A qualitative community health assessment of HIV prevention awareness in a semi-rural Latinx seasonal farm working community in South Florida.

This article explores HIV awareness and prevention in a Latinx seasonal farmworker community of south Miami-Dade County in the USA. The study took place as part of a larger community assessment that aimed to determine community needs and resources related to substance abuse, violence and HIV in the Latinx seasonal farmworker communities of south Miami-Dade County, with a particular focus on fathers' and their male sons' relationships. The study collected data on HIV knowledge and prevention, healthcare-seeking behaviours, cultural norms, and communication barriers about HIV prevention between fathers and sons. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with community leaders, two focus groups with social and health services providers, and four focus groups involving fathers and their adolescent sons. A deductive approach to data analysis was undertaken. Five major themes were identified: (1) HIVrelated knowledge and perception; (2) HIV prevention strategies; (3) barriers and needs for tailored preventive health and care services in the community; (4) stress over sex-related communication; and (5) the dominance of traditional masculine gender norms in the household and the community.

Alcohol use among adult recent Latino/a immigrants: the role of stress, forced migration, and adherence to traditional gender roles.

Background: Previous research conducted among Latino/a immigrants has shown the underlying effect that exposure to stress after immigrating to the U.S. (i.e. health access, racial/ethnic discrimination, and language barriers) has on alcohol use patterns. However, given the demographic shifts in recent immigrants, understanding the influence of stress before (i.e. poverty, healthcare, and educational opportunities) and after immigration on their alcohol use (i.e. alcohol consumption and drinking behaviors in the past 12 months) in the context of migration and traditional gender roles is warranted.Objectives: To examine the (a) cumulative effects of pre- to post-immigration stress, (b) respective moderating effects of traditional gender roles, and (c) forced migration on alcohol use for men and women.Methods: Hierarchical multiple regression and moderation analyses were conducted on a cross-sectional sample of 529 (N = 268 men, N = 261 women) adult (18-34 years) from recent Latino/a immigrants in South Florida.Results: Gender had a statistically significant difference on alcohol use, (F 527) = 18.68, p < .001, with men (p = 4.36 ± SE =.22) reporting higher alcohol use than women (p = 3.08 ± SE =.20). Post-immigration stress (ß = .12, p = .03) but not pre-migration stress had a statistically significant association with alcohol use. There is no interaction effect by traditional gender roles and forced migration on the associations between pre- to post-immigration stress and alcohol use.Conclusion: Results suggest that post-immigration stress may be a reasonable intervention target to mitigate alcohol use among recent Latino/a immigrants, particularly among men.

Alcohol use severity among recent Latino immigrants: Associations of acculturation, family history of alcohol use and alcohol outcome expectancies.

Having a family history of alcohol (FH+) use is a well-documented risk factor for alcohol use and alcohol related problems. However, there are limited studies examining the impact of FH + on current alcohol use among Latino immigrants. This study aimed to determine the influence of having a FH + on current alcohol use among Latino immigrants and the influence of alcohol outcome expectancies (AOEs) and acculturation on this relationship. This is a longitudinal secondary data analysis of data from the Recent Latino Immigrant Study (RLIS), the first community-based cohort study to examine pre- to post-immigration alcohol use trajectories of young adult Latino immigrants. Linear mixed models were performed to assess the association between various pre- and post-immigration factors and alcohol use among Latino immigrants. There were 518 young adult Latino immigrants with 18.7% reporting a FH + with those with a FH + having higher mean AUDIT score compared to those without (4.74 vs. 3.81; p = 0.028). Positive AOEs were associated with increase AUDIT scores. FH + individuals with greater positive AOEs experienced higher AUDIT scores compared to FH- individuals. Family cohesion was protective against alcohol use while endorsement of Americansism was associated with increased alcohol use. Theses results provide the framework for more in-depth exploration regarding the influences of FH+, AOEs, and acculturation have on the alcohol use among Latino immigrants. Future longitudinal research studies should account for whether traditional cultural values mediate or moderate the relationship between a FH+, AOE, and alcohol use of Latino immigrants.

Ethnic Discrimination and Self-rated Health among Hispanic Emerging Adults: Examining the Moderating Effects of Self-esteem and Resilience.

Exposure to ethnic discrimination has been conceptualized as a sociocultural stressor that is associated with lower self-rated health. However, this association remains understudied among Hispanics and less is known about constructs that may mitigate the effects of ethnic discrimination on self-rated health. Accordingly, this study aimed to (a) examine the association between ethnic discrimination and self-rated health among Hispanic emerging adults (ages 18-25), and (b) examine the extent to which self-esteem and resilience may moderate this association. A convenience sample of 200 Hispanic emerging adults from Arizona (n=99) and Florida (n=101) was recruited to complete a cross-sectional survey. Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression and moderation analyses. Results indicate that higher ethnic discrimination was associated with lower self-rated health. Moderation analyses indicated that self-esteem functioned as a moderator that weakened the association between ethnic discrimination and self-rated health; however, resilience did not function similarly as a moderator. This study adds to the limited literature on ethnic discrimination and self-rated health among Hispanics and highlights that psychological factors, such as enhancing self-esteem, may help buffer the adverse effects of ethnic discrimination on health outcomes.

Depressive symptoms among recent Latinx immigrants in South Florida: The role of premigration trauma and stress, postimmigration stress, and gender.

In the past decade, recent Latinx immigrants (RLIs) from South and Central America have arrived in the United States seeking asylum from countries affected by war, political upheaval, and high crime and poverty rates. The premigration stress and trauma they experience are further compounded by postimmigration stress due to discrimination, lack of access to health care, and financial instability. Evidence suggests RLIs who experience such stress and trauma have an increased risk of developing depressive symptoms. We examined the combined effect of premigration stress and trauma and postimmigration stress on postimmigration depressive symptoms; we also explored the moderating effect of gender. Hierarchical multiple regression and moderation analyses were conducted on a cross-sectional sample of 540 young adult RLIs (age range: 18-34 years, 50.2% men) in South Florida. Higher levels of postimmigration stress, ß = .37, p < .001, were associated with increased postimmigration depressive symptoms. No significant associations emerged between premigration stress and trauma and postimmigration depressive symptoms. Moderation analyses revealed no significant interaction effect of gender. Post hoc analyses indicated that country/region of origin moderated the relation between postimmigration stress and depressive symptoms such that the association was stronger among Venezuelan, ß = 1.51, p < .001; other South American, ß = 1.06, p < .001; and Central American/Mexican RLIs, ß = 1.38, p < .001, compared with Caribbean RLIs, ß = .45, p  = .122. These findings suggest that interventions focused on addressing postimmigration stress early in the immigration process can potentially lower subsequent depressive symptoms among RLIs.

Associations between gender norms and HIV self-efficacy among Latina immigrants in a farmworker community.

Latina immigrant farmworkers are a vulnerable and understudied population that face a host of socio-cultural and structural barriers that place them at risk for HIV infection. Cultural factors, including traditional gender roles (egalitarian and marianismo) that frequently inhibit communication between partners and promote rigid roles, may particularly affect self-efficacy for HIV prevention among this population.Objective: This study examines the impact of women's gender norms on HIV knowledge and safe sex negotiation skills, along with the moderating influence of HIV self-efficacy among Latina immigrants in a farmworker community.Design: The current cross-sectional analysis study examines data from a sample (N = 157) of mostly undocumented Latina immigrant farmworkers in South Miami-Dade County, Florida. Analysis was performed on secondary data obtained from baseline collected on an intervention pilot study. Measures of traditional American (egalitarian) and Latina (marianismo) gender norms, HIV self-efficacy, and HIV knowledge, as well as key demographic variables were collected.Results: Findings revealed higher American (egalitarian) gender norms directly and indirectly predict higher HIV prevention factors. Additionally, HIV self-efficacy did not mediate effects of marianismo on HIV risk.Conclusion: Findings conclude that HIV prevention can be especially challenging due to socio-cultural and traditional gender norms faced by Latinas in farm working communities and that such norms should be taken into account when developing and adapting culturally appropriate interventions to reduce HIV related risk behaviors for Latinas residing in urban or farm working communities.

Prescription Drug and Cannabis Use among Recent Latinx Immigrants Pre- and Post-Immigration to the US.

Introduction: Shifts in the sociopolitical context of Latin America have led to steep increases in recent Latinx immigrants (RLI) arriving in the US within the context of forced migration. Yet, little is known about how adverse experiences of RLIs before and after immigration may impact their health including drug use. The purpose of this study was to examine prescription drug and cannabis use before and just after immigration among RLIs and how this drug use is influenced by pre-and post-immigration factors. Methods: This study utilized baseline data from a study examining pre- to post-immigration drinking and driving trajectories among RLI in the United States (US). Baseline criteria included: self-identifying as a Latinx immigrant, 18 - 34 years old, who recently immigrated from a Latin American country. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to determine predictors of drug use both prior to and after immigrating. Results: There were 540 RLI, 50.2% male and 47.8% subjected to forced migration. Prescription and illicit drug use decreased post-immigration with sedatives being the most common. Higher levels of education was associated with increased odds of pre-immigration prescription drug use and cannabis use. Those experiencing forced migration were more likely to engage in prescription drug use before and after immigration, while no associations were found for cannabis use. Conclusion: Findings suggest a need for increased substance use and mental health services among RLIs arriving within the context of forced migration. More research is needed to understand the trajectories of drug use among RLI as their time in the US increases.

Associations of Objective and Perceived Neighborhood Ethnic Density on Hazardous Alcohol Use among Latinx Emerging Adults.

Background/Purpose: Emerging adulthood is an important time where substance use often peaks. Neighborhood Latinx ethnic density could be protective against negative health behaviors. Most studies on neighborhood ethnic density have focused on census-level aggregate measures, however perception of the neighborhood ethnic density could differ from objectively measured neighborhood density. This study investigated the effects of neighborhood ethnic density, both perceived ethnic and objectively measured ethnic density, on hazardous alcohol use among Latinx emerging adults in Maricopa County Arizona and Miami-Dade County Florida by gender. Methods: 200 Latinx emerging adults residing in Arizona and Florida completed a cross-sectional survey. Inclusion criteria were being age 18-25, self-identify as Latinx, and currently living in Maricopa County or Miami-Dade County. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression and moderation analyses. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between perceived and objective ethnic density (Kappa = 0.353, p < 0.001). When ethnic density was measured objectively, alcohol use severity was statistically significantly lower for individuals living in highly ethnically dense neighborhoods (OR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.92). However, this association was only found for women in moderation analyses. There was no statistically significant association between perceived ethnic density and alcohol use severity. Conclusion: The present study found a statistically significant decrease in alcohol use severity among Latinx emerging adults who live in highly ethnically dense neighborhoods after adjusting for covariates. Future research should investigate the potential mechanisms in which these neighborhoods protect against alcohol use severity among Latinx emerging adults.

Neighborhood and health-related outcomes: a study of adult Latinas of Caribbean and South and Central American descent in Miami.

The present study investigated neighborhood effects on substance use, mental and medical health, and health-care access. We used data collected from a sample of adult Latinas of Caribbean and South and Central American descent in 2011. The findings indicate that for adult Latinas, concentrated disadvantage in neighborhoods is associated with increased risk of alcohol misuse and inability to obtain prescription drugs due to lack of money, while Hispanic/immigrant concentration in neighborhoods is associated with fewer mental disorder symptoms. Individual age, criminal justice involvement, religious involvement, intimate partner violence, and employment are also associated with one or more health-related outcomes. We provided practice implications for macro and micro social work practice. Future research is needed to examine the mechanism underlying the negative association between neighborhood Hispanic/immigrant concentration and mental disorder symptoms.

Associations Between Sexual Trauma and Sexual Relationship Power Among Latina Immigrant Farmworkers: The Moderating Role of Gender Norms.

Sexual trauma is a national public health concern due to the alarming rates at which it occurs and decades of research supporting its long-term deleterious effects on health outcomes. We assessed the impact of gender norms and sexual trauma on power within sexual relationships among Latina immigrant farmworkers. At baseline, participants (N  = 175) completed a survey examining demographic information, sexual trauma history, and gender norms; a follow-up was administered 6 months later. Past sexual trauma was associated with less power in sexual relationships, r  = -.25, p < .001, as was endorsement of traditional Latina gender norms (i.e., marianismo): sexual relationship control, r  = -.38, p < .001; sexual decision-making dominance, r  = -.21, p  = .005. In contrast, egalitarian gender norm endorsement was associated with higher levels of sexual relationship control, r  = .37, p < .001, and sexual decision-making dominance, r  = .17, p  = .023. Gender norms moderated the association between sexual trauma and sexual relationship power. Specifically, women who subscribed more to marianismo and reported sexual trauma had less decision-making dominance in sexual relationships, whereas those with lower ratings of marianismo reported higher levels of decision-making dominance despite sexual trauma, R2   = .03, p  = .022. Sexual trauma history coupled with higher ratings of egalitarian gender norms was associated with higher levels of sexual relationship control, DR2   = .02, p  = .023. These results highlight the importance of culturally informed research to increase the sexual and overall health of vulnerable populations (e.g., Latina immigrant farmworkers).

Depressive Symptoms and Resilience among Hispanic Emerging Adults: Examining the Moderating Effects of Mindfulness, Distress Tolerance, Emotion Regulation, Family Cohesion, and Social Support.

Emerging adulthood has been described as a difficult stage in life and may be particularly stressful for Hispanic emerging adults who are disproportionately exposed to adversity and chronic sociocultural stressors. To better prevent and treat depressive disorders among Hispanic emerging adults, more research is needed to identify and understand modifiable determinants that can help this population enhance their capacity to offset and recover from adversity and sociocultural stressors. As such, this study aimed to (1) examine the association between resilience and depressive symptoms among Hispanic emerging adults, and (2) examine the extent to which intrapersonal resources (e.g., mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion regulation strategies) and interpersonal resources (e.g., family cohesion, social support) moderate the association between resilience and depressive symptoms. To examine these aims, 200 Hispanic emerging adults (ages 18-25) from Arizona (n = 99) and Florida (n = 101) completed a cross-sectional survey, and data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression and moderation analyses. Findings from the hierarchical multiple regression indicate that higher resilience was associated with lower depressive symptoms. Findings from the moderation analyses indicate that family cohesion, social support, and emotion regulation strategies (e.g., cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) functioned as moderators; however, mindfulness and distress tolerance were not significant moderators. Findings from this study add to the limited literature on resilience among Hispanics that have used validated measures of resilience. Furthermore, we advance our understanding of who may benefit most from higher resilience based on levels of intrapersonal and interpersonal resources.

Alcohol Use Severity Among Adult Hispanic Immigrants: Examining the Roles of Family Cohesion, Social Support, and Gender.

BACKGROUND: This study examined (a) the direct association of family cohesion on alcohol use severity among adult Hispanic immigrants; (b) the indirect association of family cohesion on alcohol use severity via social support; and (c) if gender moderates the direct and indirect associations between family cohesion and alcohol use severity. METHOD: Mediation and moderation analyses were conducted on a cross-sectional sample of 411 (men = 222, women = 189) participants from Miami-Dade, Florida. RESULTS: Findings indicate that higher family cohesion was directly associated with higher social support and lower alcohol use severity. Higher social support was also directly associated with lower alcohol use severity. Additionally, family cohesion had an indirect association with alcohol use severity via social support. Moderation analyses indicated that gender moderated the direct association between family cohesion and alcohol use severity, but did not moderate the indirect association. CONCLUSIONS: Some potential clinical implications may be that strengthening family cohesion may enhance levels of social support, and in turn, lower alcohol use severity among adult Hispanic immigrants. Furthermore, strengthening family cohesion may be especially beneficial to men in efforts to lower levels of alcohol use severity.

Women's perception of adolescent marijuana use in a hispanic seasonal farm worker community: A qualitative study.

We examined the perception of adolescent children's marijuana use and its consequences in the Hispanic seasonal farmworking community of South Florida via three focus groups with Hispanic adult female seasonal workers (n = 29). The women described how adolescents' marijuana use increased over the past five years. Social networks for marijuana use were reported near schools and bus stations. Although participants expressed concern over adolescent marijuana use and involvement in selling marijuana, they reported that their job demands preclude their ability to supervise their children. Participants do not report unlawful marijuana use due to fear of deportation.

Sociocultural determinants of substance misuse among adult Latinas of Caribbean and South and Central American descent: A longitudinal study of a community-based sample.

Few studies have examined the socio-cultural determinants of alcohol and drug misuse trajectories among adult Latinas. To assess the associations between socio-cultural determinants and alcohol and drug misuse, we used a longitudinal design to follow a sample of adult Latina mother-daughter-dyads (N = 267) for ten years, and collected four waves of data. They were adult Latinas of Caribbean, South and Central American descent. Specifically, this study investigated the effects of the following factors: (1) Individual Determinants (e.g., socioeconomic conditions, mental health, and medical status); (2) Cultural Determinants (e.g., acculturation to US culture); (3) Interpersonal Determinants (e.g., interpersonal support, relationship stress, mother-daughter attachment, intimate partner violence); (4) Community Determinants (e.g., neighborhood related stress); and (5) Institutional Determinants (e.g., religious involvement, involvement with the criminal justice system). Using hierarchical modeling, we found that taking prescribed medication on a regular basis for a physical problem, religious involvement, and mother-daughter attachment were negatively associated with drug misuse, while involvement in criminal activity was positively associated with drug misuse. Regarding alcohol misuse, results showed that age at arrival in the United States, number of years in the United States, and religious involvement were negatively associated with alcohol misuse, while involvement in criminal activity was positively associated with alcohol misuse. Based on our findings, explicit implications are provided for culturally relevant interventions.

Immigration Stress and Alcohol Use Severity Among Recently Immigrated Hispanic Adults: Examining Moderating Effects of Gender, Immigration Status, and Social Support.

OBJECTIVE: Identifying and understanding determinants of alcohol use behavior among Hispanic immigrants is an increasingly significant public health concern. Although prior research has examined associations of cultural stressors with alcohol use among Hispanics, few studies have tested these associations among recent adult immigrants. As such, this study aimed to examine (a) the association of immigration stress on alcohol use severity among recently immigrated Hispanic adults (≤ 1 year in the United States) and (b) the moderating effects of gender, immigration status, and social support. METHOD: A hierarchical multiple regression and moderation analyses were conducted on a sample of 527 participants in South Florida. RESULTS: Results indicated that, after controlling for demographic variables, preimmigration drinking behavior, and dimensions of social support, the association of higher immigration stress with higher alcohol use severity was statistically significant. Moderation analyses indicated that immigration stress had a statistically significant association with alcohol use severity among men, but not women. Also, dimensions of social support consistently reduced the deleterious effect of immigration stress on alcohol use severity. CONCLUSION: This study adds to the scarce literature on cultural stressors and alcohol use among recent Hispanic immigrants. Findings suggest that it may be important to design gender-specific interventions and that increasing levels of social support may offset the effects of immigration stress on alcohol use.

HIV testing practices among Latina women at risk of getting infected: a five-year follow-up of a community sample in South Florida.

Latinos are more likely to delay HIV testing, present to care with an AIDS defining illness, and die within one year of learning their HIV-positive status than non-Latino blacks and whites. For this paper, we explore the role of partner-relationship characteristics and health behaviors, in predicting HIV testing among Latina adult women who engaged in risky sexual behaviors (i.e., unprotected vaginal and/or anal sex). Data from a convenience sample of 168 Latina adult women who engaged in risky sexual behavior in the year prior to assessment were analyzed for this paper. Rates and predictors of HIV testing among this sample were assessed after a five-year follow-up. Descriptive and analytical estimates include incidence rates and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) from multilevel models. At five-year follow-up, 63.7% (n = 107) women reported having been tested for HIV, of whom 12.2% (n = 13) were women who never tested before. Main reasons for not having been tested at follow-up included: low risk perception (62.1%) and trusting their partner(s)/being in a monogamous relationship/knowing their partner's HIV status (17.2%). Predictors of HIV testing included: age (AOR: 0.96; 95% CI = 0.92-0.99), provider endorsement of HIV testing (AOR: 4.59; 95% CI = 1.77-11.95), poor quality of their romantic relationships (AOR: 1.12; 95% CI = 1.03-1.26), and knowing the HIV sero-status of sexual partner (AOR: 3.61; 95% CI = 1.46-8.95). This study characterizes a group of Latina women at high risk for HIV infection and their HIV testing behaviors. Our findings underscore the need of increasing access to quality health-care services and HIV behavioral interventions, and to strengthen the adherence to HIV/sexually transmitted disease testing recommendations and guidelines among local health-care providers serving the Latino community in South Florida.

Non-medical prescription sedative use among adult Latina mothers and daughters.

This study examines correlates of non-medical prescription sedative, tranquilizer, and hypnotics use (hereafter NPSU) among a non-clinical, community-based sample of adult Latina mother-daughter dyads. Participants were 316 Latina mothers and daughters enrolled in a study of intergenerational transmission of drug abuse and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors in South Florida. Interviewers administered a questionnaire containing study variables such as age, education, time in the U.S., Spanish language proficiency, health insurance status, wellness behaviors, perceived health condition, alcohol use, NPSU, and other drug use. Correlates of NPSU across mothers and daughters were determined using a dyadic model analysis. Daughters' health status, age, wellness, and illicit drug use were associated with mothers' NPSU. Mothers who reported being uninsured, having higher levels of education, and indicating poorer health statuses reported more NPSU. Daughters' wellness behaviors, age, illicit drug use, and insurance status were associated with their NPSU. Insured mothers and mothers who engaged in illicit drug use had daughters who reported more NPSU. The study's findings provide a modest understanding of family dynamics surrounding NPSU, and it suggests that as women age and their perceived health status worsens, their NPSU may increase.

Perceived Stress and Depressive Symptoms Among Recent Latino/a Immigrants: The Moderating Effects of Emotion Regulation and Dispositional Mindfulness.

Their initial years in the U.S. can be stressful for recent Latino/a immigrants (RLIs). This study examines the association between perceived stress and depressive symptoms and the moderating effect of emotion regulation and dispositional mindfulness. Cross-sectional data from an ongoing longitudinal study of RLIs was used. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed to examine simple main effects of the predictor variables on depressive symptoms. The study also tested the moderating effects of emotion regulation and dispositional mindfulness on the association between perceived stress and depressive symptoms. Greater perceived stress and cognitive reappraisal were associated with greater depressive symptoms. Lower levels of appraisal and higher levels of non-reactivity mindfulness strengthened the association between perceived stress and depressive symptoms. Findings can inform the development of culturally tailored interventions that account for distinct aspects of emotion regulation and dispositional mindfulness associated with managing stress and decreasing depressive symptoms among RLIs.

Predictors of Alcohol Use Among Latinx Men in South Florida: Machismo as a Correlate of Alcohol Use Frequency and Quantity.

Previous studies have found Latinx cultural values to be positively associated with healthy behaviors. This study aims to examine socioeconomic and cultural correlates of alcohol use among Latinx adult men living in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The study sample included 122 Latinx adult men (mean age = 44, SD = 10), predominantly of South and Central American origin. Data was collected using REDCap. Interviews included the Timeline Follow-Back scale for alcohol use. Results indicate that Caribbean participants were significantly less likely to report drinking in the past 90 days (aOR = 0.08, p = 0.042) compared to their Venezuelan counterparts. Higher machismo scores were associated with low drinking frequency (aRR = 0.67, p = 0.043), while no significant associations were found between machismo and other drinking outcomes. Drinking quantity and frequency are significantly associated with higher income and authorized immigration status in the US among Latinx men in South Florida. Higher machismo scores were associated with low drinking frequency.

Social support, attachment, and chronic stress as correlates of Latina mother and daughter drug use behaviors.

This cross-sectional study examined three social determinants (sociodemographics, chronic stress, and social support) and the quality of attachment among a community-based sample of Latina mother-daughter dyads (N = 158 dyads) to document the relationship between those factors and their respective drug use. Hypotheses were: (a) the quality of mother-daughter attachment will mediate the relationship between their social support and drug use and (b) the effects of mothers' and daughters' chronic stress on their drug use is mediated by their social support which, in turn, is also mediated by the quality of their attachment after taking into account socio-demographic variables. Structural equation modeling was used with dyads as the units of analyses. Our preliminary results show: (a) transgenerational dyadic concordance among the variables, (b) mothers' higher quality of attachment scores mediated the relationship between their chronic stress and social support scores on their lower drug use scores, and (c) daughters' attachment scores mediated the relationship between their social support scores and their lower drug use scores. Limitations are discussed. Our preliminary results provide a useful first step towards understanding the processes linking stress, social support, and attachment with drug use behaviors among Latina mothers and daughters from a culturally relevant and transgenerational perspective.