Comparing a 19-gauge fine-needle biopsy needle with a 22-gauge fine-needle biopsy needle for EUS-guided liver biopsy sampling: a prospective randomized study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: EUS-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) sampling is being increasingly used. We performed a prospective randomized trial to compare specimen adequacy of a 19-gauge fine-needle biopsy (FNB) needle with a 22-gauge FNB Franseen tip needle for EUS-LB sampling. METHODS: Forty-two consecutive patients referred for EUS-LB sampling were prospectively randomized to a 19-gauge or 22-gauge FNB needle. When the specimen with the 22-gauge needle was macroscopically inadequate, an additional pass with the 19-gauge needle was done. Bilobar EUS-LB sampling was performed with heparinized wet suction using 1 pass and 3 actuations per lobe. Descriptive statistics were computed for all variables. RESULTS: Biopsy sampling was performed for abnormal liver enzymes in 95.5% of patients (57% women; average age, 51 years). Five patients undergoing sampling with the 22-gauge FNB needle had macroscopically inadequate specimens and required additional biopsy sampling with the 19-gauge FNB needle. Mean preprocessing length of the longest tissue core was 21.5 ± 6.3 mm with a 19-gauge FNB needle compared with 9.4 ± 5.5 mm with the 22-gauge FNB needle (P < .001). Postprocessing specimens were significantly longer with 19-gauge than with 22-gauge FNB needles (17.4 mm vs 6.8, P < .001). There were no adverse events, and postprocedure pain and discomfort was similar in both groups (14% for 19-gauge vs 10% for 22-gauge, P = .99). CONCLUSIONS: Liver core biopsy sampling using the 19-gauge FNB needle is superior to the 22-gauge FNB needle in terms of length of longest core and aggregate specimen length. Considerably more fragmentation of the 22-gauge cores occurs during tissue processing. No increased postprocedure pain or AEs were found with the 19-gauge needle. A 19-gauge FNB needle is preferred to the 22-gauge FNB needle for EUS-LB. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT04806607.).

Antibiotic resistance in potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria of fermented foods and human origin from Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION: Probiotic lactobacilli are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) and are being used in several food and pharma formulations. However, growing concern of antibiotic resistance in bacterial strains of food origin and its possible transmission via functional foods is increasingly being emphasized. OBJECTIVES: This study screened potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains for their phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance profiles. METHODS: Susceptibility to different antibiotics was assayed by the Kirby Bauer standard disc diffusion protocol. Both conventional and SYBR-RTq-PCR were used for detection of resistance coding genes. RESULTS: A variable susceptibility pattern was documented against different antibiotic classes. LAB strains irrespective of origin displayed marked phenotypic resistance against cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, quinolones, glycopeptides; and methicillin among beta-lactams with few exceptions. In contrast, high sensitivity was recorded against macrolides, sulphonamides and carbapenems sub-group of beta-lactams with some variations. parC, associated with ciprofloxacin resistance was detected in 76.5% of the strains. Other prevalent resistant determinants observed were aac(6?)Ii (42.1%), ermB, ermC (29.4%), and tetM (20.5%). Six (?17.6%) of the isolates were free from genetic resistance determinants screened in this study. CONCLUSION: Study revealed presence of antibiotic resistance determinants among lactobacilli from both fermented foods and human sources.

Hypoglycaemic effect of galactooligosaccharides in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

This study was conducted to assess the effect of prebiotic galactooligosaccharides (GOS) on alloxan-induced diabetes in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Diabetes was induced by administration of alloxan (100 mg/kg) and rats were divided in 4 groups: normal control group (NCG), prebiotic control group (PCG), diabetic control group (DCG) and diabetic prebiotic group (DPG). While PCG and DPG were fed with GOS supplemented (10% w/w) diet, NCG and DCG were administered with basal diet. Rats were sacrificed after 42 d for collection of blood and liver. Faecal samples were collected at the interval of 7 d throughout the study for measurement of lactobacilli and coliform count. Feeding of GOS decreased or delayed the severity of diabetes by amelioration of diabetes associated markers including fasting blood glucose, haemoglobin, glycosylated haemoglobin triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins, creatinine and urea. GOS was also found to improve the levels of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) in liver and blood. Improvement in lactobacilli count along with a concomitant decrease in coliform count was observed in GOS fed groups.

Production of ß-galactosidase from streptococcus thermophilus for galactooligosaccharides synthesis.

Efficiency of different methods for disruption of Streptococcus thermophilus cells, isolated from different dairy products, to release ß-galactosidase and synthesis of GOS by extracted enzyme using whey supplemented with different concentrations of lactose as a substrate was studied. Unlike most other studies on GOS synthesis which used only one method of cell disruption and only few microbial strains, we compared five different cell disruption methods and used 30 strains of S. thermophilus in order to find out the most effective method and efficient strain for production of ß-galactosidase. Appreciable amount of GOS (53.45 gL(-1)) was synthesized at a lactose concentration of 30 %, using enzyme (10 U mL(-1) of reaction medium), extracted from S. thermophilus within a very short incubation time of 5 h at a temperature of 40 °C and pH 6.8. S. thermophilus is heavily employed in the preparation of fermented dairy products but this study extends the use of this organism for the production of GOS, a potential prebiotic.

Milk-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides: Overview, Applications, and Future Perspectives.

The growing consumer awareness towards healthy and safe food has reformed food processing strategies. Nowadays, food processors are aiming at natural, effective, safe, and low-cost substitutes for enhancing the shelf life of food products. Milk, besides being a rich source of nutrition for infants and adults, serves as a readily available source of precious functional peptides. Due to the existence of high genetic variability in milk proteins, there is a great possibility to get bioactive peptides with varied properties. Among other bioactive agents, milk-originated antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are gaining interest as attractive and safe additive conferring extended shelf life to minimally processed foods. These peptides display broad-spectrum antagonistic activity against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoans. Microbial proteolytic activity, extracellular peptidases, food-grade enzymes, and recombinant DNA technology application are among few strategies to tailor specific peptides from milk and enhance their production. These bioprotective agents have a promising future in addressing the global concern of food safety along with the possibility to be incorporated into the food matrix without compromising overall consumer acceptance. Additionally, in conformity to the current consumer demands, these AMPs also possess functional properties needed for value addition. This review attempts to present the basic properties, synthesis approaches, action mechanism, current status, and prospects of antimicrobial peptide application in food, dairy, and pharma industry along with their role in ensuring the safety and health of consumers.

Covid-19 pandemic: Challenges and ways forward for the Indian microfinance institutions.

To contain the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic, the mandated social distancing and restricted market activities have adversely affected the employment and earnings of the poor who are considered the targeted beneficiaries of the Microfinance Institutions (MFIs). The MFI operation and more specifically fresh lending are under serious threat as the mode of operations primarily involve physical interaction while distributing credits at the clients' doorsteps, conducting periodic group meetings and carrying out regular collections. This short article attempts to analyze the various challenges that MFIs may encounter in their current and future operations due to the ongoing pandemic. It discusses how the government initiated coping mechanisms may help MFIs overcome or minimize the pandemic challenges. At the same time, MFIs' efforts towards continued services are expected to create a win-win situation.

Macrocyclic Schiff base complexes as potent antimicrobial agents: Synthesis, characterization and biological studies.

A series of CuII, CoII, ZnII and NiII, complexes of 34,74-dimethyl-12,15,52,55-tetrahydro-2,4,6,8-tetraaza-1,5(2,5)-difurana-3,7(1,2)-dibenzenacyclooctaphane based ligand have been synthesized by template methodology. Characterization of the synthesized complexes has been carried out with the help of various physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques like Infra-Red, ESI-MS, ESR, UV-visible, CHN (elemental analyses), molar conductance, magnetic moment and NMR. Antimicrobial efficacy of the newly designed macrocyclic complexes has performed by the assistance of agar well diffusion method. In-vitro hemolytic and DNA binding studies were also performed in order to analyze or interpret the mode and binding efficiencies as well as the % hemolysis exhibited by the complexes. DFT/TD-DFT studies were carried out in order to elucidate the better insight into the structural parameters. Energy minimization and quantum chemical parameters were calculated using Gaussian09W program.

Evaluation of lactobacilli from human sources for uptake and accumulation of selenium.

The trace mineral selenium (Se) is currently in demand for health supplements for human and animal nutrition. In the present study, 25 isolates of Lactobacillus species of human origin from Indian population were screened for their ability to uptake and accumulate Se in a more bioavailable form. Total Se accumulated by cells was measured by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICPES) after wet digestion of Se-enriched cultures. Ten out of 25 isolates grew luxuriantly, as red pigmented colonies, on medium amended with different concentrations of sodium selenite. All the strains when grown in a culture medium supplemented with 10 µg/mL sodium selenite (corresponding to 4.5 µg/mL Se) resulted in Se accumulation in the range of 129.5 to 820.0 µg/g of dry weight (d.w.) as measured using the ICPES method. Elemental Se produced due to reduction of sodium selenite by bacteria was seen as irregular globules under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Out of all the tested cultures, Lactobacillus reuteri NCDC77 was found to have the greatest ability to uptake Se (28.8% of inorganic Se in medium) and total Se accumulated was up to 820 µg/g d.w., significantly higher than that of control (742.5 µg/g d.w.). The findings of present study indicate that lactobacilli from human sources have the ability for uptake and accumulation of Se, and the prolific strain has the potential to be explored as an alternative source of organic dietary Se.

Galactooligosaccharides: novel components of designer foods.

Since introduction of functional foods, commercialization of the traditionally used probiotics has ushered in more followers into the new fraternity of sophisticated, health-conscious consumers. In 1995, this was followed by the first introduction of prebiotics. Prebiotics are defined as "a non-digestible feed supplement, beneficially affecting the host by selectively stimulating growth and/or activity in one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon." The number of new product introductions with prebiotics has steeply increased over the last few years. Paradoxically, probiotics have limited applications as these cannot be used in wide range of food products because of their viability issue. Fortunately, prebiotics do not suffer from any such constraint and can be used in a wide range of food products. Probiotics do not have a long shelf life in their active form. In most cases, refrigeration is required to maintain the shelf life. While probiotics are predominantly used in fermented dairy products, the use of prebiotics has expanded into other food categories. Prebiotics have successfully been incorporated in a wide variety of human food products such as baked goods, sweeteners, yoghurts, nutrition bars, and meal replacement shakes. For instance, the introduction of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) into baby foods has been very successful. GOS, which are identical to the human milk oligosaccharides, has emerged with strong clinical support for both digestive and immune health. Various aspects related to GOS such as types and functions of functional food constituents with special reference to GOS, their role as prebiotics, and enhanced industrial production through microbial intervention are dealt in this review.