolescent girls; however, much research in this area has focused on adolescent girls as a monolithic group, disregarding the specific outcomes of sport for girls of color. Through analysis of semistructured interviews of 31 Latina high school wrestlers, we identified various developmental outcomes associated with their sport involvement. We apply a new epistemological approach to positive youth development within the context of sports development through the usage of extensive narratives of two of the girls. This study explores adolescent Latinas' involvement in high school wrestling, a sport that is widely male dominated yet rising in popularity.

Patient satisfaction and informed consent for surgery.

BACKGROUND: Informed consent is a process that necessitates time and effort. Underlying this investment is the belief that informing patients about the surgery promotes patient satisfaction with the decision for surgery and potentially satisfaction more broadly. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to investigate the extent to which preoperative satisfaction with a decision to pursue surgery is associated with understanding after an informed consent discussion. STUDY DESIGN: We performed an observational study of adult women seeking surgical treatment for pelvic floor disorders. Study participants were recruited after routine preoperative counseling by board-certified or board-eligible urogynecologists. In our practice, the preoperative informed consent process typically includes a discussion of the indications, risks, benefits, alternatives, and chance of success of the procedures. Participants completed a 35 question survey preoperatively at one setting. The primary outcome, satisfaction with decision, was measured with a validated 6 item Satisfaction with Decision Scale-Pelvic Floor Disorder. Participants were classified as highly satisfied if they indicated the highest level of satisfaction for all items. The primary exposure was patient knowledge of the planned surgery, measured using a newly adapted 20 item Informed Consent Questionnaire including 15 yes/no questions and 5 free-text questions. Additionally, the survey included a validated 3 item tool for health literacy, a single-item anxiety measure, and demographic data. Analyses were performed with a χ2 test, a Student t test, and a multivariable logistic regression using the binary outcome variable, highly satisfied or not highly satisfied. RESULTS: A total of 150 participants were enrolled, with a mean age of 57.5 years. The majority were non-Hispanic (97.3%) or white (87.3%), with at least some college education (51.0%). The median number of days between the informed consent discussion and the survey was 35. The mean total Satisfaction with Decision score was 27.9 (SD, 2.6; range, 19-30), indicating overall high satisfaction with the decision. A patient's preoperative satisfaction with her decision was strongly associated with increased knowledge of the planned surgery, as measured on the Informed Consent Questionnaire (P = .003). The mean score for the highly satisfied group was 17.8 (n = 70; SD, 3.6; range, 6-20) and for the not highly satisfied group was 16.1 (n = 77; SD, 2.8; range, 9-20). There were no significant differences between the highly satisfied and not highly satisfied groups with respect to age, race, education level, anxiety score, or health literacy. The odds of being highly satisfied increased for every 1 point increase in the Informed Consent Questionnaire score (odds ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.32; P = .003). The association between decisional satisfaction and knowledge persisted after controlling for demographic and clinical variables including education level, health literacy, race/ethnicity, age, surgeon years since completing fellowship, diagnosis, surgery category, number of visits in the past 6 months, and number of days between informed consent discussion and survey. CONCLUSION: This study found that patient knowledge and understanding of surgery are important components of a patient's satisfaction with her decision to proceed with pelvic floor surgery. By measuring patient understanding after informed consent discussions, clinicians may be able to better manage preoperative expectations, increase patient satisfaction, and improve the informed consent process.

Burned Out at the Bedside: Patient Perceptions of Physician Burnout in an Internal Medicine Resident Continuity Clinic.

BACKGROUND: Burnout is high among resident physicians and may be associated with suboptimal patient care and reduced empathy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between patient perceptions of empathy and enablement and physician burnout in internal medicine residents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, survey-based observational study between December 2012 and March 2013 in a resident continuity clinic located within a large urban academic primary care practice in Baltimore, Maryland. PARTICIPANTS: Study participants were 44 PGY1-3 residents and a convenience sample of their English-speaking adult primary care patients (N = 244). MAIN MEASURES: Patients rated their resident physicians using the Consultation and Relational Empathy Measure (CARE) and the Patient Enablement Instrument (PEI). Residents completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). We tested for associations between resident burnout and patients' perceptions of resident empathy (CARE) and enablement (PEI) using multilevel regression analysis. KEY RESULTS: Multilevel regression analyses indicated significant positive associations between physician depersonalization scores on the MBI and patient ratings of empathy (B = 0.28, SE = 0.17, p < 0.001) and enablement (B = 0.11, SE = 0.11, p = 0.02). Emotional exhaustion scores on the MBI were not significantly related to either patient outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Patients perceived residents who reported higher levels of depersonalization as more empathic and enabling during their patient care encounters. The relationship between physician distress and patient perceptions of care has important implications for medical education and requires further study.

The Lay Health Educator Program: Evaluating the Impact of this Community Health Initiative on the Medical Education of Resident Physicians.

Resident physicians receive little training designed to help them develop an understanding of the health literacy and health concerns of laypersons. The purpose of this study was to assess whether residents improve their understanding of health concerns of community members after participating in the Lay Health Educator Program, a health education program provided through a medical-religious community partnership. The impact was evaluated via pre-post surveys and open-ended responses. There was a statistically significant change in the residents' (n = 15) understanding of what the public values as important with respect to specific healthcare topics. Findings suggest participation in a brief, formal community engagement activity improved medical residents' confidence with community health education.

Appraising the practice of etiquette-based medicine in the inpatient setting.

BACKGROUND: The physician-patient relationship is at the heart of patient care. Dr. Michael Kahn proposed a checklist of six behaviors, defining "etiquette-based medicine", as a strategy to start each encounter respectfully and improve patient-physician rapport. OBJECTIVE: To assess performance of "etiquette-based medicine" in the inpatient setting. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional observational study using time-motion techniques between May and July, 2009. Eight hospitalists were randomly selected at each of three hospitals in the Greater Baltimore area. Each time the physician entered a patient's room, a single observer recorded whether the "etiquette-based medicine" behaviors were performed: (1) knocking or asking to enter the patient's room, (2) introducing oneself, (3) shaking the patient's hand, (4) sitting down in the patient's room, (5) explaining one's role in the patient's care, and (6) asking about the patient's feelings regarding his or her hospitalization or illness. MEASUREMENTS: The frequency with which physicians performed the six behaviors, predictors of behavior performance, and Press-Ganey performance scores. The etiquette-based medicine (EtBM) score was defined and calculated by dividing the number of observed behaviors by the number expected. RESULTS: The 24 observed hospitalists collectively saw 226 unique patients. No individual behavior was performed with a majority of patients, and, with 30 % of the patients, none of the behaviors were performed. The average EtBM score for the physicians was 22.3 % (SD 10.9 %). Physicians who spent more time with patients were more likely to perform behaviors. Sitting down (p=0.026) and EtBM scores (p=0.019) were associated with physician-specific Press-Ganey ratings. LIMITATIONS: Cross-sectional design does not allow for determination of causality. CONCLUSIONS: "Etiquette-based medicine" was infrequently practiced by this sample of hospitalist physicians. Improving performance of etiquette-based medicine may improve patient satisfaction.

Receptivity to weight management interventions among hospitalized obese patients: an untapped opportunity.

OBJECTIVES: Hospitalized obese patients rarely receive counseling about weight loss. Specific patient preferences regarding inpatient weight loss interventions have not been systematically investigated. The objective of the study was to describe the preferences of hospitalized obese patients for weight loss interventions and to identify predictors of receptivity to such offerings. METHODS: A total of 204 individuals with a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m (mean BMI 38.1 kg/m) admitted to the hospital medicine service in spring 2011 were surveyed at bedside for this cross-sectional study. The study population was predominantly white (67%) and women (62%), and their mean age was 55 years. RESULTS: Although 82% expressed a desire for providers to discuss weight loss during hospitalization, nearly all (92%) of the patients reported that providers did not address this subject. Logistic regression analysis tested demographic variables and obesity-related health beliefs as predictors of receptivity to inpatient weight loss interventions. The recognition of their own obesity and belief that weight loss would prolong life were significantly associated with receptivity to specific interventions, over and above objectively measured BMI in adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS: Receptivity to inpatient weight loss interventions varies considerably among hospitalized obese patients. The most important determinants that predict the level of receptivity were related to weight-related beliefs and perceptions. Future inpatient weight loss interventions could be targeted to patients with truthful health beliefs and perceptions about obesity.

Neighborhood contexts and the mediating role of neighborhood social cohesion on health and psychological distress among Hispanic and non-Hispanic residents.

BACKGROUND: Neighborhood social cohesion (NSC) may contribute to understanding how neighborhood contexts influence the physical and mental health of residents. PURPOSE: We examined the relation of NSC to self-rated mental and physical health and evaluated the mediating role of NSC on relations between neighborhood socioeconomic status, ethnic composition, and health. METHODS: A sample of 3,098 Hispanic and non-Hispanic residents within 597 census tracts in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona rated their health, psychological distress, and their perceptions of NSC. Census tract estimates provided neighborhood contextual measures. RESULTS: Neighborhood social cohesion was significantly related to better physical and mental health. Both individually rated NSC and neighborhood-level NSC mediated relations between neighborhood contexts and health outcomes. Substantive findings were consistent across Hispanic and non-Hispanic residents. CONCLUSIONS: The findings have implications for improving ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in physical and mental health through attention to social cohesion among neighborhood residents.

Resident reflections on resident-patient communication during family medicine clinic visits.

OBJECTIVE: Residency programs emphasize effective doctor and patient interaction. However, training can be time intensive and logistically challenging. This paper examines a blog providing resident peer feedback and an opportunity to explore how residents think about patient communication. METHODS: A grounded theory approach examined peer commenting on doctor patient interactions. Between 2012-2015, at a U.S. East Coast Family Medicine Clinic, 35 family medicine residents were recorded interacting with patients, producing a total of 84 videos which were posted to a blog. Residents reflected on these videos resulting in 356 responses, 3162 meaning units and 211 codes. Codes were grouped into 10 themes. Further analysis explored how residents signaled positive and negative doctor communications-related behavior. RESULTS: Most common themes identified were Rapport/Relationship building skills, Negotiating the appointment, and Peer interaction. Most common themes discussed in light of both positive and negative behavior were Education, Use of technology, and Negotiating the appointment. CONCLUSIONS: Residents view their communication with patients as more of a transmission of critical information than an opportunity for dialogue. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Findings support how online tools can be used for resident reflections. These tools can reveal resident perceptions of salient communication information in a clinical encounter.

Effect of influenza vaccine on tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) in older adults.

Influenza immunization is recommended for older adults annually, and has been reported to have cardiovascular protective effects. TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), an inflammatory mediator implicated in the development of cardiovascular diseases, could be a mechanism for such effect. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of influenza vaccine on TWEAK levels. Older persons over 70 years of age were recruited during 2007-2008 influenza season and immunized with the standard dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. Frailty was evaluated using a validated set of criteria. Sera were collected immediately before and during the 4th week after vaccination. Pre- and post-vaccination levels of TWEAK, soluble CD163 (sCD163) and strain-specific influenza antibody titers were measured in 69 participants. Multiple regression analyses were employed to examine the effect of influenza vaccine on TWEAK and sCD163, adjusting for age, sex, and hypertension. Post-vaccination TWEAK [mean ±â€¯standard deviation (SD) = 591.7 ±â€¯290.1 pg/ml] was significantly lower than pre-vaccination level (690.6 ±â€¯330.0 pg/ml) (p = .003). No significant difference was observed between pre and post-vaccination sCD163 levels (p = .71). Post-vaccination TWEAK levels were significantly higher in men (p = .01) and in participants with college or higher level of education (p = .044). There was no significant difference in post-vaccination TWEAK according to other demographics or pre-existing medical conditions. A 2-fold or greater antibody titer against H1N1 vaccine strain was associated with a more pronounced reduction in TWEAK at the p < .10 level (p = .091). A time by frailty interaction term (p = .091) indicated that the vaccination-induced reduction of TWEAK was greatest among frail individuals. These results of this observational study indicate that the impact of Influenza vaccine on TWEAK, including the role of specific antibody responses of specific vaccine strains and frailty status, warrants further investigation. Such investigation may elucidate whether this effect plays a role in mediating cardiovascular protection of influenza vaccination.

Recognizing and Managing Geriatric Depression: A Two-Part Self-Learning Module Set.

INTRODUCTION: The number of geriatric patients will increase dramatically over the next 2 decades, and providers across all specialties will need skills in diagnosis and management of common geriatric disorders. Geriatric depression is common and associated with significant psychiatric and medical morbidity yet is frequently not taught in clinical clerkships. To provide foundational knowledge on geriatric depression, we designed a two-part, online, self-learning module set for health professions learners. METHODS: Learning objectives and content were chosen based upon consensus from a national panel of internal medicine and psychiatry clinician-educators. The two-part module set covers recognition of depression and use of screening tools for diagnosis, suicide assessment, patient education, and initial management approaches. Articulate software was used to create two complementary 20-minute modules that incorporate teaching points, interactive quizzes, and video clips of a clinician interviewing a standardized patient and her husband during the course of an initial clinical evaluation. RESULTS: The modules were piloted with 11 senior medical students. Mean number of correct answers on 10 knowledge-test questions improved from 8.1 on pretesting to 9.4 on posttesting. On a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree), participants affirmed that the modules were easy to navigate (4.91) and increased understanding of geriatric depression (4.82) and that the videos added to the learner's understanding of objectives (4.64). DISCUSSION: These modules can be used by learners in health professions schools to improve foundational knowledge in geriatric depression and prepare for advanced clinical work with older patients.

Relationship of Anatomy and Function: External Anal Sphincter on Transperineal Ultrasound and Anal Incontinence.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the anatomic integrity of the external anal sphincter (EAS) detected on transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) with symptoms of anal incontinence (AI) as measured by St Mark's Incontinence Score (SMIS) and the visual analog scale (VAS). METHODS: This is an observational, cross-sectional analysis of 486 women who presented to a tertiary urogynecological center between May 2013 and August 2014. They underwent a standardized interview and an examination that involved 3-dimensional/4-dimensional TPUS. The SMIS and VAS were administered if they answered positively to a question on AI. The association between defects of the EAS and symptoms of AI was evaluated using bivariate tests, as well as adjusting for pertinent covariates using multiple linear regression modeling. RESULTS: Of the included patients, 17.1% reported AI, and 15.2% had significant EAS defects (≥4 slices) on TPUS imaging. A significant sonographic defect was diagnosed in 23% of women with AI versus 14% of those without (P = 0.033). Women with symptoms of AI were more likely to have a significant defect on TPUS (odds ratio, 1.878; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-3.37). No significant findings were seen when analyzing SMIS, its components, and VAS against sonographic EAS defects. CONCLUSIONS: The symptom of AI is associated with significant EAS defects detected on TPUS. However, this study failed to show an association between significant EAS defects and the SMIS and VAS.

Evaluation of a course to prepare international students for the United States Medical Licensing Examination step 2 clinical skills exam.

PURPOSE: United States (US) and Canadian citizens attending medical school abroad often desire to return to the US for residency, and therefore must pass US licensing exams. We describe a 2-day United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) step 2 clinical skills (CS) preparation course for students in the Technion American Medical School program (Haifa, Israel) between 2012 and 2016. METHODS: Students completed pre- and post-course questionnaires. The paired t-test was used to measure students' perceptions of knowledge, preparation, confidence, and competence in CS pre- and post-course. To test for differences by gender or country of birth, analysis of variance was used. We compared USMLE step 2 CS pass rates between the 5 years prior to the course and the 5 years during which the course was offered. RESULTS: Ninety students took the course between 2012 and 2016. Course evaluations began in 2013. Seventy-three students agreed to participate in the evaluation, and 64 completed the pre- and post-course surveys. Of the 64 students, 58% were US-born and 53% were male. Students reported statistically significant improvements in confidence and competence in all areas. No differences were found by gender or country of origin. The average pass rate for the 5 years prior to the course was 82%, and the average pass rate for the 5 years of the course was 89%. CONCLUSION: A CS course delivered at an international medical school may help to close the gap between the pass rates of US and international medical graduates on a high-stakes licensing exam. More experience is needed to determine if this model is replicable.

Maternal buprenorphine treatment and infant outcome.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Maternal buprenorphine maintenance predisposes the infant to exhibit neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), but there is insufficient published information regarding the nature of NAS and factors that contribute to its severity in buprenorphine-exposed infants. METHODS: The present study evaluated forty-one infants of buprenorphine-maintained women in comprehensive substance use disorder treatment who participated in an open-label study examining the effects of maternal buprenorphine maintenance on infant outcomes. Modifiers of the infant outcomes, including maternal treatment and substance use disorder parameters, were also evaluated. RESULTS: Fifty-nine percent of offspring exhibited NAS that required pharmacologic management. Both maternal buprenorphine dose as well as prenatal polysubstance exposure to illicit substance use/licit substance misuse were independently associated with NAS expression. Polysubstance exposure was associated with more severe NAS expression after controlling for the effects of buprenorphine dose. Other exposures, including cigarette smoking and SRI use, were not related to outcomes. Maternal buprenorphine dose was positively associated with lower birth weight and length. CONCLUSIONS: Polysubstance exposure was the most potent predictor of NAS severity in this sample of buprenorphine-exposed neonates. This finding suggests the need for interventions that reduce maternal polysubstance use during medication assisted treatment for opioid use disorder, and highlights the necessity of a comprehensive approach, beyond buprenorphine treatment alone, for the optimal care for pregnant women with opioid use disorders.

Substance abuse prevention intervention research with Hispanic populations.

Selected studies with specific relevance to substance abuse prevention interventions with Hispanic youth and families were examined to identify prior findings and emerging issues that may guide the design of future substance abuse prevention intervention research and its implementation with Hispanic populations. The origins of prevention research and role of risk and protective factors are examined, including culturally-specific risk and protective factors for Hispanic populations. Correlational studies, non-experimental interventions, and randomized controlled trials were examined for the period of 1974-2003. The literature search yielded 15 articles selected for this review that exhibited adequate methodological rigor. An added search for more recent studies identified three additional articles, for a total of 18 prevention intervention articles that were reviewed. Theoretical and methodological issues and recommendations are presented for future research aimed at improving the efficacy and effectiveness of future prevention intervention studies and their cultural relevance for Hispanic populations.

Pilot study aiming to support sleep quality and duration during hospitalizations.

BACKGROUND: Sleep is a vital part to healing and recovery, hence poor sleep during hospitalizations is highly undesirable. Few studies have assessed interventions to optimize sleep among hospitalized patients. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of sleep-promoting interventions on sleep quality and duration among hospitalized patients. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental prospective study. SETTING: Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients on the general medicine ward. INTERVENTION: Nurse-delivered sleep-promoting interventions augmented by sleep hygiene education and environmental control to minimize sleep disruption. MEASUREMENTS: Objective and subjective measurement of sleep parameters using validated sleep questionnaires, daily sleep diary, and actigraphy monitor. RESULTS: Of the 112 patients studied, the mean age was 58 years, 55% were female, the mean body mass index was 32, and 43% were in the intervention group. Linear mixed models tested mean differences in 7 sleep measures and group differences in slopes representing nightly changes in sleep outcomes over the course of hospitalization between intervention and control groups. Only total sleep time, computed from sleep diaries, demonstrated significant overall mean difference of 49.6 minutes (standard error [SE] = 21.1, P < 0.05). However, significant differences in average slopes of subjective ratings of sleep quality (0.46, SE = 0.18, P < 0.05), refreshing sleep (0.54, SE = 0.19, P < 0.05), and sleep interruptions (-1.6, SE = 0.6, P < 0.05) indicated improvements during hospitalization within intervention patients compared to controls. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that there is an opportunity to identify patients not sleeping well in the hospital. Sleep-promoting initiatives, both at the unit level as well as individualized offerings, may improve sleep during hospitalizations, particularly over the course of the hospitalization. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:467-472. © 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine.

Latina daughters' childbearing attitudes: the role of maternal expectations and education communication.

Adolescent girls' and their mothers' expectations for their daughters' college attainment, mother-daughter communication about education, and daughters' early childbearing attitudes were examined in 146 U.S.-raised Latina girls (mean age = 14.4 years) and their mostly immigrant mothers. Through structural equation modeling, we tested in the present study a 3-path mediating model to identify mechanisms underlying the association between maternal expectations and daughters' childbearing attitudes. There was evidence to suggest that self-reported mother-daughter communication about education and the daughters' achievement orientation, as measured by their expectations to attend college and self-reported grades, were 2 mediating factors by which maternal college expectations for daughters were linked to their childbearing attitudes. Specifically, higher maternal expectations were associated with increased reported education communication, which in turn was associated with higher achievement orientation. In turn, higher achievement orientation was associated with the girls' desire to have a first child at older ages and more rejecting attitudes toward the prospect of an adolescent pregnancy. The findings underscore the crucial role that Latina mothers can play in both supporting their daughters' goals to pursue higher education and motivating daughters to avoid early childbearing.

Socioeconomic disparities in pain: the role of economic hardship and daily financial worry.

OBJECTIVE: Socioeconomic disparities in pain may be attributable to both greater frequency in stressful financial events as well as greater vulnerability to economic hardship for those at the lower end of the socioeconomic spectrum. This study investigated the effects of economic hardship and daily financial worry on daily pain among women with a chronic musculoskeletal condition. DESIGN: The sample consisted of 250 women with osteoarthritis (N = 105), fibromyalgia (N = 46), or both (N = 99). During an initial assessment, participants' chronic pain diagnosis, level of economic hardship, and demographic information were ascertained. For a period of 30 days, daily diary assessments recorded daily financial worries and daily pain severity. Hypotheses were tested using multilevel modeling for repeated measures in SAS PROC MIXED. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Daily pain severity. RESULTS: Conditions of economic hardship and daily ratings of financial worry both had significant detrimental effects on daily pain. Participants with greater levels of economic hardship reported greater pain severity in response to daily financial worries than their counterparts with little or no economic hardship. Further, participants in the sample who were not employed and who reported higher levels of economic hardship exhibited the most pain reactivity in response to daily financial worries. CONCLUSION: Economic hardship was associated not only with greater exposure to daily financial worries but also with greater vulnerability to pain on days when daily financial worries were experienced.

Does the relation between volunteering and well-being vary with health and age?

Previous studies have established a positive association between organizational volunteering and well-being. In the current study, we examined whether the relations between organizational volunteering and positive affect, negative affect, and resilience are modified by respondents' age and number of chronic health conditions. This study used cross-sectional data from the 2008 Arizona Health Survey of residents 18 years old and older (N = 4,161). Multiple regression analyses provided no support for the hypothesis that age moderates the association between volunteer status and positive affect, negative affect, and resilience. In contrast, there was a significant (p < .05) interaction between volunteer status and chronic health conditions on positive affect and resilience. Consistent with the compensatory hypothesis, as number of chronic health conditions increased, the relations between volunteering and positive affect and resilience scores increased. Implications of these findings for increasing volunteering among adults with multiple chronic health conditions are discussed.