Co-circulation of two Alphaviruses in Burkina Faso: Chikungunya and O'nyong nyong viruses.

BACKGROUND: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and O'nyong nyong virus (ONNV) are phylogenetically related alphaviruses in the Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) antigenic complex of the Togaviridae family. There are limited data on the circulation of these two viruses in Burkina Faso. The aim of our study was to assess their circulation in the country by determining seroprevalence to each of the viruses in blood donor samples and by retrospective molecular and serological testing of samples collected as part of national measles and rubella surveillance. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: All blood donor samples were analyzed on the Luminex platform using CHIKV and ONNV E2 antigens. Patient samples collected during national measles-rubella surveillance were screened by an initial ELISA for CHIKV IgM (CHIKjj Detect IgM ELISA) at the national laboratory. The positive samples were then analyzed by a second ELISA test for CHIKV IgM (CDC MAC-ELISA) at the reference laboratory. Finally, samples that had IgM positive results for both ELISA tests and had sufficient residual volume were tested by plaque reduction neutralization testing (PRNT) for CHIKV and ONNV. These same patient samples were also analyzed by rRT-PCR for CHIKV. Among the blood donor specimens, 55.49% of the samples were positive for alphaviruses including both CHIKV and ONNV positive samples. Among patient samples collected as part of national measles and rubella surveillance, 3.09% were IgM positive for CHIKV, including 2.5% confirmed by PRNT. PRNT failed to demonstrate any ONNV infections in these samples. No samples tested by RT-qPCR. had detectable CHIKV RNA. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggest that CHIKV and ONNV have been circulating in the population of Burkina Faso and may have been confused with malaria, dengue fever or other febrile diseases such as measles or rubella. Our study underscores the necessity to enhance arbovirus surveillance systems in Burkina Faso.

Hábitos alimenticios, nocivos y rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios en tiempos de Covid-19

Resumen Los hábitos alimenticios influyen drásticamente en el rendimiento académico universitario, teniendo consecuencias a corto, mediano y largo plazo. Objetivo. Identificar los hábitos alimenticios nocivos y rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios en tiempos de Covid-19 en Ecuador-Azogues. Metodología . Estudio descriptivo transversal, población de estudio 623 estudiantes universitarios de la carrera de Medicina, se les aplicó una encuesta, el análisis estadístico se lo realizó mediante SPSS V20. Resultados. El 64,7% corresponden al sexo femenino, 58,3% proceden de la provincia del Cañar, el 82,7 son católicos y el 10,1% presentan bajo rendimiento, de los cuales el 28,6% presentaron sobrepeso y la probabilidad de que estos estudiantes tengan bajo rendimiento fue del 63%. Se demostró también que el 82,5% de estudiantes consumen comida chatarra, existiendo 3 veces (RP 3,12; IC95% 1,88-5,26) más probabilidad de que éstos estudiantes tengan bajo rendimiento, el sexo masculino también presentó 1,6 veces (IC95% 1,04-2,65) más probabilidad de tener bajo rendimiento en comparación con el sexo femenino, mientras que los estudiantes que proceden de las distintas provincias tienen 1,6 veces (RP 1,63; IC95% 1,03-2,63) más probabilidad de tener rendimiento deficiente. Un 85,7% de estudiantes consume alcohol y al menos el 25,4% ha consumido drogas existiendo 2 veces (PR 2; IC95% 1,19-3,44) más probabilidad de que estos estudiantes bajen su rendimiento. Conclusiones. Se determinó que el bajo rendimiento académico está relacionado no solo por el sexo sino también, por la procedencia, la malnutrición, consumo de comida chatarra y uso de drogas incrementando la proporción de estudiantes con bajo rendimiento.

Abstract Eating habits drastically influence university academic performance, having short, medium and long term consequences. Objective. To identify harmful eating habits and academic performance in university students in times of Covid-19 in Ecuador-Azogues. Methodology . Descriptive cross-sectional study, study population 623 university students of the Medicine career, a survey was applied to them, the statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS V20. Results . 64.7% were female, 58.3% were from the province of Cañar, 82.7% were Catholic and 10.1% were underachievers, of which 28.6% were overweight and the probability of these students being underachievers was 63%. It was also shown that 82.5% of students consume junk food, with 3 times (PR 3.12; 95%CI 1.88-5.26) more probability that these students have low performance, the male sex also presented 1.6 times (95%CI 1.04-2.65) more probability of having low performance compared to the female sex, while students coming from the different provinces have 1.6 times (PR 1.63; 95%CI 1.03-2.63) more probability of having poor performance. A 85.7% of students consume alcohol and at least 25.4% have consumed drugs existing 2 times (PR 2; 95%CI 1.19-3.44) more likely that these students have lower performance. Conclusions . It was determined that low academic performance is related not only by gender but also by origin, malnutrition, consumption of junk food and drug use, increasing the proportion of students with low performance.

Resumo Os hábitos alimentares influenciam drasticamente o desempenho acadêmico universitário, tendo conseqüências a curto, médio e longo prazo. Objetivo. Identificar hábitos alimentares prejudiciais e desempenho acadêmico em estudantes universitários durante o período Covid-19 no Equador-Azogues. Metodologia. Estudo descritivo transversal, população estudada 623 estudantes universitários de Medicina, uma pesquisa foi aplicada a eles, a análise estatística foi realizada utilizando o SPSS V20. Resultados. 64,7% eram do sexo feminino, 58,3% eram da província de Cañar, 82,7% eram católicos e 10,1% eram alunos com baixo aproveitamento, dos quais 28,6% tinham excesso de peso, e a probabilidade de esses alunos serem alunos com baixo aproveitamento era de 63%. Também foi demonstrado que 82,5% dos estudantes consomem comida de plástico, com 3 vezes (PR 3,12; 95%CI 1,88-5,26) mais propensos a serem sub-atingidos, os estudantes do sexo masculino também foram 1,6 vezes (95%CI 1,04-2,65) mais propensos a serem sub-atingidos em comparação com os estudantes do sexo feminino, enquanto os estudantes das diferentes províncias foram 1,6 vezes (PR 1,63; 95%CI 1,03-2,63) mais propensos a serem sub-atingidos. 85,7% dos estudantes usam álcool e pelo menos 25,4% usaram drogas sendo 2 vezes (PR 2; 95%CI 1,19-3,44) mais propensos a ter um desempenho mais fraco. Conclusões. Constatou-se que o baixo desempenho acadêmico estava relacionado não apenas por gênero, mas também, por formação, desnutrição, consumo de junk food e uso de drogas, aumentando a proporção de estudantes com baixo desempenho

Caracterización de encefalitis por Zika y atención de enfermería: caso clínico / Characterization of encephalitis by Zika and nursing attention: clinical case

Introducción:La encefalitis es un proceso inflamatorio del parénquima cerebral de forma aguda aumentando la morbilidad y mortalidad. Se ha relacionado con una rápida propagación de enfermedades transmitidas por mosquitos: virus del Nilo Occidental, dengue, encefalitis japonesa y Zika, principales amenazas para la salud pública. Está asociado a complicaciones con microcefalia en fetos, y síndrome de Guillian-Barré en adultos.Objetivo:Caracterizar los síntomas biológicos frecuentes en pacientes afectados por Zika, que permita la individualización de la acción enfermera durante el tratamiento en periodo de hospitalización.Descripcióndel caso:Paciente de 34 años de edad, 8 días de evolución, cuadro clínico típico de Zika con alza térmica, rash cutáneo, cefalea holocraneana, alteración del estado de la conciencia, ideas delirantes, lenguaje incoherente, conducta exhibicionista. Además, cuadro de agresividad, finalmente presenta convulsiones tónico clónico generalizado. Resultado de laboratorio positivo para Zika,EEG muestra ondas agudas sobre una base enlentecida con predominio bitemporal. Imagenología igual enlas Encefalitis Herpéticas con compromiso temporal bilateral con predominio en un hemisferio.Conclusiones:La encefalitis por virus Zikase caracterizó por presentar cuadro clínico característico de la enfermedad, signos y síntomas neurológicos, PCR en sangre y orina positivos, con alta probabilidad clínica epidemiológica de ser un caso de Encefalitis por Zika. La acción de Enfermería se centró: seguridad del paciente, control y valoración de signos vitales, control de estado de conciencia, cumplimiento de prescripciones farmacológicas médica, toma de muestras, preparación para exámenes especiales, manejo de líquidos.

Introduction:Encephalitis, cerebral parenchymal inflammatory process, is acute and there is important morbidity and mortality, it has been related to a rapid spread of diseases transmitted by mosquitoes: West Nile virus, dengue, Japanese encephalitis and Zika, main threats to the public health. Zika, associated with complications with microcephaly in fetuses, and Guillian-Barré syndrome in adults.Objetive:To characterize the frequent biological symptoms in patients affected by Zika, which allows the individualization of the nursing action during the treatment during the hospitalization period.Case description:Patient of 34 years of age, 8 days of evolution, typical Zika clinical picture with thermal boost, skin rash, holocranial headache, altered state of consciousness, delusional ideas, incoherent language, exhibitionist behavior. in addition, aggressiveness picture, finally presents generalized clonic tonic seizures. Positive laboratory for Zika, EEG shows sharp waves on a slow basis with bitemporal predominance. Imaging equal to Herpetic Encephalitis with bilateral temporal involvement predominantly in one hemisphere.Conclusions:Zikavirus encephalitis was characterized by a characteristic clinical picture of the disease, neurological signs and symptoms, positive blood and urine PCR, with a high clinical and epidemiological probability of being a case of Zika encephalitis. The nursingaction was focused: patient safety, control and evaluation of vital signs, control of state of consciousness, compliance with medical pharmacological prescriptions, taking of samples, preparation for special examinations, liquid handling.