Treatment-Limiting Decisions in Patients with Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Background and Objectives: Treatment-limiting decisions (TLDs) are employed to actively withhold treatment/invasive interventions from patients in whom clinicians feel they would derive little to no benefit and/or suffer detrimental effects. Data regarding the employment of TLDs in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remain sparse. Accordingly, this study sought to investigate both the prevalence of TLDs and factors driving TLDs in patients suffering from spontaneous ICH. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of 249 consecutive patients with ICH treated from 2018−2019 at the Neurovascular Center of the University Hospital Bonn. Reasons deemed critical in the decision-making process with regard to TLD were ultimately extracted/examined via chart review of qualifying patients. Results: A total of 249 patients with ICH were included within the final analyses. During the time period examined, 49 patients (20%) had advanced directives in place, whereas in 53 patients (21%) consultation with relatives or acquaintances was employed before further treatment decisions. Overall, TLD ultimately manifested in 104 patients (42%). TLD was reached within 6 h after admission in 52 patients (50%). Congruent with severity of injury and expected outcomes, TLDs were more likely in patients with signs of cerebral herniation and an ICH score > 3 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The present study examines details associated with TLDs in patients with spontaneous ICH. These data provide insight into key decisional processes and reinforce the need for further structured investigations in an effort to help guide patients and their families.

Early Laboratory Predictors for Necessity of Renal Replacement Therapy in Patients With Spontaneous Deep-Seated Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Objective: The need for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in patients with deep-seated intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) requires sustained intensive care and often postpones further rehabilitation therapy. Therefore, an early identification of patients at risk is essential. Methods: From 2014 to 2019, all patients with deep-seated ICH who were admitted to intensive care for >3 days were included in the further analysis and retrospectively reviewed for the need for CRRT. All patients underwent CRRT with regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (CVVHD). Outcome was evaluated after 3 months using the modified Rankin scale. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify potential predictors for CRRT in patients with deep-seated ICH. Results: After applying the inclusion criteria, a total of 87 patients with deep-seated spontaneous ICH were identified and further analyzed. During the first 48 h after admission, 21 of these patients developed early acute kidney injury (AKI; 24%). During treatment course, CRRT became necessary in nine patients suffering from deep-seated ICH (10%). The multivariate analysis revealed "development of AKI during the first 48 h" [p = 0.025, odds ratio (OR) 6.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-29.8] and "admission procalcitonin (PCT) value >0.5 µg/l" (p = 0.02, OR 7.7, 95% CI 1.4-43.3) as independent and significant predictors for CRRT in patients with deep-seated ICH. Conclusions: Elevated serum levels of procalcitonin on admission as well as early development of acute renal injury are independent predictors of the need for renal replacement therapy in patients with deep-seated intracerebral bleeding. Therefore, further research is warranted to identify these vulnerable patients as early as possible to enable adequate treatment.

Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation in Patients with Deep-Seated Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Risk Factors and Clinical Implications.

While management of patients with deep-seated intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is well established, there are scarce data on patients with ICH who require prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) during the course of their acute disease. Therefore, we aimed to determine the influence of PMV on mortality in patients with ICH and to identify associated risk factors. From 2014 to May 2020, all patients with deep-seated ICH who were admitted to intensive care for >3 days were included in further analyses. PMV is defined as receiving mechanical ventilation for more than 7 days. A total of 42 out of 94 patients (45%) with deep-seated ICH suffered from PMV during the course of treatment. The mortality rate after 90 days was significantly higher in patients with PMV than in those without (64% versus 22%, p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis identified "ICH volume >30 mL" (p = 0.001, OR 5.3) and "admission SOFA score > 5" (p = 0.007, OR 4.2) as significant and independent predictors for PMV over the course of treatment in deep-seated ICH. With regard to the identified risk factors for PMV occurrence, these findings might enable improved guidance of adequate treatment at the earliest possible stage and lead to a better estimation of prognosis in the course of ICH treatment.

Predictive Relevance of Baseline Lactate and Glucose Levels in Patients with Spontaneous Deep-Seated Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

(1) Background: As elements of the standard admission blood panel, lactate and glucose represent potential biomarkers for outcome prediction. In patients with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), data on the predictive value of these blood values is exceedingly sparse. (2) Methods: Between 2014 and August 2020, all patients with deep-seated ICH referred to the neurovascular center at the authors' institution were included in the subsequent study. Serum levels of lactate and glucose at the time of admission were compared with mortality at 90 days. In addition, a multivariate analysis was performed in order to identify independent admission predictors for 90-day mortality. (3) Results: Among the 102 patients with deep-seated ICH, elevated lactate and glucose levels on admission were significantly associated with increased mortality at 90 days. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified "ICH score ≥3" (p = 0.004) along with "admission hyperlactatemia" (p = 0.025) and "admission hyperglycemia" (p = 0.029) as independent and significant predictors of 90-day mortality in patients with deep-seated ICH. (4) Conclusions: Initially elevated lactate and glucose levels after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage are associated with poor outcome, suggesting a potential application for future prognostic models when considered in conjunction with other parameters.

Elevated Red Cell Distribution Width to Platelet Ratio Is Associated With Poor Prognosis in Patients With Spontaneous, Deep-Seated Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Object: Inflammatory response is an important determinant of subsequent brain injury after deep-seated intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The ratio of red blood cell (RBC) distribution width to platelet count (RPR) has been established as a new index to reflect the severity of inflammation. To the best of our knowledge, no association between RPR and prognosis after spontaneous ICH has yet been reported. Methods: In all patients with deep-seated ICH treated at our Neurovascular Center from 2014 to 2020, initial laboratory values were obtained to determine RPR in addition to patient characteristics and known risk factors. Subsequent multivariate analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors for 90-day mortality after deep-seated ICH. Results: Hundred and two patients with deep-seated ICH were identified and further analyzed. Patients with an initial RPR < 0.06 exhibited significantly lower mortality rate after 90 days than those with an initial RPR ≥ 0.06 (27 vs. 57%; p = 0.003). Multivariate analysis identified "ICH score ≥ 3" (p = 0.001), "anemia on admission" (p = 0.01), and "elevated RPR ≥ 0.06" (p = 0.03) as independent predictors of 90-day mortality. Conclusions: The present study constitutes the first attempt to demonstrate that the ratio of RBC distribution width to platelets-as an independent inflammatory marker-might serve for prognostic assessment in deep-seated ICH.

Admission Dehydration Status Portends Adverse Short-Term Mortality in Patients with Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

The impact of dehydration at admission of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) on short-term mortality remains ambiguous due to scarce data. All of the consecutive patients with spontaneous ICH, who were referred to our neurovascular center in 2018/19, were assessed for hydration status on admission. Dehydration was defined by a blood urea-to-creatinine ratio > 80. In a cohort of 249 patients, 76 patients (31%) were dehydrated at the time of admission. The following factors were significantly and independently associated with increased 30-day mortality in multivariate analysis: "signs of cerebral herniation" (p = 0.008), "initial midline shift > 5 mm" (p < 0.001), "ICH score > 3" (p = 0.007), and "admission dehydration status" (p = 0.007). The results of the present study suggest that an admission dehydration status might constitute a significant and independent predictor of short-term mortality in patients with spontaneous ICH.

Whole-exome sequencing of 81 individuals from 27 multiply affected bipolar disorder families.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a highly heritable neuropsychiatric disease characterized by recurrent episodes of depression and mania. Research suggests that the cumulative impact of common alleles explains 25-38% of phenotypic variance, and that rare variants may contribute to BD susceptibility. To identify rare, high-penetrance susceptibility variants for BD, whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed in three affected individuals from each of 27 multiply affected families from Spain and Germany. WES identified 378 rare, non-synonymous, and potentially functional variants. These spanned 368 genes, and were carried by all three affected members in at least one family. Eight of the 368 genes harbored rare variants that were implicated in at least two independent families. In an extended segregation analysis involving additional family members, five of these eight genes harbored variants showing full or nearly full cosegregation with BD. These included the brain-expressed genes RGS12 and NCKAP5, which were considered the most promising BD candidates on the basis of independent evidence. Gene enrichment analysis for all 368 genes revealed significant enrichment for four pathways, including genes reported in de novo studies of autism (padj < 0.006) and schizophrenia (padj = 0.015). These results suggest a possible genetic overlap with BD for autism and schizophrenia at the rare-sequence-variant level. The present study implicates novel candidate genes for BD development, and may contribute to an improved understanding of the biological basis of this common and often devastating disease.

Gene set enrichment analysis and expression pattern exploration implicate an involvement of neurodevelopmental processes in bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common and highly heritable disorder of mood. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several independent susceptibility loci. In order to extract more biological information from GWAS data, multi-locus approaches represent powerful tools since they utilize knowledge about biological processes to integrate functional sets of genes at strongly to moderately associated loci. METHODS: We conducted gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA) using 2.3 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms, 397 Reactome pathways and 24,025 patients with BD and controls. RNA expression of implicated individual genes and gene sets were examined in post-mortem brains across lifespan. RESULTS: Two pathways showed a significant enrichment after correction for multiple comparisons in the GSEA: GRB2 events in ERBB2 signaling, for which 6 of 21 genes were BD associated (PFDR = 0.0377), and NCAM signaling for neurite out-growth, for which 11 out of 62 genes were BD associated (PFDR = 0.0451). Most pathway genes showed peaks of RNA co-expression during fetal development and infancy and mapped to neocortical areas and parts of the limbic system. LIMITATIONS: Pathway associations were technically reproduced by two methods, although they were not formally replicated in independent samples. Gene expression was explored in controls but not in patients. CONCLUSIONS: Pathway analysis in large GWAS data of BD and follow-up of gene expression patterns in healthy brains provide support for an involvement of neurodevelopmental processes in the etiology of this neuropsychiatric disease. Future studies are required to further evaluate the relevance of the implicated genes on pathway functioning and clinical aspects of BD.

Identification of shared risk loci and pathways for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a highly heritable neuropsychiatric disease characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. BD shows substantial clinical and genetic overlap with other psychiatric disorders, in particular schizophrenia (SCZ). The genes underlying this etiological overlap remain largely unknown. A recent SCZ genome wide association study (GWAS) by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium identified 128 independent genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The present study investigated whether these SCZ-associated SNPs also contribute to BD development through the performance of association testing in a large BD GWAS dataset (9747 patients, 14278 controls). After re-imputation and correction for sample overlap, 22 of 107 investigated SCZ SNPs showed nominal association with BD. The number of shared SCZ-BD SNPs was significantly higher than expected (p = 1.46x10-8). This provides further evidence that SCZ-associated loci contribute to the development of BD. Two SNPs remained significant after Bonferroni correction. The most strongly associated SNP was located near TRANK1, which is a reported genome-wide significant risk gene for BD. Pathway analyses for all shared SCZ-BD SNPs revealed 25 nominally enriched gene-sets, which showed partial overlap in terms of the underlying genes. The enriched gene-sets included calcium- and glutamate signaling, neuropathic pain signaling in dorsal horn neurons, and calmodulin binding. The present data provide further insights into shared risk loci and disease-associated pathways for BD and SCZ. This may suggest new research directions for the treatment and prevention of these two major psychiatric disorders.