RESUMO
Linerixibat, an oral small-molecule ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor under development for cholestatic pruritus in primary biliary cholangitis, was designed for minimal absorption from the intestine (site of pharmacological action). This study characterized the pharmacokinetics, absorption, metabolism, and excretion of [14C]-linerixibat in humans after an intravenous microtracer concomitant with unlabeled oral tablets and [14C]-linerixibat oral solution. Linerixibat exhibited absorption-limited flip-flop kinetics: longer oral versus intravenous half-life (6-7 hours vs. 0.8 hours). The short intravenous half-life was consistent with high systemic clearance (61.9 l/h) and low volume of distribution (16.3 l). In vitro studies predicted rapid hepatic clearance via cytochrome P450 3A4 metabolism, which predicted human hepatic clearance within 1.5-fold. However, linerixibat was minimally metabolized in humans after intravenous administration: â¼80% elimination via biliary/fecal excretion (>90%-97% as unchanged parent) and â¼20% renal elimination by glomerular filtration (>97% as unchanged parent). Absolute oral bioavailability of linerixibat was exceedingly low (0.05%), primarily because of a very low fraction absorbed (0.167%; fraction escaping first-pass gut metabolism (fg) â¼100%), with high hepatic extraction ratio (77.0%) acting as a secondary barrier to systemic exposure. Oral linerixibat was almost entirely excreted (>99% recovered radioactivity) in feces as unchanged and unabsorbed linerixibat. Consistent with the low oral fraction absorbed and â¼20% renal recovery of intravenous [14C]-linerixibat, urinary elimination of orally administered radioactivity was negligible (<0.04% of dose). Linerixibat unequivocally exhibited minimal gastrointestinal absorption and oral systemic exposure. Linerixibat represents a unique example of high CYP3A4 clearance in vitro but nearly complete excretion as unchanged parent drug via the biliary/fecal route. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study conclusively established minimal absorption and systemic exposure to orally administered linerixibat in humans. The small amount of linerixibat absorbed was eliminated efficiently as unchanged parent drug via the biliary/fecal route. The hepatic clearance mechanism was mispredicted to be mediated via cytochrome P450 3A4 metabolism in vitro rather than biliary excretion of unchanged linerixibat in vivo.
Assuntos
Administração Intravenosa , Administração Oral , Proteínas de Transporte/antagonistas & inibidores , Eliminação Hepatobiliar , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/antagonistas & inibidores , Metilaminas/farmacocinética , Eliminação Renal , Tiazepinas/farmacocinética , Adulto , Disponibilidade Biológica , Fármacos Gastrointestinais/farmacocinética , Voluntários Saudáveis , Eliminação Hepatobiliar/efeitos dos fármacos , Eliminação Hepatobiliar/fisiologia , Humanos , Absorção Intestinal , Masculino , Taxa de Depuração Metabólica , Eliminação Renal/efeitos dos fármacos , Eliminação Renal/fisiologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Acalabrutinib is a targeted, covalent inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) with a unique 2-butynamide warhead that has relatively lower reactivity than other marketed acrylamide covalent inhibitors. A human [14C] microtracer bioavailability study in healthy subjects revealed moderate intravenous clearance (39.4 l/h) and an absolute bioavailability of 25.3% ± 14.3% (n = 8). Absorption and elimination of acalabrutinib after a 100 mg [14C] microtracer acalabrutinib oral dose was rapid, with the maximum concentration reached in <1 hour and elimination half-life values of <2 hours. Low concentrations of radioactivity persisted longer in the blood cell fraction and a peripheral blood mononuclear cell subfraction (enriched in target BTK) relative to plasma. [14C]Acalabrutinib was metabolized to more than three dozen metabolites detectable by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, with primary metabolism by CYP3A-mediated oxidation of the pyrrolidine ring, thiol conjugation of the butynamide warhead, and amide hydrolysis. A major active, circulating, pyrrolidine ring-opened metabolite, ACP-5862 (4-[8-amino-3-[4-(but-2-ynoylamino)butanoyl]imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-1-yl]-N-(2-pyridyl)benzamide), was produced by CYP3A oxidation.Novel enol thioethers from the 2-butynamide warhead arose from glutathione and/or cysteine Michael additions and were subject to hydrolysis to a ß-ketoamide. Total radioactivity recovery was 95.7% ± 4.6% (n = 6), with 12.0% of dose in urine and 83.5% in feces. Excretion and metabolism characteristics were generally similar in rats and dogs. Acalabrutinib's highly selective, covalent mechanism of action, coupled with rapid absorption and elimination, enables high and sustained BTK target occupancy after twice-daily administration.
Assuntos
Tirosina Quinase da Agamaglobulinemia/antagonistas & inibidores , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Benzamidas/farmacologia , Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Pirazinas/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Adulto , Animais , Antineoplásicos/análise , Antineoplásicos/metabolismo , Benzamidas/análise , Benzamidas/metabolismo , Disponibilidade Biológica , Cães , Fezes/química , Feminino , Meia-Vida , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Hidrólise , Absorção Intestinal , Linfoma de Célula do Manto/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oxirredução , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/análise , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Pirazinas/análise , Pirazinas/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Urina/química , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We reported previously that tumor-evoked regulatory B cells (tBregs) play an essential role in breast cancer lung metastasis by inducing TGF-ß-dependent conversion of metastasis-promoting Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this article, we show that resveratrol (RSV), a plant-derived polyphenol, at low and noncytotoxic doses for immune cells, can efficiently inhibit lung metastasis in mice. The mechanism of this process is that RSV inactivates Stat3, preventing the generation and function of tBregs, including expression of TGF-ß. As a result, it frees antitumor effector immune responses by disabling tBreg-induced conversion of Foxp3(+) Tregs. We propose that low doses of RSV may also benefit humans by controlling cancer escape-promoting tBregs/Tregs without nonspecific inactivation of effector immune cells.
Assuntos
Linfócitos B Reguladores/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/tratamento farmacológico , Estilbenos/uso terapêutico , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Animais , Feminino , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/imunologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundário , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/imunologia , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Resveratrol , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/biossínteseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Subanesthetic doses of (R,S)-ketamine are used in the treatment of neuropathic pain and depression. In the rat, the antidepressant effects of (R,S)-ketamine are associated with increased activity and function of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR); however, (R,S)-ketamine is extensively metabolized and the contribution of its metabolites to increased mTOR signaling is unknown. METHODS: Rats (n = 3 per time point) were given (R,S)-ketamine, (R,S)-norketamine, and (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine and their effect on the mTOR pathway determined after 20, 30, and 60 min. PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells (n = 3 per experiment) were treated with escalating concentrations of each compound and the impact on the mTOR pathway was determined. RESULTS: The phosphorylation of mTOR and its downstream targets was significantly increased in rat prefrontal cortex tissue by more than ~2.5-, ~25-, and ~2-fold, respectively, in response to a 60-min postadministration of (R,S)-ketamine, (R,S)-norketamine, and (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine (P < 0.05, ANOVA analysis). In PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells, the test compounds activated the mTOR pathway in a concentration-dependent manner, which resulted in a significantly higher expression of serine racemase with ~2-fold increases at 0.05 nM (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine, 10 nM (R,S)-norketamine, and 1,000 nM (R,S)-ketamine. The potency of the effect reflected antagonistic activity of the test compounds at the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. CONCLUSIONS: The data demonstrate that (R,S)-norketamine and (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine have potent pharmacological activity both in vitro and in vivo and contribute to the molecular effects produced by subanesthetic doses of (R,S)-ketamine. The results suggest that the determination of the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant and analgesic effects of (R,S)-ketamine requires a full study of the parent compound and its metabolites.
Assuntos
Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Ketamina/análogos & derivados , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/efeitos dos fármacos , Aconitina/análogos & derivados , Aconitina/farmacologia , Animais , Western Blotting , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Ketamina/análise , Ketamina/farmacocinética , Ketamina/farmacologia , Masculino , Nicotina/farmacologia , Agonistas Nicotínicos/farmacologia , Antagonistas Nicotínicos/farmacologia , Células PC12 , Fosforilação , Córtex Pré-Frontal/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Pré-Frontal/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 1-24 (ACTH[1-24]) has a similar effect as endogenous ACTH(1-39) to generate cortisol by targeting the MC2R receptor on the adrenal gland. A new investigational ACTH receptor antagonist drug is being developed to treat diseases of ACTH excess (e.g., Cushing's disease) by binding to the MC2R receptor. Administration of ACTH(1-24) was used in a Phase I clinical study to assess the ability of this drug candidate to suppress the cortisol response to ACTH stimulation. A hybrid immunoaffinity-LCMS assay measuring ACTH(1-24) with a concentration range of 10 to 400 pg/ml was developed to support the study. Consistent and acceptable A&P results were achieved. The assay development and qualification will be discussed.
[Box: see text].
RESUMO
The 16th GCC Closed Forum was held in Orlando, FL, USA, on 23 June 2023. Representatives from international bioanalytical Contract Research Organizations were in attendance in order to discuss scientific and regulatory issues specific to bioanalysis. The issues discussed at the meeting included: IS response, flow cytometry, changes to the bioanalytical industry, NGS assays, biomarker assay for tissues, dPCR validation, immunogenicity harmonization and ICH M10 implementation. Conclusions and consensus from discussions of these topics are included in this article.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores , Citometria de Fluxo , Citometria de Fluxo/normas , Citometria de Fluxo/métodos , Biomarcadores/análise , Humanos , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodosRESUMO
The brain is one of the major targets of chronic alcohol abuse. Yet the fundamental mechanisms underlying alcohol-mediated brain damage remain unclear. The products of alcohol metabolism cause DNA damage, which in conditions of DNA repair dysfunction leads to genomic instability and neural death. We propose that one-carbon metabolism (OCM) impairment associated with long term chronic ethanol intake is a key factor in ethanol-induced neurotoxicity, because OCM provides cells with DNA precursors for DNA repair and methyl groups for DNA methylation, both critical for genomic stability. Using histological (immunohistochemistry and stereological counting) and biochemical assays, we show that 3-week chronic exposure of adult mice to 5% ethanol (Lieber-Decarli diet) results in increased DNA damage, reduced DNA repair, and neuronal death in the brain. These were concomitant with compromised OCM, as evidenced by elevated homocysteine, a marker of OCM dysfunction. We conclude that OCM dysfunction plays a causal role in alcohol-induced genomic instability in the brain because OCM status determines the alcohol effect on DNA damage/repair and genomic stability. Short ethanol exposure, which did not disturb OCM, also did not affect the response to DNA damage, whereas additional OCM disturbance induced by deficiency in a key OCM enzyme, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) in Mthfr(+/-) mice, exaggerated the ethanol effect on DNA repair. Thus, the impact of long term ethanol exposure on DNA repair and genomic stability in the brain results from OCM dysfunction, and MTHFR mutations such as Mthfr 677CâT, common in human population, may exaggerate the adverse effects of ethanol on the brain.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/efeitos adversos , Depressores do Sistema Nervoso Central/efeitos adversos , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Reparo do DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Etanol/efeitos adversos , Metilenotetra-Hidrofolato Redutase (NADPH2)/metabolismo , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/metabolismo , Animais , Carbono/metabolismo , Depressores do Sistema Nervoso Central/farmacologia , Reparo do DNA/genética , Etanol/farmacologia , Instabilidade Genômica/efeitos dos fármacos , Instabilidade Genômica/genética , Homocisteína/genética , Homocisteína/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Metilenotetra-Hidrofolato Redutase (NADPH2)/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Mutantes , MutaçãoRESUMO
The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), an ATP binding cassette (ABC) efflux transporter, plays a role in multiple drug resistance (MDR). Previous studies of the subcellular location of the ABC transporter P-glycoprotein indicated that this protein is expressed in nuclear membranes. This study examines the nuclear distribution of BCRP in seven human-derived glioblastoma (GBM) and astrocytoma cell lines. BCRP expression was observed in the nuclear extracts of 6/7 cell lines. Using the GBM LN229 cell line as a model, nuclear BCRP protein was detected by immunoblotting and confocal laser microscopy. Importantly, nuclear BCRP staining was found in a subpopulation of tumour cells in a human brain GBM biopsy. Mitoxantrone cytotoxicity in the LN229 cell line was determined with and without the BCRP inhibitor fumitremorgin C (FTC) and after downregulation of BCRP with small interfering RNA (siRNA). FTC inhibition of BCRP increased mitoxantrone cytotoxicity with a ~7-fold reduction in the IC50 and this effect was further potentiated in the siRNA-treated cells. In conclusion, BCRP is expressed in the nuclear extracts of select GBM and astrocytoma cell lines and in a human GBM tumour biopsy. Its presence in the nucleus of cancer cells suggests new role for BCRP in MDR.
Assuntos
Transportadores de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , Glioblastoma/patologia , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Membro 2 da Subfamília G de Transportadores de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP , Transportadores de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/antagonistas & inibidores , Astrocitoma/metabolismo , Astrocitoma/patologia , Biópsia , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Núcleo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Imunofluorescência , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Humanos , Immunoblotting , Indóis/análise , Indóis/farmacologia , Microscopia Confocal , Mitoxantrona/farmacologia , Proteínas de Neoplasias/antagonistas & inibidores , Transporte Proteico/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Frações Subcelulares/efeitos dos fármacos , Frações Subcelulares/metabolismoRESUMO
The objective was to determine the cytochrome P450s (CYPs) responsible for the stereoselective and regiospecific hydroxylation of ketamine [(R,S)-Ket] to diastereomeric hydroxyketamines, (2S,6S;2R,6R)-HK (5a) and (2S,6R;2R,6S)-HK (5b) and norketamine [(R,S)-norKet] to hydroxynorketamines, (2S,6S;2R,6R)-HNK (4a), (2S,6R;2R,6S)-HNK (4b), (2S,5S;2R,5R)-HNK (4c), (2S,4S;2R,4R)-HNK (4d), (2S,4R;2R,4S)-HNK (4e), (2S,5R;2R,5S)-HNK (4f). The enantiomers of Ket and norKet were incubated with characterized human liver microsomes (HLMs) and expressed CYPs. Metabolites were identified and quantified using LC/MS/MS and apparent kinetic constants estimated using single-site Michaelis-Menten, Hill or substrate inhibition equation. 5a was predominantly formed from (S)-Ket by CYP2A6 and N-demethylated to 4a by CYP2B6. 5b was formed from (R)- and (S)-Ket by CYP3A4/3A5 and N-demethylated to 4b by multiple enzymes. norKet incubation produced 4a, 4c and 4f and minor amounts of 4d and 4e. CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 were the major enzymes responsible for the formation of 4a, 4d and 4f, and CYP3A4/3A5 for the formation of 4e. The 4b metabolite was not detected in the norKet incubates. 5a and 4b were detected in plasma samples from patients receiving (R,S)-Ket, indicating that 5a and 5b are significant Ket metabolites. Large variations in HNK concentrations were observed suggesting that pharmacogenetics and/or metabolic drug interactions may play a role in therapeutic response.
Assuntos
Anestésicos Dissociativos/metabolismo , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Ketamina/análogos & derivados , Anestésicos Dissociativos/uso terapêutico , Síndromes da Dor Regional Complexa/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Hidroxilação , Ketamina/metabolismo , Ketamina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Belumosudil is a selective Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) inhibitor. ROCK2 has been shown to drive proinflammatory response and fibrosis that occurs with chronic graft-versus-host disease; therefore, inhibition of ROCK2 has emerged as a therapeutic target for chronic graft-versus-host disease. In this phase 1 two-part study, the pharmacokinetics, mass balance, and metabolic profile of belumosudil were evaluated after single doses of unlabeled belumosudil oral tablets (200 mg), radiolabeled belumosudil intravenous (IV) microtracer infusions (100 µg), and radiolabeled oral capsules (200 mg). Absolute bioavailability based on area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity for the oral dose/area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity for the IV dose was calculated as 63.7%. Radiolabeled IV microtracer dosing demonstrated a low extraction ratio and distribution of belumosudil into tissues. The majority of total radioactivity was recovered in feces, with minimal amounts recovered in urine, suggesting minimal renal elimination of belumosudil. In addition to parent and main metabolite KD025m2, metabolites identified in plasma included the phase 2 metabolites O-dealkylated belumosudil sulfate and belumosudil glucuronide. These metabolites (with the exception of the glucuronide) in addition to monohydroxy-belumosudil, and belumosudil diol were identified in feces. No metabolites in urine accounted for >10% of the radioactive dose.
Assuntos
Glucuronídeos , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro , Acetamidas , Administração Oral , Disponibilidade Biológica , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
The 13th Global CRO Council (GCC) closed forum for bioanalysis was held in New Orleans, LA, USA on 5 April 2019. This GCC meeting was organized to discuss the contents of the 2019 ICH M10 Bioanalytical Method Validation Draft Guideline published in February 2019 and consolidate the feedback of the GCC members. While ICH M10 will cover requirements for reference standards, one of the biggest challenges facing the CRO community is the lack of consistency and completeness of Certificates of Analysis for reference standards used in regulated bioanalysis. Similar challenges exist with critical reagents (e.g., capture and detection antibodies) used for assays supporting biologics. The recommendations provided in this publication are the minimum requirements for the content that GCC members believe should be included in Certificates of Analysis for reference standards obtained from commercial vendors, sponsors and compendial suppliers, for use in regulated bioanalytical studies. In addition, recommendations for internal standards, metabolites and critical reagents are discussed.
Assuntos
Anticorpos/análise , Bioensaio/normas , Humanos , Padrões de ReferênciaRESUMO
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists, such as epibatidine and its molecular derivatives, are potential therapeutic agents for a variety of neurological disorders. In order to identify determinants for subtype-selective agonist binding, it is important to determine whether an agonist binds in a common orientation in different nAChR subtypes. To compare the mode of binding of epibatidine in a muscle and a neuronal nAChR, we photolabeled Torpedo alpha(2)betagammadelta and expressed human alpha4beta2 nAChRs with [(3)H]epibatidine and identified by Edman degradation the photolabeled amino acids. Irradiation at 254 nm resulted in photolabeling of alphaTyr(198) in agonist binding site Segment C of the principal (+) face in both alpha subunits and of gammaLeu(109) and gammaTyr(117) in Segment E of the complementary (-) face, with no labeling detected in the delta subunit. For affinity-purified alpha4beta2 nAChRs, [(3)H]epibatidine photolabeled alpha4Tyr(195) (equivalent to Torpedo alphaTyr(190)) in Segment C as well as beta2Val(111) and beta2Ser(113) in Segment E (equivalent to Torpedo gammaLeu(109) and gammaTyr(111), respectively). Consideration of the location of the photolabeled amino acids in homology models of the nAChRs based upon the acetylcholine-binding protein structure and the results of ligand docking simulations suggests that epibatidine binds in a single preferred orientation within the alpha-gamma transmitter binding site, whereas it binds in two distinct orientations in the alpha4beta2 nAChR.
Assuntos
Aminoácidos/química , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes/farmacologia , Piridinas/farmacologia , Receptores Nicotínicos/metabolismo , Acetilcolina/metabolismo , Analgésicos não Narcóticos/farmacologia , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cristalografia por Raios X/métodos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Ligação Proteica , Torpedo , Tirosina/químicaRESUMO
The development of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists, particularly those that discriminate between neuronal nAChR subtypes, holds promise as potential therapeutic agents for many neurological diseases and disorders. To this end, we photoaffinity labeled human alpha4beta2 and rat alpha4beta4 nAChRs affinity-purified from stably transfected HEK-293 cells, with the agonists [(125)I]epibatidine and 5[(125)I]A-85380. Our results show that both agonists photoincorporated into the beta4 subunit with little or no labeling of the beta2 and alpha4 subunits respectively. [(125)I]epibatidine labeling in the beta4 subunit was mapped to two overlapping proteolytic fragments that begin at beta4V102 and contain Loop E (beta4I109-P120) of the agonist binding site. We were unable to identify labeled amino acid(s) in Loop E by protein sequencing, but we were able to demonstrate that beta4Q117 in Loop E is the principal site of [(125)I]epibatidine labeling. This was accomplished by substituting residues in the beta2 subunit with the beta4 homologs and finding [(125)I]epibatidine labeling in beta4 and beta2F119Q subunits with little, if any, labeling in alpha4, beta2, or beta2S113R subunits. Finally, functional studies established that the beta2F119/beta4Q117 position is an important determinant of the receptor subtype-selectivity of the agonist 5I-A-85380, affecting both binding affinity and channel activation.
Assuntos
Azetidinas/metabolismo , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes/metabolismo , Agonistas Nicotínicos/metabolismo , Piridinas/metabolismo , Receptores Nicotínicos/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Células Cultivadas , Humanos , Radioisótopos do Iodo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Agonistas Nicotínicos/farmacologia , Oócitos/fisiologia , Marcadores de Fotoafinidade , Ratos , Receptores Nicotínicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores Nicotínicos/genética , Alinhamento de Sequência , XenopusRESUMO
A HEK-293 cell line that stably expresses mouse 5-HT(3A)Rs containing a C-terminal extension that confers high-affinity binding of alpha-bungarotoxin (alphaBgTx) was established (alphaBgTx-5-HT(3A)Rs) and used to purify alphaBgTx-5-HT(3A)Rs in a lipid environment for use in structural studies using photoaffinity labeling. alphaBgTx-5-HT(3A)Rs were expressed robustly (60 pmol of [(3)H]BRL-43694 binding sites (approximately 3 microg of receptor) per milligram of protein) and displayed the same functional properties as wild-type receptors (serotonin EC(50) = 5.3 +/- 0.04 microM). While [(125)I]alphaBgTx bound to the alphaBgTx-5-HT(3A)Rs with high affinity (K(d) = 11 nM), application of nonradioactive alphaBgTx (up to 300 microM) had no effect on serotonin-induced current responses. alphaBgTx-5-HT(3A)Rs were purified on an alphaBgTx-derivatized affinity column from detergent extracts in milligram quantities and at approximately 25% purity. The hydrophobic photolabel 3-trifluoromethyl-3-(m-[(125)I]iodophenyl)diazirine ([(125)I]TID) was used to identify the amino acids at the lipid-protein interface of purified and lipid-reconstituted alphaBgTx-5-HT(3A)Rs. [(125)I]TID photoincorporation into the alphaBgTx-5-HT(3A)R subunit was initially mapped to subunit proteolytic fragments of 8 kDa, containing the M4 transmembrane segment and approximately 60% of incorporated (125)I, and 17 kDa, containing the M1-M3 transmembrane segments. Within the M4 segment, [(125)I]TID labeled Ser(451), equivalent to the [(125)I]TID-labeled residue Thr(422) at the lipid-exposed face of the Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) alpha1M4 alpha-helix. These results provide a first definition of the surface of the 5-HT(3A)R M4 helix that is exposed to lipid and establish that this surface is equivalent to the surface exposed to lipid in the Torpedo nAChR.
Assuntos
Lipoproteínas/metabolismo , Marcadores de Fotoafinidade/metabolismo , Receptores 5-HT3 de Serotonina/química , Animais , Bungarotoxinas/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Humanos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Lipoproteínas/química , Camundongos , Receptores Nicotínicos/química , Receptores Nicotínicos/metabolismo , Receptores 5-HT3 de Serotonina/metabolismo , Torpedo/metabolismoRESUMO
Radioligand binding, photoaffinity labeling, and docking and molecular dynamics were used to characterize the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) binding sites in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Competition experiments indicate that the noncompetitive antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) inhibits [3H]imipramine binding to resting (closed) and desensitized nAChRs. [3H]2-azidoimipramine photoincorporates into each subunit from the desensitized nAChR with approximately 25% of the labeling specifically inhibited by TCP (a PCP analog), whereas no TCP-inhibitable labeling was observed in the resting (closed) state. For the desensitized nAChR and within the alpha subunit, the majority of specific [3H]2-azidoimipramine labeling mapped to a approximately 20 kDa Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease fragment (alphaV8-20; Ser173-Glu338). To further map the labeling site, the alphaV8-20 fragment was further digested with endoproteinase Lys-C and resolved by Tricine SDS-PAGE. The principal labeled fragment (11 kDa) was further purified by rpHPLC and subjected to N-terminal sequencing. Based on the amino terminus (alphaMet243) and apparent molecular weight, the 11 kDa fragment contains the channel lining M2 segment. Finally, docking and molecular dynamics results indicate that imipramine and PCP interact preferably with the M2 transmembrane segments in the middle of the ion channel. Collectively, these results are consistent with a model where PCP and TCA bind to overlapping sites within the lumen of the Torpedo nAChR ion channel.
Assuntos
Antidepressivos Tricíclicos/metabolismo , Azidas/metabolismo , Marcadores de Fotoafinidade/metabolismo , Receptores Nicotínicos/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Azidas/química , Sítios de Ligação , Ligação Competitiva , Simulação por Computador , Órgão Elétrico/metabolismo , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Canais Iônicos/metabolismo , Modelos Químicos , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Peso Molecular , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Receptores Nicotínicos/química , Torpedo , TrítioRESUMO
Curcumin is poorly absorbed, which is interest in new preparations. However, little is known about variations in its pharmacokinetics and tissue bioavailability between formulations. In this randomized, crossover study we evaluated the relationship between steady-state plasma and rectal tissue curcuminoid concentrations using standard and phosphatidylcholine curcumin extracts. There was no difference in the geometric mean plasma AUCs when adjusted for the 10-fold difference in curcumin dose between the 2 formulations. Phosphatidylcholine curcumin extract yielded only 20% to 30% plasma demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin conjugates compared to standard extract, yet yielded 20-fold greater hexahydrocurcumin. When adjusting for curcumin dose, tissue curcumin concentrations were 5-fold greater for the phosphatidylcholine extract. Improvements in curcuminoid absorption due to phosphatidylcholine are not uniform across the curcuminoids. Furthermore, curcuminoid exposures in the intestinal mucosa are most likely due to luminal exposure rather than to plasma disposition. Finally, once-daily dosing is sufficient to maintain detectable curcuminoids at steady state in both plasma and rectal tissues.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacocinética , Curcumina/farmacocinética , Reto/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/classificação , Área Sob a Curva , Disponibilidade Biológica , Biotransformação , Estudos Cross-Over , Curcumina/administração & dosagem , Curcumina/análogos & derivados , Curcumina/classificação , Curcumina/metabolismo , Diarileptanoides , Feminino , Glucuronídeos , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Absorção Intestinal , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Previous studies have shown positive effects of long-term resveratrol (RSV) supplementation in preventing pancreatic beta cell dysfunction, arterial stiffening and metabolic decline induced by high-fat/high-sugar (HFS) diet in nonhuman primates. Here, the analysis was extended to examine whether RSV may reduce dietary stress toxicity in the cerebral cortex of the same cohort of treated animals. Middle-aged male rhesus monkeys were fed for 2 years with HFS alone or combined with RSV, after which whole-genome microarray analysis of cerebral cortex tissue was carried out along with ELISA, immunofluorescence, and biochemical analyses to examine markers of vascular health and inflammation in the cerebral cortices. A number of genes and pathways that were differentially modulated in these dietary interventions indicated an exacerbation of neuroinflammation (e.g., oxidative stress markers, apoptosis, NF-κB activation) in HFS-fed animals and protection by RSV treatment. The decreased expression of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2, dysregulation in endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and reduced capillary density induced by HFS stress were rescued by RSV supplementation. Our results suggest that long-term RSV treatment confers neuroprotection against cerebral vascular dysfunction during nutrient stress.
Assuntos
Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Sacarose Alimentar , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Estilbenos/farmacologia , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Inflamação/metabolismo , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , ResveratrolRESUMO
The distribution, clearance, and bioavailability of (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine has been studied in the Wistar rat. The plasma and brain tissue concentrations over time of (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine were determined after intravenous (20 mg/kg) and oral (20 mg/kg) administration of (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine (n = 3). After intravenous administration, the pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental analysis and the half-life of drug elimination during the terminal phase (t 1/2) was 8.0 ± 4.0 h and the apparent volume of distribution (V d) was 7352 ± 736 mL/kg, clearance (Cl) was 704 ± 139 mL/h per kg, and the bioavailability was 46.3%. Significant concentrations of (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine were measured in brain tissues at 10 min after intravenous administration, â¼30 µg/mL per g tissue which decreased to 6 µg/mL per g tissue at 60 min. The plasma and brain concentrations of (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine were also determined after the intravenous administration of (S)-ketamine, where significant plasma and brain tissue concentrations of (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine were observed 10 min after administration. The (S)-ketamine metabolites (S)-norketamine, (S)-dehydronorketamine, (2S,6R)-hydroxynorketamine, (2S,5S)-hydroxynorketamine and (2S,4S)-hydroxynorketamine were also detected in both plasma and brain tissue. The enantioselectivity of the conversion of (S)-ketamine and (R)-ketamine to the respective (2,6)-hydroxynorketamine metabolites was also investigated over the first 60 min after intravenous administration. (S)-Ketamine produced significantly greater plasma and brain tissue concentrations of (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine relative to the (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine observed after the administration of (R)-ketamine. However, the relative brain tissue: plasma concentrations of the enantiomeric (2,6)-hydroxynorketamine metabolites were not significantly different indicating that the penetration of the metabolite is not enantioselective.
RESUMO
Eating a "Westernized" diet high in fat and sugar leads to weight gain and numerous health problems, including the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Rodent studies have shown that resveratrol supplementation reduces blood glucose levels, preserves ß-cells in islets of Langerhans, and improves insulin action. Although rodent models are helpful for understanding ß-cell biology and certain aspects of T2DM pathology, they fail to reproduce the complexity of the human disease as well as that of nonhuman primates. Rhesus monkeys were fed a standard diet (SD), or a high-fat/high-sugar diet in combination with either placebo (HFS) or resveratrol (HFS+Resv) for 24 months, and pancreata were examined before overt dysglycemia occurred. Increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and insulin resistance occurred in both HFS and HFS+Resv diets compared with SD. Although islet size was unaffected, there was a significant decrease in ß-cells and an increase in α-cells containing glucagon and glucagon-like peptide 1 with HFS diets. Islets from HFS+Resv monkeys were morphologically similar to SD. HFS diets also resulted in decreased expression of essential ß-cell transcription factors forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), NKX6-1, NKX2-2, and PDX1, which did not occur with resveratrol supplementation. Similar changes were observed in human islets where the effects of resveratrol were mediated through Sirtuin 1. These findings have implications for the management of humans with insulin resistance, prediabetes, and diabetes.
Assuntos
Desdiferenciação Celular , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Células Secretoras de Insulina/efeitos dos fármacos , Insulina/metabolismo , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Sirtuína 1/metabolismo , Estilbenos/farmacologia , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Peso Corporal , Densitometria , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Sacarose Alimentar , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Imunofluorescência , Glucagon/metabolismo , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/metabolismo , Células Secretoras de Glucagon/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Secretoras de Glucagon/metabolismo , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/metabolismo , Proteína Homeobox Nkx-2.2 , Proteínas de Homeodomínio , Resistência à Insulina , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Células Secretoras de Insulina/patologia , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Macaca mulatta , Proteínas Nucleares , Substâncias Protetoras/administração & dosagem , Resveratrol , Estilbenos/administração & dosagem , Fatores de TranscriçãoRESUMO
Obesity is associated with a chronic, low-grade, systemic inflammation that may contribute to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Resveratrol, a natural compound with anti-inflammatory properties, is shown to improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in obese mice and humans. Here, we tested the effect of a 2-year resveratrol administration on proinflammatory profile and insulin resistance caused by a high-fat, high-sugar (HFS) diet in white adipose tissue (WAT) from rhesus monkeys. Resveratrol supplementation (80 and 480 mg/day for the first and second year, respectively) decreased adipocyte size, increased sirtuin 1 expression, decreased NF-κB activation, and improved insulin sensitivity in visceral, but not subcutaneous, WAT from HFS-fed animals. These effects were reproduced in 3T3-L1 adipocytes cultured in media supplemented with serum from monkeys fed HFS ± resveratrol diets. In conclusion, chronic administration of resveratrol exerts beneficial metabolic and inflammatory adaptations in visceral WAT from diet-induced obese monkeys.