RESUMO
Astaxanthin (AST) is a valued molecule because of its high antioxidant properties. However, AST is extremely sensitive to oxidation, causing the loss of its bioactive properties. The purposes of this study were to define conditions for microencapsulating AST in oil bodies (OB) from Brassica napus to enhance its oxidative stability, and to test the bioactivity of the microencapsulated AST (AST-M) in cells. Conditions for maximising microencapsulation efficiency (ME) were determined using the Response Surface Methodology, obtaining a high ME (>99%). OB loaded with AST showed a strong electrostatic repulsion in a wide range of pH and ionic strengths. It was found that AST-M exposed to air and light was more stable than free AST. In addition, the protective effect of AST against intracellular ROS production was positively influenced by microencapsulation in OB. These results suggest that OB offer a novel option for stabilising and delivering AST.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Brassica napus/química , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Gotículas Lipídicas/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Composição de Medicamentos , Humanos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Xantofilas/administração & dosagem , Xantofilas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Plant growth promoting bacteria and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB) used for crop inoculation have important biotechnological potential as a sustainable fertilization tool. However, the main limitation of this technology is the low inoculum survival rate under field conditions. Microencapsulation of bacterial cells in polymer matrices provides a controlled release and greater protection against environmental conditions. In this context, the aim of this study was to isolate and characterize putative NFB associated with lupin nodules and to evaluate their microencapsulation by spray drying. For this purpose, 21 putative NFB were isolated from lupin nodules and characterized (16S rRNA genes). Microencapsulation of bacterial cells by spray drying was studied using a mixture of sodium alginate:maltodextrin at different ratios (0:15, 1:14, 2:13) and concentrations (15 and 30% solids) as the wall material. The microcapsules were observed under scanning electron microscopy to verify their suitable morphology. Results showed the association between lupin nodules of diverse known NFB and nodule-forming bacteria belonging to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. In microencapsulation assays, the 1:14 ratio of sodium alginate:maltodextrin (15% solids) showed the highest cell survival rate (79%), with a microcapsule yield of 27% and spherical microcapsules of 5-50 µm in diameter. In conclusion, diverse putative NFB genera and nodule-forming bacteria are associated with the nodules of lupine plants grown in soils in southern Chile, and their microencapsulation by spray drying using sodium alginate:maltodextrin represents a scalable process to generate a biofertilizer as an alternative to traditional nitrogen fertilization.
Assuntos
Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Dessecação/métodos , Lupinus/microbiologia , Nódulos Radiculares de Plantas/microbiologia , Agricultura/métodos , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Biotecnologia/métodos , Chile , Análise por Conglomerados , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Composição de Medicamentos/métodos , Viabilidade Microbiana , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Utilizing waxes to gel oils presents a viable approach for diminishing trans and saturated fat levels in commercial fats such as margarines. This technique ensures that oleogels mimic traditional fats in terms of rheological properties, oil-binding capacity, and overall structure. Our study employed cooling-shear rates to finely adjust physical characteristics, evaluating rheology via SAOS-LAOS, oil retention, and crystal structure of wax oleogels, compared against commercial margarines as benchmarks. Findings indicate that wax oleogels, under specific cooling/shear conditions, exhibit softer yet more ductile-like behavior, akin to margarine, while retaining oil effectively. This similarity is evidenced through Lissajous curves and plastic dissipation ratio during yielding, reflecting a ductile yielding response characterized by square-like Lissajous curves and a plastic dissipation ratio index approximating one. Although these crystallization conditions influence the mechanical properties of wax oleogels, they do not alter oil losses or wax characteristics.
Assuntos
Margarina , Compostos Orgânicos , Reologia , Ceras , Ceras/química , Compostos Orgânicos/química , Margarina/análise , CristalizaçãoRESUMO
This study evaluated the formulation of ethylcellulose oleogels as a fat substitute, based on oils with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Optimal processing conditions for canola, linseed, and chia oil oleogels were determined. The results showed that the oxidative stability was affected to a greater extent in chia oil oleogel, however, the addition of BHT improved the oxidative stability, mainly the peroxide value. Linseed and chia oil oleogels with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (64.28 and 73.02 g/100 g, respectively) were obtained despite the reduction of these with respect to their oils, and no trans fatty acids were produced. Chia oil oleogels were shown to exhibit similar physical properties to linseed oil oleogels in terms of firmness (463.51 ± 7.42 g and 443.03 ± 7.14 g respectively) and rheological behavior. Such a structure led to a dominant elastic character of the oleogels to mimic the mechanical properties of animal fat.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos , Ácidos Graxos trans , Animais , Óleos , Óleo de Semente do Linho , Estresse OxidativoRESUMO
An alternative to solve the problem of the overall deficit of proteins has been the use ofdefatted cakes generated by the extraction of oil from vegetable sources such as rapeseed, soybean, lupin, etc. This process at the same time increases the protein content, making this feasible to be used to enrich some types of food. This is the case of the chilean hazelnut (Gevuina avellana, Mol), monotypic species characterized by their high percentage of oil (50%) and whose defatted cake isolated protein could be used to obtain an isolated protein. For this purpose optimized conditions of extraction of protein were carried out using the surface response methodology (SRM) and a central composite design with three independent variables: time of contact of the cake with the solvent, sample/solvent ratio and pH was used. All variables were controlled at five different levels. The data were subjected to an analysis of regression and ANOVA, the first to determine the polynomial equation and the second to select the control factors with significant effect on the extraction of the protein. The best combination of factors turned out to be: time between 30 and 40 minutes, pH between 9 and 9.5 and a relationship sample/solvent between 1/15 to 1/16 with a final yield of 76%. The physical characteristics were: density 0,504 g/cm3, compaction 43, 34% apparent and pale yellow. Proximal analysis showed a concentration of protein of 76%, 13%, raw fiber carbohydrate 0.68% and oil 1.29%. With regard to the functional properties emphasized water absorption (320 g/100 g), absorption of oil (410 g/100 g) and foaming capacity (221%).
Assuntos
Corylus/química , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Proteínas de Plantas/isolamento & purificação , Chile , Valor Nutritivo , Proteínas de Plantas/químicaRESUMO
Fats play multiple roles in determining the desirable characteristics of foods. However, there are health concerns about saturated and trans fats. Bigels have been proposed as a novel fat replacer in foods. This research evaluated the role of the type of hydrogel in the development of bigels to be used as fat replacers in cookies. Bigels were made with beeswax/canola oil oleogel and sodium alginate and carboxymethylcellulose hydrogels. The results showed that the peroxide value and binding capacity of bigels were affected by the type of hydrogel used. However, their fatty acid profile, p-anisidine value, oxidative stability, and texture remained unchanged. Using bigels as fat replacers, cookies were obtained with a hardness similar to those with original shortening, showing the potential of bigels for use in foods.
RESUMO
The development of fish oral vaccines is of great interest to the aquaculture industry due to the possibility of rapid vaccination of a large number of animals at reduced cost. In a previous study, we evaluated the effect of alginate-encapsulated Piscirickettsia salmonis antigens (AEPSA) incorporated in feed, effectively enhancing the immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). In this study, we seek to characterize AEPSA produced by ionic gelation using an aerodynamically assisted jetting (AAJ) system, to optimize microencapsulation efficiency (EE%), to assess microparticle stability against environmental (pH, salinity and temperature) and gastrointestinal conditions, and to evaluate microparticle incorporation in fish feed pellets through micro-CT-scanning. The AAJ system was effective in obtaining small microparticles (d < 20 µm) with a high EE% (97.92%). Environmental conditions (pH, salinity and temperature) generated instability in the microparticles, triggering protein release. 62.42% of the protein content was delivered at the intestinal level after in vitro digestion. Finally, micro-CT-scanning images confirmed microparticle incorporation in fish feed pellets. In conclusion, the AAJ system is effective at encapsulating P. salmonis antigens in alginate with a high EE% and a size small enough to be incorporated in fish feed and produce an oral vaccine.
RESUMO
The utilization of astaxanthin in food processing is considered to be narrow because of its substandard solubility in aqueous matrices and the instability of chemical compounds during the processing of food and the instability of chemical compounds during the processing of food. The investigation sought to evaluate multilayer emulsions stabilized by ionic interfacial layers of lupin protein isolate (LPI), ι-carrageenan (CA), and chitosan (CHI) on the physical stability of the emulsion as well as the retention of astaxanthin during the spray drying process. Primary emulsion (Pr-E) was prepared by adding LPI on oil droplet surfaces containing astaxanthin. The homogenization pressure and cycles to obtain the Pr-E were investigated. The secondary emulsion (Se-E) and tertiary emulsion (Te-E) were elaborated by mixing CA/Pr-E and CHI/Se-E, respectively. Emulsion stability was assessed under different environmental stresses (pH and NaCl). Astaxanthin retention of emulsions was determined immediately after finishing the spray-drying process. The results showed that Pr-E was stabilized with 1.0% (w/v) of LPI at 50 MPa and three cycles. Se-E and Te-E were obtained with CA/Pr-E and Se-E/CHI of 70/30 and 50/50% (w/w), respectively. The Se-E was the most stable compared to the Pr-E and Te-E when subjected to different pHs; nevertheless, once the NaCl concentration rose, no variations in the ζ-potential of all emulsions studied or destabilization were observed. The Se-E and Te-E derived provided higher astaxanthin retention (>95%) during the spray-drying process compared to Pr-E (around 88%). The results indicated that these astaxanthin multilayer emulsions show considerable potential as a functional ingredient in food products.
RESUMO
Piperine (PIP) is an alkaloid which is potent as a therapeutic agent. However, its applications are restricted by its poor water solubility. Nanosponges (NS) derived from polymers are versatile carriers for poor water-soluble substances. The aim of this work was to synthesize ß-cyclodextrin NS, by microwave-assisted fusion, for the encapsulation of PIP. Different formulations of NS were synthesized by varying the molar ratio of ß-cyclodextrin:diphenyl carbonate (ß-CD:DPC; 1:2, 1:6 and 1:10). NS specimens derived from 1:2, 1:6 and 1:10 ß-CD:DPC molar ratios exhibited degree of substitution values of 0.345, 0.629 and 0.878, respectively. The crystallinity of NS was enhanced by increasing diphenyl carbonate concentration. A high degree of crosslinking in the NS increased the loading efficiency due to increased surface area available for bioactive inclusion. This study demonstrated the feasibility of synthesizing NS derived from ß-cyclodextrin of high crystallinity for the encapsulation of PIP at high loading capacity.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/química , Benzodioxóis/química , Nanoestruturas/química , Piperidinas/química , Alcamidas Poli-Insaturadas/química , beta-Ciclodextrinas/química , Composição de Medicamentos , Micro-Ondas , Piper nigrum/química , Piper nigrum/metabolismo , SolubilidadeRESUMO
In view of the interest in the role of foodstuffs in improving wellbeing and health, the object of this study is to distinguish consumer typologies in Temuco, La Araucanía Region, Chile, according to their preferences for different functional ingredients, flavouring, colouring and price in yoghurt. A semi-structured survey was applied to 400 supermarket customers. The respondents ordered eight alternative yoghurts according to their preferences, with different functional ingredients (fibre, antioxidants), flavourings (sugar, sweetener), colouring (natural, artificial) and three price options, for a conjoint analysis with fractional factorial design. Variables affecting knowledge of "functional food" were evaluated using a binomial logit model. It was determined by conjoint analysis that in general a preference existed for yoghurt containing fibre, sweetener, natural colouring, and at the lowest price. Three typologies were distinguished by analysis of hierarchical conglomerates: the majority segment (48.8%) displayed a greater preference for fibre; the second (41.7%) also preferred fibre, but gave first priority to artificial colouring and preferred a higher price. The minority (9.5%) was the only segment to prefer antioxidants. The typologies differed significantly in satisfaction with their food-related life, knowledge of the function of fibre and presence of cancer and obesity in some member of the respondent's family. The binomial logit model was significant (P < 0.01), indicating that if the consumer has a job or has had access to information on functional foods, the probability increased of knowledge of what these mean. There was thus majority acceptance of yoghurt enriched with fibre and with added sweetener.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Comportamento do Consumidor/estatística & dados numéricos , Fibras na Dieta , Alimento Funcional/análise , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Edulcorantes , Iogurte/análise , Adulto , Chile , Feminino , Alimento Funcional/economia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Opinião Pública , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Probiotics and prebiotics are popular among consumers worldwide as natural approaches to prevent gastrointestinal diseases. The effects of their consumption on the gastrointestinal system have been extensively investigated. Recently, the efficacy of probiotics and prebiotics has been evaluated against naturally developing microbiome imbalance in the human body, such as in the oral cavity, skin, female urogenital tract, and respiratory tract. This review examines the scientific data related to the effects of probiotics on the treatment of diseases occurring in the oral cavity. Probiotics can effectively prevent and treat some infectious diseases in the oral cavity, such as halitosis and periodontitis, and can reduce the development of dental caries and the concentration of harmful bacteria, according to clinical studies. The results of this meta-analysis also suggest the use of probiotics to treat halitosis and periodontitis. However, the evidence may be inconclusive due in part to the use of a wide range of probiotics, non-standardized study design, small population size, poor quality reports, and inconsistent data. Therefore, future studies should homogenize terms and definitions for primary and secondary outcomes, increase the number of volunteers/patients in in vitro tests and clinical studies, and include an evaluation of the combined use of pre- and probiotics.
Assuntos
Cárie Dentária , Halitose , Periodontite , Prebióticos/administração & dosagem , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Cárie Dentária/microbiologia , Cárie Dentária/terapia , Halitose/microbiologia , Halitose/terapia , Humanos , Periodontite/microbiologia , Periodontite/terapiaRESUMO
Adverse effects caused by synthetic pesticides have increased interest in plant-derived insecticidal compounds, in particular essential oils, as a more compatible and ecofriendly alternative for pest control of economic importance. For this reason, the essential oil isolated from leaves and shoots of Drimys winteri (J.R. Forster & G. Forster)-also named canelo (CEO)-was investigated for its chemical profile and insecticidal action against Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)-one of the most important post-harvest pests of dry beans in the world-and Aegorhinus superciliosus (Guérin)-a significant pest of fruit trees in Chile. The analysis by gas chromatography, paired with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) determined 56 compounds, corresponding to 92.28% of the detected compounds. Elemol (13.54%), γ-eudesmol (11.42%), ß-eudesmol (8.49%), α-eudesmol (6.39%), α-pinene (7.92%) and ß-pinene (5.17%) were the most abundant. Regarding the bioactivity of the CEO, the results demonstrated toxicological effects against A. obtectus. A concentration of 158.3 µL L-1 had a mortality rate of 94% after 24 h exposure. The LC50 and LC90 values at 24 h were 60.1 and 163.0 µL L-1. Moreover, behavioral bioassays showed a repellent effect against A. superciliosus with a dose of one microliter of CEO. Both sexes of the raspberry weevil stayed for very short times in the treated area with the oil (<0.8 min), showing a homogeneous repellency in the species. The overall data suggest that canelo leaves and shoots essential oil has an insecticide effect and is worth exploring to better understand the synergistic relationship between the compounds present in the essential oil.
RESUMO
The prebiotics and probiotics market is constantly growing due to the positive effects of its consumption on human health, which extends beyond the digestive system. In addition, the synbiotic products market is also expanding due to the synergistic effects between pre- and probiotics that provide additional benefits to consumers. Pre- and probiotics are being evaluated for their effectiveness to treat and prevent infectious diseases in other parts of the human body where microbial communities exist. This review examines the scientific data related to the effects of pre- and probiotics on the treatment of diseases occurring in the skin, female urogenital tract, and respiratory tract. The evidence suggests that probiotics consumption can decrease the presence of eczema in children when their mothers have consumed probiotics during pregnancy and lactation. In women, probiotics consumption can effectively prevent recurrent urinary tract infections. The consumption of synbiotic products can reduce respiratory tract infections and their duration and severity. However, the outcomes of the meta-analyses are still limited and not sufficiently conclusive to support the use of probiotics to treat infectious diseases. This is largely a result of the limited number of studies, lack of standardization of the studies, and inconsistencies between the reported results. Therefore, it is advisable that future studies consider these shortcomings and include the evaluation of the combined use of pre- and probiotics.
Assuntos
Prebióticos/administração & dosagem , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Sistema Respiratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Urogenital/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Sistema Respiratório/microbiologia , Pele/microbiologia , Sistema Urogenital/microbiologiaRESUMO
Thraustochytrids have been isolated from different aquatic systems; however, few studies have reported their occurrence in Antarctica. In this study, 13 strains close to strains belonging to the genera Oblongichytrium, Thraustochytrium, and Aurantiochytrium were isolated from seawater samples collected near the Antarctic Base Professor Julio Escudero (S 62°12'57' E 58°57'35â³). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was found in the total lipids of all the isolates; DHA content of the biomass (dry weight) varied between 3.3 and 33 mg/g under the growth conditions for isolation. Five of the Antarctic thraustochytrids were able to accumulate lipids at levels higher than 20% w/w. Two strains, RT2316-7 and RT2316-13, were selected to test the effect of the incubation temperature (at 5°C for 14 days and at 15°C for 5 days). Incubation temperature had little effect on the lipid content and biomass yield; however, its effect on the fatty acid composition was significant (p < .05). The low incubation temperature favored the accumulation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), palmitic acid and stearic acid in the total lipids of RT2316-7. Percentage of EPA, DHA and the omega-6 fatty acid dihomo-γ-linolenic acid of total fatty acids of RT2316-13 was higher at the low incubation temperature. RT2316-13 accumulated the highest lipid content (30.0 ± 0.5%) with a carbon to nitrogen mass ratio equal to 16.9. On the contrary, lipid accumulation in RT2316-7 occurred at high concentration of the nitrogen sources (monosodium glutamate or yeast extract). The capability to accumulate lipids with a fatty acid profile that can be tuned through cultivation temperature make the Antarctic thraustochytrid RT2316-13 a candidate for the production of lipids with different uses.
Assuntos
Reatores Biológicos/microbiologia , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/biossíntese , Estramenópilas/metabolismo , Ácido 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoico/análise , Regiões Antárticas , Membrana Celular/fisiologia , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/análise , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/análise , Ácido Palmítico/análise , Água do Mar , Ácidos Esteáricos/análise , Estramenópilas/classificação , Estramenópilas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estramenópilas/isolamento & purificação , TemperaturaRESUMO
Total lipids and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production by a Chilean isolated thraustochytrid were evaluated under different growth conditions in shake flasks. The analyzed strain was identified as Thraustochytrium striatum according to an 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The strain (T. striatum AL16) showed negligible growth in media prepared with artificial seawater at concentrations lower than 50% v/v and pH lower than 5. Maltose and starch were better carbon sources for growth than glucose. DHA content of the biomass grown with maltose (60 g L-1) was doubled by increasing the agitation rate from 150 to 250 rpm. The DHA (0.8-6%) and eicosapentaenoic acid (0.2-21%) content in the total lipids varied depending on culture conditions and culture age. Lipid and DHA concentration increased (up to 5 g L-1 and 66 mg L-1, respectively) by regularly feeding the culture with a concentrated starch solution. Carotenoid accumulation was detected in cells grown with maltose or starch. Contrasting conditions of starch and glucose cultures were selected for comparative proteomics. Total protein extracts were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; 25 spots were identified using ESI-MS/MS. A protein database (143,006 entries) for proteomic interrogation was generated using de novo assembling of Thraustochytrium sp. LLF1b - MMETSP0199_2 transcriptome; 18 proteins differentially expressed were identified. Three ATP synthases were differentially accumulated in cultures with glucose, whereas malate dehydrogenase was more abundant in cells cultured with starch.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Algas/genética , Meios de Cultura/farmacologia , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/biossíntese , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/biossíntese , Proteoma/genética , Estramenópilas/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Algas/classificação , Proteínas de Algas/isolamento & purificação , Biomassa , Carotenoides/biossíntese , Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Meios de Cultura/química , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/isolamento & purificação , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/isolamento & purificação , Expressão Gênica , Ontologia Genética , Glucose/metabolismo , Glucose/farmacologia , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Maltose/metabolismo , Maltose/farmacologia , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Proteoma/classificação , Proteoma/isolamento & purificação , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , Água do Mar/química , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Amido/metabolismo , Amido/farmacologia , Estramenópilas/genética , Estramenópilas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estramenópilas/metabolismoRESUMO
Coaxial electrospinning was used to develop gallic acid (GA) loaded poly(ethylene oxide)/zein nanofibers in order to improve its chemopreventive action on human gallbladder cancer cells. Using a Plackett-Burman design, the effects of poly(ethylene oxide) and zein concentration and applied voltage on the diameter and morphology index of nanofibers were investigated. Coaxial nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). GA loading efficiency as high as 77% was obtained under optimal process conditions. The coaxial nanofibers controlled GA release in acid and neutral pH medium. Cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production on gallbladder cancer cell lines GB-d1 and NOZ in the presence of GA-nanofibers were assessed. GA-nanofibers triggered an increase in the cellular cytotoxicity compared with free GA on GB-d1 and NOZ cells. Statistically significant differences were found in ROS levels of GA-nanofibers compared with free GA on NOZ cells. Differently, ROS production on GB-d1 cell line was similar. Based on these results, the coaxial nanofibers obtained in this study under optimized operational conditions offer an alternative for the development of a GA release system with improved chemopreventive action on gallbladder cancer cells.
Assuntos
Anticarcinógenos/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Ácido Gálico/administração & dosagem , Nanofibras/administração & dosagem , Polietilenoglicóis/administração & dosagem , Zeína/administração & dosagem , Anticarcinógenos/química , Antineoplásicos/química , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Quimioprevenção , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/prevenção & controle , Ácido Gálico/química , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Nanofibras/química , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Zeína/químicaRESUMO
Almond hulls and grape pomace are residues abundantly generated by agricultural industries, which could be processed to obtain bioactive products. To this purpose, crude ethanol extracts from both agricultural byproducts were attained and subsequently fractionated in order to obtain an organic/water fraction (FOW). Extracts and fractions were analyzed for antioxidant power and their phenolic components tentatively identified by HPLC-MS. Chromatographic peaks of almond hull extracts showed the occurrence of hydroxybenzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives, with minor presence of flavan-3-ols (ECG, EGCG), whereas the FOW fraction offered the additional presence of epicatechin (EC) and glycosylated flavonols. In the composition for extracts of white and red grape pomace several of these compounds were also detected but basically consisted of glycosylated flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol). As a difference between both grape pomaces, myricetin glycosyde was found in that from the red variety, whereas flavan-3-ols (EC, afzelechin) were only identified in white pomace. When their FOW fractions were analyzed, gallic acid and some hydroxybenzoic acids were additionally detected. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH and TBARS assays. Almond hulls showed inhibition percentages lower than 50% in both assays, while the inhibition percentage ranged from 80% to 90% in pomace extracts. Red grape pomace extract was the most efficient antioxidant, with an EC50 value of 0.91 g/L for TBARS and 0.20 g/L for DPPH. Even appearing as two quite different vegetal matrixes, the composition of phenolics in grape pomace and almond hulls is quite similar, the main difference being the major occurrence of flavonols in grape pomace. This fact could presumably explain the lower antiradical activity of hull extracts.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Frutas/química , Fenóis/análise , Prunus/química , Sementes/química , Vitis/química , Agricultura , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Flavonoides/análise , Resíduos Industriais/análise , Espectrometria de MassasRESUMO
Mucilage (M) and soluble protein (SP) extracted from chia seed and flaxseed were used as encapsulating material for two probiotic bacteria: Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus plantarum by spray drying. Probiotic survival and viability after spray drying and during storage were evaluated. B. infantis and L. plantarum displayed high survival (⩾98%) after encapsulation with mixtures of maltodextrin (MD) combined with M and SP from flaxseed (MD:FM:FSP - 7.5:0.2:7.5%, w/w/w) and chia seed (MD:CM:CSP - 7.5:0.6:7.5%, w/w/w), respectively. These ternary blends protected the probiotics and enhanced their resistance to simulated gastric juice and bile solution. Probiotics encapsulated with the ternary blends incorporated in instant juice powder exhibited high viability (>9Log10CFU/g) after 45days refrigerated storage. Encapsulation with the ternary blends reduced particle size of the probiotic powders thereby offering additional functional benefits. Our results reveal that chia seed and flaxseed are excellent sources of probiotic encapsulating agents.
Assuntos
Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Linho/química , Lactobacillus plantarum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Exsudatos de Plantas/química , Pós/química , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Salvia/química , Sementes/química , Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis/efeitos dos fármacos , Dessecação , Liofilização , Suco Gástrico/efeitos dos fármacos , Suco Gástrico/microbiologia , Lactobacillus plantarum/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Ulmo honey originating from Eucryphia cordifolia tree, known locally in the Araucania region as the Ulmo tree is a natural product with valuable nutritional and medicinal qualities. It has been used in the Mapuche culture to treat infections. This study aimed to identify the volatile and non-volatile/semi-volatile compounds of Ulmo honey and elucidate its in vitro biological properties by evaluating its antioxidant, antibacterial, antiproliferative and hemolytic properties and cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells. Headspace volatiles of Ulmo honey were isolated by solid-phase microextraction (SPME); non-volatiles/semi-volatiles were obtained by removing all saccharides with acidified water and the compounds were identified by GC/MS analysis. Ulmo honey volatiles consisted of 50 compounds predominated by 20 flavor components. Two of the volatile compounds, lyrame and anethol have never been reported before as honey compounds. The non-volatile/semi-volatile components of Ulmo honey comprised 27 compounds including 13 benzene derivatives accounting 75% of the total peak area. Ulmo honey exhibited weak antioxidant activity but strong antibacterial activity particularly against gram-negative bacteria and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the main strain involved in wounds and skin infections. At concentrations >0.5%, Ulmo honey reduced Caco-2 cell viability, released lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in a dose dependent manner in the presence of foetal bovine serum (FBS). The wide array of volatile and non-volatile/semi-volatile constituents of Ulmo honey rich in benzene derivatives may partly account for its strong antibacterial and antiproliferative properties important for its therapeutic use. Our results indicate that Ulmo honey can potentially inhibit cancer growth at least partly by modulating oxidative stress.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Benzeno/farmacologia , Mel/análise , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/análise , Antineoplásicos/análise , Apiterapia , Benzeno/análise , Células CACO-2 , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Chile , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Humanos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Microextração em Fase Sólida , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análiseRESUMO
Extracts from Murta leaves are used by Chilean natives for their benefits on health and cosmetic properties, which are mainly due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds. Extraction of such compounds is strongly influenced by several variables, the effects of which are studied in this work; the antioxidant power of the resulting extracts was measured by two different methods [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)]. On the whole, maximum values of polyphenolic yields and antiradical power (DPPH method) were attained at 50 degrees C (from 25 to 50 degrees C) and a solvent-to-solid ratio (v/w) of 15:1 (15:1-25:1). The solvents assayed were ethanol, methanol, and water. The highest polyphenolic yield values (2.6% expressed as gallic acid) were reached with methanol, whereas maximum EC50 was attained by the ethanol extract (0.121 mol gallic acid/mol DPPH). Contact time was shown to have only a slight influence in alcoholic extraction, while in water a remarkable effect of increasing contact times (30-90 min) was observed. Just water was the solvent that offered the best result when the antioxidant power was measured by the TBARS method. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of polyphenols, basically flavonols and flavanols, sometimes glycosilated; myricetin and quercetin glycosides were detected in all extracts, whereas epicatechin was present in alcoholic extracts and gallic acid was only present in water.