The effects of short bouts of ergometric exercise for severely burned children in intensive care: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of short bouts of ergometric exercises on the number of days in the burn intensive care unit (ICU), body mass, and functional ambulation. DESIGN: Multi-center, randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Burn intensive care unit. PARTICIPANTS: Children ages 7-17 with severe burns covering over 30% total body surface area (TBSA). INTERVENTION: All patients received standard of care (Control) with the experimental group receiving additional exercise with a cycle ergometer (Exercise). MAIN MEASURES: The number of days in the ICU, total weight, lean body mass (LBM), and functional ambulation were taken shortly after randomization and again within one week of the scheduled hospital discharge. Results of outcomes are expressed as median ± interquartile range (IQR), unless otherwise noted (e.g. demographics). RESULTS: Fifty-four severely burned children (n = 18 Control, n = 36 Exercise) were included. The average ± standard deviation for age was 12 ± 3 years and TBSA was 48 ± 16%. The median ± IQR ICU days for Control was 46 ± 51 days vs 31 ± 29 days for Exercise. The median total weight loss for Control was 2.2 ± 1.2 kg vs 1.8 ± 1.4 kg in Exercise. Control lost 0.75 ± 0.8 kg of LBM vs 0.46 ± 0.43 kg in Exercise. Both groups showed significant improvement in functional ambulation (p < 0.01). However, exercise did not add additional benefits. CONCLUSION: Short bouts of ergometric exercises are feasible for severely burned patients while receiving care in the ICU but did not add additional benefits.

Neuropathy May Be an Independent Risk Factor for Amputation After Lower-Extremity Burn in Adults With Diabetes.

IN BRIEF Treatment of lower-extremity burn injuries in adults with diabetes can be complex, and some diabetes-related factors can lead to impaired healing of such wounds, putting patients at risk of amputation. In this retrospective review of adult patients with lower-extremity burns, patients with pre-injury neuropathy and higher A1C levels were more likely to require amputations after their burn injury. The authors conclude that lower-extremity burn injuries in patients with diabetes require close follow-up and possibly referral to a burn specialist for interventions and treatment strategies to offset more serious complications.

Frailty score on admission predicts mortality and discharge disposition in elderly trauma patients over the age of 65 y.

BACKGROUND: Although many frailty scales exist, a single scale has not been agreed upon to define frailty. Herein, we determined whether the Canadian Study on Health and Aging Clinical Frailty Scale (CSHA CFS) can predict the risk of elderly patients for hospital mortality and discharge to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) following traumatic injury. METHODS: Charts from trauma patients aged ≥65 y admitted from December 1, 2011 to December 31, 2013 were retrospectively examined. Age, mechanism of injury, Glasgow coma score, systolic blood pressure and heart rate on arrival, injury severity score, hospital mortality, length of stay, and discharge disposition were recorded. Frailty scores were determined from admission data using the CSHA CFS. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: A total of 1403 patients were included. The mean age was 77.6 ± 8.6 y. Patients with falls presented higher frailty scores than patients who sustained injuries through other mechanisms (4.58 ± 1.2 versus 3.52 ± 1.15; P < 0.00001) and were significantly older (79.5 ± 8.6 versus 73.4 ± 7.4; P <0.00001). Frailty scores of nonsurvivors were significantly higher than those of survivors (4.6 ± 1.3 versus 4.2 ± 1.2; P <0.01). Age, Glasgow coma score, and CSHA CFS combined were associated with mortality (odds ratio: 1.52; confidence interval: 1.37-1.69). A higher frailty score was associated with earlier death and increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS: CSHA CFS is simple and provides frailty scores that can help identifying elderly patients at high risk for in-hospital mortality and discharge to SNF following traumatic injury.

Whole blood neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predicts acute kidney injury in burn patients.

BACKGROUND: Early detection of acute kidney injury (AKI) in severely burn-injured patients can help alter treatment to prevent progression to acute failure and reduce the need for renal replacement therapy. We hypothesized that whole blood neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) will be increased in severely burn-injured patients who develop AKI during acute resuscitation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective observation study of adult burn patients with a 20% total body surface area (TBSA) burned or greater burn injury. Two-hour serial measurements of NGAL, serum creatinine (Cr), and hourly urine output (UO) were collected for 48 h after admission. Our primary goal was to correlate the risk of AKI in the first week after burn injury with serial NGAL levels in the first 48 h after admission. Our secondary goal was to determine if NGAL was an earlier independent predictor of AKI compared with Cr and UO. RESULTS: We enrolled 30 adult (age ≥ 18 y) burn patients with the mean ± standard deviation age of 40.9 ± 15.4 and mean TBSA of 46.4 ± 22.4. Fourteen patients developed AKI within the first 7 d after burn injury. There were no differences in age, TBSA, fluid administration, mean arterial pressure, UO, and Cr between AKI and no-AKI patients. NGAL was significantly increased as early as 4 h after injury (182.67 ± 83.3 versus 107.37 ± 46.15) in the AKI group. Controlling for age, TBSA, and inhalation injury, NGAL was a predictor of AKI at 4 h after injury (odds ratio, 1.02) and remained predictive of AKI for the period of more than the first 24 h after admission. UO and Cr were not predictive of AKI in the first 24 h after admission. CONCLUSIONS: Whole blood NGAL is markedly increased in burn patients who develop AKI in the first week after injury. In addition, NGAL is an early independent predictor of AKI during acute resuscitation for severe burn injury. UO and Cr are not predictive of AKI during this time period.

Burn center volume makes a difference for burned children.

OBJECTIVES: Determine the relationship between the volume of burn admissions and outcomes for children with burns. DESIGN: Retrospective review of the National Burn Repository from 2000-2009 using mixed effect logistic regression modeling. SETTING: Tertiary burn centers in the United States. PATIENTS: All children <18 years of age admitted with burn injury to a burn center submitting data to the National Burn Repository. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the 210,683 records in the NBR from 2000-2009, 33,115 records for children ≤ 18 years of age met criteria for analysis; 26,280 had burn sizes smaller than 10%; only 32 of these children died. Volume of children treated varied greatly among facilities. Age, total body surface area burn, inhalation injury, and burn center volume influenced mortality (p < 0.05) An increase in the median yearly admissions of 100 decreased the odds of mortality by approximately 40%. High volume centers (admitting >200 pediatric patients/year) had the lowest mortality when adjusting for age and injury characteristics (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Higher volume pediatric burn centers had lower mortality, particularly at larger burn sizes. The lower mortality of children a high volume centers could reflect greater experience, resource, and specialized expertise in treating pediatric patients.

Fascia iliaca catheters for donor site pain after split-thickness skin grafting for acute burn injury: a retrospective review.

The management of acute burn pain poses significant challenges. Regional techniques have become increasingly popular in perioperative burn pain management. Continuous nerve block catheters are particularly useful for split thickness skin grafts where donor site pain can exceed that of the burn-injured site. Donor skin is frequently harvested from the anterolateral thigh. The fascia iliaca (FI) compartment block provides blockade of both the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and the femoral nerve and thus, it is a useful modality for burn donor pain. Our institution initiated a protocol in which continuous fascia iliaca catheters were placed in patients undergoing split-thickness skin grafting of the anterolateral thigh. This retrospective review seeks to assess the impact of this modality on post-operative pain scores and opioid requirements. Oral morphine equivalent administration was significantly lower in the FI group than the control group starting with POD 0, which is the day of the FI catheter insertion (188 vs 327mg, p<0.001). Over the next 4 postoperative days, OME administration remained lower in the FI group compared to control patients, although not statistically significant on POD 3-4. There was a significant difference in OME administered between the FI group and the control group on POD 5 (159.5 vs 209.2mg, p<0.05). Our retrospective study evaluating the role of fascia iliaca catheters in burn patients undergoing split thickness skin grafting surgery showed significantly lower opioid consumption on postoperative days 1-5 compared to patients without a fascia iliaca catheter.

Massive Pediatric Burn Injury: A 10-Year Review.

Advances in the care of burn-injured pediatric patients have improved mortality over the last 20 years. However, massive burn injuries (50% TBSA or greater) in pediatric patients, while overall rare, have a significant morbidity and mortality. The primary aim for this study is to analyze treatment and outcomes in massive pediatric burn injuries. A retrospective study of children with burn injuries 50% TBSA or greater who were admitted to Shriners Hospital for Children Northern California, from May 1, 2009 to May 22, 2020, was conducted. Data were collected from the electronic health records through a comprehensive chart review that included: patient demographics, past medical history, treatment interventions, and outcomes. This study included 69 patients (59.4% male) with a mean age of 8.7 ± 6 years. The median time from injury to admission was 2 (1-4) days. In this study, 63.8% of patients were from Mexico, 34.8% were from the United States, and 1% patient was from American Samoa. The median time from injury to admission was 2 (1-4) days. Mean TBSA was 66% ± 12%. The median TBSA of second-degree burns was 0 (0-6) %, and the mean TBSA of third-degree burns was 60% ± 16%. Forty percent of patients suffered an inhalation injury and 83% of patients received a tracheostomy. The median number of days requiring ventilator assistance was 26 (12-58) days. Mean length of hospitalization was 90 ± 60 days, with 61 ± 41 days spent in the intensive care unit. The mean number of surgical procedures was 6 ± 4. The time between surgical procedures was 12 ± 6 days. The median time from admission to the first surgical procedure was 1 (0-2) day. At the first procedure, a mean of 42% ± 15% TBSA of the burn injury was excised. Sixty-two percent of patients received autografting (22% ± 11% TBSA) and 52% of patients received allografting (27% ± 17% TBSA) during the first procedure. For survivors, the median number of inpatient occupational therapy encounters was 143.5 (83-215) and inpatient physical therapy encounters was 139.5 (81-215). Twenty-five percent of the patients included in this study died as a result of their burn injury. Multivariate regression revealed that sustaining an inhalation injury was a significant and independent predictor of death (odds ratio: 3.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.05 to 11, P = .04). Massive burn injuries in children required a very high number of surgical procedures and hospital resources. Most children who died as a result of their massive burn injury died within the first month of admission. Inhalation independently increases the risk of dying in pediatric patients with a massive burn injury.

Topical Liposomal Amphotericin (Ambisome®) for the Treatment of Cutaneous Fusarium in a Burn-Injured Patient.

Cutaneous Fusarium infections carry significant morbidity and mortality in burn-injured patients. Treatment involves surgical source control in combination of systemic and topical therapy. Given drug shortage constraints with conventional amphotericin deoxycholate, we describe the first case of successful treatment with adjunctive topical liposomal amphotericin in a critically ill burn-injured patient.

Use of Cultured Epithelial Autograft in Conjunction with Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix in Massive Burns: A Case Series.

Intensive care for massively burn patients has increased survival and highlights the need for a solution to the problem of insufficient donor sites for autologous skin coverage. In this case series, we present 10 patients with average burn size of 81% TBSA and mean age of 24 years old, who underwent burn excision followed by either immediate or delayed biodegradable temporizing matrix (BTM) placement. After an integration period, the BTM was delaminated either the day before or immediately prior to placement of cultured epithelial autografts over a widely meshed (4:1 or 6:1) split thickness skin graft. One patient had cultured epithelial autografts alone, without split thickness skin graft, placed on integrated BTM and had successful take. Seven patients survived to discharge and had average 95% wound closure at 135 ± 35 days. The patients had on average 10.4 total operations and 8.7 excision and grafting operations. Five patients had complications related to the BTM requiring removal or replacement including three fungal infections, one bacterial infection and one with bleeding and a large clot burden. In conclusion, this surgical strategy is a viable option for patients with massive burns and insufficient donor for autologous skin grafting.

Poverty and Frailty Are Not Related to Each Other With Regard to Outcomes in Middle-Aged and Older Patients with Burn Injuries.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between frailty and poverty in burn patients ≥50 years old, and their association with patient outcomes. This was a single-center retrospective chart review from 2009 to 2018 of patients ≥50 years old admitted with acute burn injuries. Frailty was assigned using the Canadian Study of Health and Aging Clinical Frailty Scale. Poverty was defined as a patient from a zip code that had >20% of people living in poverty. The relationship between frailty and poverty, as well as each variable independently on mortality, length of stay (LOS), and disposition location, was examined. Of 953 patients, the median age was 61 years, 70.8% were male, and the median total body surface area burn was 6.6%. Upon admission, 26.4% and 35.2% of patients were frail and from impoverished neighborhoods, respectively. The mortality rate was 8.8%. Univariate analysis demonstrated that nonsurvivors had significantly higher chances of living in poverty (P = .02) and were more likely to be frail compared to survivors. There was no significant correlation between poverty and frailty (P = .08). Multivariate logistic regression confirmed the relationship between lack of poverty and mortality (OR .47, 95% CI 0.25-0.89) and frailty and mortality (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.24-2.12). Neither poverty (P = .26) nor frailty (P = .52) was associated with LOS. Both poverty and frailty were associated with a patient's discharge location (P = .03; P < .0001). Poverty and frailty each independently predict mortality and discharge destination in burn patients ≥50, but they are not associated with LOS nor each other.

Modified Frailty Index is an Independent Predictor of Death in the Burn Population: A Secondary Analysis of the Transfusion Requirement in Burn Care Evaluation (TRIBE) Study.

Frailty can increase the risk of dying after suffering a severe injury. The Modified Frailty Index (MFI) was developed by the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program to determine the impact of frailty on outcomes. Our aim was to correlate frailty with survival following a burn injury using the 11-item and 5-item MFI. We performed a secondary analysis of the Transfusion Requirement in Burn Care Evaluation (TRIBE) study. Data including, age, gender, medical history, extent and severity of burn injury, inhalation injury and discharge disposition was collected from the TRIBE database. The 11-item MFI (MFI-11) and 5-item MFI (MFI-5) scores were calculated for all patients in the TRIBE database. The TRIBE database included 347 patients. The mean age of subjects was 43 ± 17 years. Mean total body surface area burn (TBSA) was 38 ± 18%, and 23% had inhalation injury. Multivariate logistic regression analysis determined that both MFI-5 (OR 1.86; 95% CI: 1.11-3.11; P-value .02) and MFI-11 (OR 1.83; 95% CI: 1.18-2.8; P-value .007) were independent predictors for mortality. Additionally, MFI-11 scores that are >1 were independently associated with a markedly increased risk of dying after a burn injury (OR 2.91; 95% CI: 1.1-7.7; P-value .03). The MFI can be used to identify vulnerable burn injured patients who are at high risk of dying.

Understanding Factors in Burn Patient Follow-up.

Follow-up rates are concerningly low among burn-injured patients. This study investigates the factors associated with low follow-up rates and missed appointments. We hypothesize that patients who are homeless, use illicit substances, and have psychiatric comorbidities will have lower rates of follow-up and more missed appointments. Data from a discharge-planning survey of 281 burn-injured patients discharged from September 2019 to July 2020 were analyzed and matched with patients' electronic medical records for a retrospective chart review. Data collected included general demographics, burn characteristics, hospitalization details, follow-up visits, missed appointments, homeless status, substance use, major psychiatric illness, and survey responses. Data analysis used chi-square, Fisher's exact test, Student's t-test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and multivariate regression analysis. Overall, 37% of patients had no follow-up in clinic and 46% had one or more missed appointment. On multivariate regression analysis, homeless patients were more likely to never follow-up, odds ratio (OR) = 0.23 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.11-0.49), as were patients who anticipated experiencing transportation difficulties, OR = 0.28 (95% CI = 0.15-0.50). Homeless patients were more likely to have missed appointments, OR = 0.23 (95% CI = 0.1-0.54). On univariate analysis, patients with one or more documented major psychiatric illness had lower follow-up rates, with 50.62% having no follow-up (P < .01). Among patients who responded to the survey that they were current drug users, 52% had no follow-up as compared to 28% of patients who responded that they did not use drugs (P < .01).

Suicide by self-inflicted burns - A persistent psychiatric problem.

Self-inflicted burns are a relatively uncommon but profound attempt at suicide. Twenty years ago, we first reviewed our experience with self-inflicted burns. With this current study, we sought to determine whether there had been any change in the incidence or outcomes of self-inflicted burns. All burn patients admitted between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2021, with self-inflicted burns were compared with all other admissions. The frequency of self-inflicted burns and confounding risk factors of patients with self-inflicted burns remained unchanged. A large proportion (87.4 %) of the patients had psychiatric disease. They also had larger burns and higher mortality than accidental burns. Unexpectedly, logistic regression analysis that controlled for age, total percent total body surface area (TBSA) burn, sex, and inhalation injury revealed that those patients with self-inflicted burns had 72 % lower odds of dying than the general population. In conclusion, there has been no improvement in the incidence of self-inflicted burns. They result in very severe injuries, but when age, burn size, gender, and inhalation injury are controlled for, they have at least as good a chance for survival as the general burn population.

American Burn Association Clinical Practice Guidelines on Burn Shock Resuscitation.

This Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) addresses the topic of acute fluid resuscitation during the first 48 hours following a burn injury for adults with burns ≥20% of the total body surface area (%TBSA). The listed authors formed an investigation panel and developed clinically relevant PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome) questions. A systematic literature search returned 5978 titles related to this topic and after 3 levels of screening, 24 studies met criteria to address the PICO questions and were critically reviewed. We recommend that clinicians consider the use of human albumin solution, especially in patients with larger burns, to lower resuscitation volumes and improve urine output. We recommend initiating resuscitation based on providing 2 mL/kg/% TBSA burn in order to reduce resuscitation fluid volumes. We recommend selective monitoring of intra-abdominal and intraocular pressure during burn shock resuscitation. We make a weak recommendation for clinicians to consider the use of computer decision support software to guide fluid titration and lower resuscitation fluid volumes. We do not recommend the use of transpulmonary thermodilution-derived variables to guide burn shock resuscitation. We are unable to make any recommendations on the use of high-dose vitamin C (ascorbic acid), fresh frozen plasma (FFP), early continuous renal replacement therapy, or vasopressors as adjuncts during acute burn shock resuscitation. Mortality is an important outcome in burn shock resuscitation, but it was not formally included as a PICO outcome because the available scientific literature is missing studies of sufficient population size and quality to allow us to confidently make recommendations related to the outcome of survival at this time.

Effects of Aerobic Exercise in the Intensive Care Unit on Patient-Reported Physical Function and Mental Health Outcomes in Severely Burned Children-A Multicenter Prospective Randomized Trial.

Severe burns are life-altering and can have lasting effects on patients' physical and mental health. Alterations in physical function, changes in appearance, and psychological disturbances resulting from severe burns are especially concerning in children, as they are still in the early stages of identity formation. Exercise in the nonburn population has been shown to improve quality of life and result in better physical and mental status. However, the effect of early exercise on the quality of life in pediatric burn patients requires more research. METHODS: Forty-eight children between the ages of seven and seventeen with ≥30% total body surface area (TBSA) burn were randomized in a 1:2 fashion to receive treatment with standard-of-care (SOC) or standard-of-care plus exercise (SOC+Ex). Surveys administered at admission and discharge collected patient-reported information regarding physical and mental health outcomes. The results are given as means +/- standard deviation. Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The average age of the SOC and SOC+Ex groups were 12 ± 3 and 13 ± 4 years, respectively. The average %TBSA burned in the SOC and SOC+Ex groups were 54 ± 17 and 48 ± 14, respectively. The SOC+Ex group averaged 10 ± 9 exercise sessions (range of 1 to 38 sessions) with an attendance rate of 25% (10 sessions out of 40 BICU days). Both groups demonstrated significant improvement in patient-reported physical and mental outcomes during hospital admission (p < 0.05) However, additional exercise did not exhibit any additional benefits for measured levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our recommendation is for all pediatric patients in the BICU to continue with the SOC and consult with their physician over the benefits of additional aerobic exercise. This study suggests that perhaps there is potential for increasing the amount of exercise that can be administered to pediatric burn survivors beyond SOC as we did not find aerobic exercise to be of any harm to any patients if it is performed properly and under supervision.

Surviving Sepsis After Burn Campaign.

INTRODUCTION: The Surviving Sepsis Campaign was developed to improve outcomes for all patients with sepsis. Despite sepsis being the primary cause of death after thermal injury, burns have always been excluded from the Surviving Sepsis efforts. To improve sepsis outcomes in burn patients, an international group of burn experts developed the Surviving Sepsis After Burn Campaign (SSABC) as a testable guideline to improve burn sepsis outcomes. METHODS: The International Society for Burn Injuries (ISBI) reached out to regional or national burn organizations to recommend members to participate in the program. Two members of the ISBI developed specific "patient/population, intervention, comparison and outcome" (PICO) questions that paralleled the 2021 Surviving Sepsis Campaign [1]. SSABC participants were asked to search the current literature and rate its quality for each topic. At the Congress of the ISBI, in Guadalajara, Mexico, August 28, 2022, a majority of the participants met to create "statements" based on the literature. The "summary statements" were then sent to all members for comment with the hope of developing an 80% consensus. After four reviews, a consensus statement for each topic was created or "no consensus" was reported. RESULTS: The committee developed sixty statements within fourteen topics that provide guidance for the early treatment of sepsis in burn patients. These statements should be used to improve the care of sepsis in burn patients. The statements should not be considered as "static" comments but should rather be used as guidelines for future testing of the best treatments for sepsis in burn patients. They should be updated on a regular basis. CONCLUSION: Members of the burn community from the around the world have developed the Surviving Sepsis After Burn Campaign guidelines with the goal of improving the outcome of sepsis in burn patients.

Wound healing in older adults with severe burns: Clinical treatment considerations and challenges.

Background: The older adult population continues to rapidly expand in number, with a projection by the United States (US) Census Bureau that there will be more individuals older than > 65 years (77.0 million) than those younger than < 18 years (76.5 million) by 2034. This review provides an overview of aging as it relates to wound healing and burn injuries in older adult patients, summarizes current treatment practices, and addresses the key challenges and considerations for treating severe burn injuries in this specific patient population. Materials and methods: A narrative literature search was conducted, focusing on recent primary literature on burns and wound healing in elderly patients. Results: Studies showed that the aging process results in both physiologic (eg, nutritional and metabolic status) and anatomic changes (eg, thinning dermis) that contribute to a reduced capacity to recover from burn-injury trauma compared with younger patients. Owing to impaired vision, decreased coordination, comorbidities, and medication-induced side effects, older adults (ie, > 65 years) are susceptible to severe burn injury (deep-partial thickness and full-thickness), which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Conclusion: A better understanding of the effects of age-related changes regarding wound healing in older adult patients who incur severe burn injuries may provide insight into clinical strategies to improve outcomes among this population.

Disseminated Mycobacterium abscessus Infection in a Burn Patient.

Disseminated infection caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is very rare, with an incidence of 1.0 to 1.8 cases per 100,000 persons, and typically only occurs in severely immunocompromised hosts. Burn patients suffer a loss of the natural cutaneous barrier as well as injury-induced immune dysfunction, and as a result, commonly develop infections, especially with multidrug-resistant organisms. However, very few NTM infections in burn patients have been reported in the literature. Disseminated NTM infection, in particular, can be a challenge to diagnose in burn patients due to burn-related physiology such as hyperpyrexia and widespread skin injury. We present a case of disseminated infection leading to bacteremia caused by Mycobacterium abscessus in a critically ill burn patient with a 74% total body surface area burn. M. abscessus belongs to the subgroup of NTM known as rapidly growing mycobacteria, which are notable for their ability to form colonies in a matter of days, rather than weeks, and because they are often highly drug-resistant, which complicates antimicrobial therapy. This is the third reported case of bacteremia caused by NTM in a burn patient and the second case that was successfully transitioned from intravenous antimicrobials to an oral regimen.

Comparison of Six-Minute Walk Test and Modified Bruce Treadmill Test in Paediatric Patients With Severe Burns: A Cross-Over Study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the six-minute walk test and the Modified Bruce treadmill test in paediatric patients with severe burns. SUBJECTS: A total of 67 children, aged 7-17 years, with severe burns. METHODS: Participants were assigned to perform the six-minute walk test and the Modified Bruce treadmill test in randomized order on discharge from acute burn care. Primary outcome measure was heart rate. Secondary outcome measures were distance walked, Borg's CR-10 rate of perceived exertion, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2). RESULTS: A total of 67 participants were enrolled. Thirty-eight patients completed both tests. The mean six-minute walk test maximum heart rate was 135 ± 19 bpm (range 97-180 bpm) and the mean Modified Bruce treadmill test maximum heart rate was 148 ± 24 bpm (range 100-197 bpm; p ≤ 0.05), with a weak positive correlation of R² = 0.14. The mean six-minute walk test maximum distance was 294 ± 124 m (range 55 to 522 m) while the mean Modified Bruce treadmill test maximum distance was 439 ± 181 m (range 53 to 976 m; p ≤ 0.05), with no correlation of R² = 0.006. The mean RPE CR-10 score for the six-minute walk test was 3 ± 2.5 (range 0-10) vs a mean RPE CR-10 score of 10 ± 0 for the Modified Bruce treadmill test. CONCLUSION: The Modified Bruce treadmill test challenges the cardiorespiratory system significantly more than the six-minute walk test, as reflected by maximum heart rate measurements, and the perception of effort (i.e. rate of perceived exertion) by the patient. When possible, the Modified Bruce treadmill test should be used to assess cardiovascular functional capacity. However, the six-minute walk test may be more clinically feasible for use with paediatric patients with burns, and provides information about submaximal functional exercise capacity.

Burn Prevention in the Elderly: Identifying Age and Gender Differences in Consumer Products Associated With Burn Injuries.

Elderly suffer worse outcomes from burns; thus, it is important to identify the causes of burns in the elderly to develop burn prevention campaigns. We performed a 10-year review of burns that were registered in the NEISS database. We included patients at least 65 years old and analyzed the top five products that caused burn injury. In adults 65 to 74 years old, hot water was the most common cause of burns. Women suffered more burns by candles and cookware. Heaters/heating systems and gasoline were among the top five causes of burns in only men. For the age group 75 to 84 years old, the most common burn was from hot water in women and gasoline in men. For women, the top five included candles, nightwear, and cookware. Only men suffered gasoline burns. The majority of daywear, home/room fire, and ranges/ovens caused burns occurred in men. The majority of burns from hot water, ranges/ovens, electric heating pads, and bathtubs/showers occurred in women. For men, burns from gasoline, structural fires, and heaters are more prevalent. This data can be used to develop age- and gender-specific prevention campaigns to reduce the risk of burn injury.