Interventions to reduce bruxism in children and adolescents: a systematic scoping review and critical reflection.

The aim of the present study was to perform a critical reflection about intervention options for bruxism reduction in children and adolescents. Search was conducted based on the PICO-structured question: "What are the intervention options to reduce bruxism in children/adolescents?". No language, year, or study design restrictions were imposed. Studies reporting interventions to reduce bruxism in children (< 10) and adolescents (10 to 19 years old) were included. Reviews and letters to editors were not included. From 2723 records, 17 papers were included. Included studies were primarily randomized clinical trials performed in Brazil (35.3%) and using different criteria for the diagnosis of bruxism. Reduction in self-reported bruxism and headaches associated with bruxism were observed in studies that used medications (hydroxyzine/trazodone/flurazepam), occlusal splints, orthodontic interventions, and psychological and physical therapy interventions. Reduction in Rhythmic Masticatory Muscle Activity was observed with the use of the occlusal splint and in orthodontic interventions. Alternative treatments (medicinal extracts such as Melissa officinalis-L) have shown inconclusive results.Conclusions: Several intervention options are available to inhibit or reduce bruxism activity. The respective indication, contraindications, and side effects of each treatment option must be assessed individually and carefully, taking into account that bruxism is not considered a disorder in otherwise healthy individuals.What is known• Biological and psychological factors have been strongly correlated to the development of bruxism• Bruxism prevalence ranging from 6 to 50% in childrenWhat is new• Reduction in self-reported bruxism and headaches associated with bruxism were observed in studies that used medication (Hydroxyzine/ Trazodone/ Flurazepam), occlusal splints, orthodontic interventions, psychological, and physical therapy interventions• A reduction in Rhythmic Masticatory Muscle Activity was observed with the use of the occlusal splint and orthodontic interventions. Alternative treatments (medicinal extracts such as Melissa officinalis L) show inconclusive results in respect of the reduction in bruxism.

Platelet-Poor Plasma as a Supplement for Fibroblasts Cultured in Platelet-Rich Fibrin.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the proliferation and adhesion of mesenchymal cells (3T3/NIH) in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium(DMEM) supplemented with Platelet-Poor Plasma (PPP) in aPlatelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) scaffold. Human blood was obtained and processed in a centrifuge considering the equation G=1.12xRx(RPM/1000)2 to obtain PRF and PPP.Cell adhesion and maintenance analyses were performed by MTTassays in a 96 well plate withsupplemented DMEM: PPP (90:10) for 24 hours. Besides, the PRF was deposited in a 48 well plate and 10x104 cells were seeded above each PRF (n=3) with 800µl of DMEM: PPP (90:10) and cultured for 7 days. Histological analysis and the immunohistochemical staining for Vimentin were performed. Results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA in Stata12®. A significant decrease (p<0.05) of cells adhesion in relationship to FBSwas observed. However, a similar ability of cell-maintenance for PPP 10% was observed (P>0.05). Fibroblasts culture for 7 days in PRF supplemented with PPP 10% was possible, showing positive staining for Vimentin. Therefore, PPP cell supplementation decreased the initial adhesion of cells but was able to maintain the proliferation of adhered cells and able to support their viability in PRF.It seems that this method has many clinical advantagessince it provides an autologous and natural scaffold with their respective supplement for cell culture by only one process, without using xenogeneic compounds. This could improve the potential of clinical translational therapies based on the use of PRF cultured cells, promoting the regenerative potential for future use in medicine and dentistry.

Tratamento criogênico para elevar a quantidade de macroporos no plasma rico em fibrina utilizado como scaffold em engenharia tecidual / Cryogenic treatment to increase the amount of macropores in plasma rich in fibrin used as scaffold in tissue engineering

Objetivos: Investigar se o tratamento criogênico é capaz de elevar a quantidade de macroporos no Plasma Rico em Fibrina (PRF) utilizado como scaffold sem destruir totalmente sua integridade estrutural. Métodos: Três amostras de sangue (10 ml) foram processadas para obtenção do PRF. As amostras foram armazenadas em ultrafreezer (-80°C) e armazenadas por sete dias e um ano. Como controle foi utilizado um PRF imediatamente após sua obtenção. Após os respectivos períodos de armazenamento, cada PRF foi preparado para análises histológicas. Três áreas representativas de cada amostra foram selecionadas e avaliadas no software Image J quanto ao tamanho dos poros: macro ≥ 50 µm e microporos < 50 µm. Resultados: Após sete dias e um ano de criopreservação foi observada uma área total de macroporos compreendendo 76% e 82% do PRF, respectivamente. No PRF processado imediatamente após sua obtenção observamos 64% de macroporos. Além disso, a criopreservação promoveu uma alteração do arranjo estrutural do PRF. Conclusão: O tratamento criogênico do PRF a -80°C (por 7 dias ou um ano) foi capaz de elevar a quantidade de macroporos mantendo uma considerada quantidade de microporos. Com o aumento do tempo de tratamento criogênico um maior número de macroporos foi observado.

Objectives: To investigate whether the cryogenic treatment is able to increase the amount of macropores in the Fibrin Rich Plasma (PRF) used as scaffold, without destroying its structural integrity. Methods: Three blood samples (10 ml) were processed to obtain the PRF. The samples were stored in ultra-freezer (-80° C) and maintained for seven days or one year. As a control, PRF immediately after their acquisition was used. After each storage period, PRF was prepared for histological analysis. Three representative areas of each sample were selected and evaluated in Image J software for pore size: macro ≥ 50 µm and micropores < 50 µm. Results: After seven days and after one year of cryopreservation was observed a total area of macropores comprising 76% and 82% of the PRF, respectively. In PRF processed immediately after collection was observed 64% of macropores. As observed, the cryopreservation changed the structural arrangement of the PRF. Conclusion: The cryogenic treatment of PRF at -80 ° C (for 7 days or one year) increased the amount of macropores maintaining a considerate amount of micropores. A greater number of macropores was observed as the cryogenic treatment time was increased.