RESUMO
AIMS: To investigate the association between diabetic retinopathy (DR) and coronary artery disease (CAD) using coronary angiotomography (CCTA) and multimodal retinal imaging (MMRI) with ultra-widefield retinography and optical coherence tomography angiography and structural domain. METHODS: Single-center, cross-sectional, single-blind. Patients with diabetes who had undergone CCTA underwent MMRI. Uni and multivariate analysis were used to assess the association between CAD and DR and to identify variables independently associated with DR. RESULTS: We included 171 patients, 87 CAD and 84 non-CAD. Most CAD patients were males (74 % vs 38 %, P < 0.01), insulin users (52 % vs 38 %, p < 0.01) and revascularized (64 %). They had a higher prevalence of DR (48 % vs 22 %, p = 0.01), microaneurysms (25 % vs 13 %, p = 0.04), intraretinal cysts (22 % vs 8 %, p = 0.01) and areas of reduced capillary density (46 % vs 20 %, p < 0.01). CAD patients also had lower mean vascular density (MVD) (15.7 % vs 16.5,%, p = 0.049) and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) circularity (0.64 ± 0.1 vs 0.69 ± 0.1, p = 0.04). There were significant and negative correlations between Duke coronary score and MVD (r = -0.189; p = 0.03) and FAZ circularity (r = -0,206; p = 0.02). CAD, DM duration and insulin use independently associated with DR. CONCLUSIONS: CAD patients had higher prevalence of DR and lower MVD. CAD, DM duration and insulin use were independently associated with DR.
Assuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Diabetes Mellitus , Retinopatia Diabética , Insulinas , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Retinopatia Diabética/diagnóstico , Retinopatia Diabética/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Transversais , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/complicações , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/epidemiologia , Método Simples-Cego , Vasos Retinianos/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In-hospital hyperglycemia poses significant risks for patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Electronic glycemic management systems (eGMSs) like InsulinAPP offer promise in standardizing and improving glycemic control (GC) in these settings. This study evaluated the efficacy of the InsulinAPP protocol in optimizing GC and reducing adverse outcomes post-CABG. METHODS: This prospective, randomized, open-label study was conducted with 100 adult type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients post-CABG surgery, who were randomized into two groups: conventional care (gCONV) and eGMS protocol (gAPP). The gAPP used InsulinAPP for insulin therapy management, whereas the gCONV received standard clinical care. The primary outcome was a composite of hospital-acquired infections, renal function deterioration, and symptomatic atrial arrhythmia. Secondary outcomes included GC, hypoglycemia incidence, hospital stay length, and costs. RESULTS: The gAPP achieved lower mean glucose levels (167.2 ± 42.5 mg/dL vs 188.7 ± 54.4 mg/dL; P = .040) and fewer patients-day with BG above 180 mg/dL (51.3% vs 74.8%, P = .011). The gAPP received an insulin regimen that included more prandial bolus and correction insulin (either bolus-correction or basal-bolus regimens) than the gCONV (90.3% vs 16.7%). The primary composite outcome occurred in 16% of gAPP patients compared with 58% in gCONV (P < .010). Hypoglycemia incidence was lower in the gAPP (4% vs 16%, P = .046). The gAPP protocol also resulted in shorter hospital stays and reduced costs. CONCLUSIONS: The InsulinAPP protocol effectively optimizes GC and reduces adverse outcomes in T2DM patients' post-CABG surgery, offering a cost-effective solution for inpatient diabetes management.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to evaluate the correlation of cardiac troponin T levels with comorbidities and in-hospital outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 in Brazil. METHODS: Data from a cohort of 3,596 patients who were admitted with suspected coronavirus disease-2019 in a Brazilian tertiary center, between March and August 2020, were reviewed. A total of 2,441 (68%) patients had cardiac troponin T determined in the first 72 h of admission and were stratified into two groups: elevated cardiac troponin T (cardiac troponin T >0.014 ng/mL) and normal cardiac troponin T. Associations between troponin, comorbidities, biomarkers, and outcomes were assessed. Regression models were built to assess the association of several variables with in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 2,441 patients were embraced, of which 924 (38%) had normal cardiac troponin T and 1,517 (62%) had elevated cardiac troponin T. Patients with elevated cardiac troponin T were older and had more comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, arrhythmia, renal dysfunction, liver disease, stroke, cancer, and dementia. Patients with abnormal cardiac troponin T also had more altered laboratory parameters on admission (i.e., leukocytes, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and B-type natriuretic peptide), as well as more need for intensive care unit, vasoactive drugs, mechanical ventilation, dialysis, and blood transfusion. All-cause mortality was markedly higher among patients with increased cardiac troponin T (42 vs. 16%, P<0.001). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that in-hospital mortality was not independently associated with troponin elevation. CONCLUSION: This study showed that cardiac troponin T elevation at admission was common and associated with several comorbidities, biomarkers, and clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease-2019, but it was not an independent marker of in-hospital mortality.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Coronavirus , Humanos , Troponina , Brasil/epidemiologia , Troponina T , Prognóstico , BiomarcadoresRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cardiac troponin detected with sensitive assays can be chronically elevated, in the absence of unstable coronary syndromes. In patients with chronic coronary artery disease, clinically silent ischemic episodes may cause chronic troponin release. T1 mapping is a cardiovascular magnetic resonance technique useful in quantitative cardiac tissue characterization. We selected patients with anatomically and functionally normal hearts to investigate associations between chronic troponin release and myocardial tissue characteristics assessed by T1 mapping. METHODS: We investigated the relationship between cardiac troponin I concentrations and cardiovascular magnetic resonance T1 mapping parameters in patients with stable coronary artery disease enrolled in MASS V study before elective revascularization. Participants had no previous myocardial infarction, negative late gadolinium enhancement, normal left ventricular function, chamber dimensions and wall thickness. RESULTS: A total of 56 patients were analyzed in troponin tertiles: nativeT1 and extracellular volume (ECV) values (expressed as meansâ ±â standard deviations) increased across tertiles: nativeT1 (1006â ±â 27 ms vs 1016â ±â 27 ms vs 1034â ±â 37 ms, ptrendâ =â 0.006) and ECV (22â ±â 3% vs 23â ±â 1.9% vs 25â ±â 3%, ptrendâ =â 0.007). Cardiac troponin I concentrations correlated with native T1(Râ =â 0.33, Pâ =â .012) and ECV (Râ =â 0.3, Pâ =â .025), and were independently associated with nativeT1 (Pâ =â .049) and ventricular mass index (Pâ =â .041) in multivariable analysis. CONCLUSION: In patients with chronic coronary artery disease and structurally normal hearts, troponin I concentrations correlated with T1 mapping parameters, suggesting that diffuse edema or fibrosis scattered in normal myocardium might be associated with chronic troponin release.
Assuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Humanos , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/patologia , Meios de Contraste , Troponina I , Imagem Cinética por Ressonância Magnética , Gadolínio , Miocárdio/patologia , Fibrose , Função Ventricular Esquerda , Valor Preditivo dos TestesRESUMO
The pharmacological therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus has presented important advances in recent years, which has impacted the treatment of patients with established cardiovascular disease or with high cardiovascular risk. In this scenario, two drug classes have emerged and demonstrated clear clinical benefits: SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists. The present review discusses the pharmacology, adverse effects, and clinical trials that have demonstrated the benefits of these medications in reducing cardiovascular risk.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-GlicoseRESUMO
This study investigated the relationship between angiographic complexities of coronary artery disease (CAD) assessed by SYNTAX Score synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with taxus and cardiac surgery score (SYNTAX Score) and cardiac biomarker elevation after revascularization procedures.This is a post-hoc analysis of the medicine, angioplasty or surgery study V study of patients with stable CAD. High-sensitivity troponin 1 (hs-TnI) and creatinine kinase-muscle/brain (CK-MB) were assessed before and after cardiovascular procedures. Baselines SYNTAX Scores (SXScores) were calculated by blinded investigators to patient characteristics.Of the 202 patients studied, the mean SXScore was 21.25â±â9.24; 40.10â±â7.09 in the high SXScore group and 19.06â±â6.61 in low/mid SXscore group (Pâ<â.0001). Positive correlations existed between SXScore and median peaks after procedural hs-TnI (râ=â0.18, Pâ=â.009) and CK-MB (râ=â0.24, Pâ=â.001) levels. In patients with high SXScores (≥33), the median peaks of post-procedural hs-TnI (Pâ=â.034)and CK-MB (Pâ=â.004) levels were higher than in low/mid SXScore group (<33).The release of hs-TnI at 6 (Pâ=â.002), 12 (Pâ=â.008), and 24âhours (Pâ=â.039) was higher in high SXScore group than in low/mid SXscore group (<33) as was the release of CK-MB at 6 (Pâ<â.0001), 12 (Pâ<â.0001), 24 (Pâ=â.001), 36 (Pâ=â.007), 48 (Pâ=â.008), and 72âhours (Pâ=â.023). After multivariable analysis, high SXScore was a significant independent predictor of release of CK-MB and hs-TnI peaks higher than the median.The increase in release of cardiac biomarkers was significantly associated with the extent of atherosclerosis identified by the SYNTAX Score.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Angiografia Coronária/métodos , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/sangue , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/cirurgia , Idoso , Angioplastia/métodos , Aterosclerose/metabolismo , Aterosclerose/patologia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/métodos , Angiografia Coronária/tendências , Ponte de Artéria Coronária/métodos , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto do Miocárdio/diagnóstico , Infarto do Miocárdio/metabolismo , Infarto do Miocárdio/terapia , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/métodos , Estudos Prospectivos , Troponina I/metabolismoRESUMO
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field of computer science that aims to mimic human thought processes. AI techniques have been applied in cardiovascular medicine to explore novel genotypes and phenotypes in existing diseases, improve the quality of patient care, enabling cost-effectiveness, and reducing readmission and mortality rates. The potential of AI in cardiovascular medicine is tremendous; however, ignorance of the challenges may overshadow its potential clinical impact. This paper gives a glimpse of AI's application in cardiovascular clinical care and discusses its potential role in facilitating precision cardiovascular medicine.
Assuntos
Inteligência Artificial , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Algoritmos , Inteligência Artificial/tendências , Big Data , Humanos , Medicina de Precisão/tendências , Aprendizado de Máquina Supervisionado/tendências , Aprendizado de Máquina não Supervisionado/tendênciasRESUMO
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is a consolidated treatment in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) for both symptom control and improvement of prognosis. The patency of venous grafts is still the most vulnerable point of the surgical treatment since it presents a high prevalence of occlusion both in the immediate postoperative period and in the long-term follow-up. Aspirin plays a well-established role in this setting, and for a long time, clopidogrel use has been restricted to patients allergic to aspirin. Recently, subgroup analyses of studies with different anti-platelet therapies have shown reduced mortality and cardiovascular events in patients on dual anti-platelet antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) undergoing CABG, although such studies have not been designed to evaluate this patient profile. However, there is still an insufficient number of randomized studies using DAPT in this context, resulting in a disagreement between the European and American cardiology societies guidelines regarding their indication and generating doubts in clinical practice.
Assuntos
Ponte de Artéria Coronária/métodos , Oclusão de Enxerto Vascular/prevenção & controle , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/uso terapêutico , Grau de Desobstrução Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Aspirina/uso terapêutico , Clopidogrel/uso terapêutico , Ponte de Artéria Coronária/efeitos adversos , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/cirurgia , Humanos , Ticagrelor/uso terapêutico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Treatment of stable coronary artery disease (CAD) relies on improved prognosis and relief of symptoms. National and international guidelines on CAD support the indication of revascularization in patients with limiting symptoms and refractory to optimal medical treatment, as well as in clinical situations where there is a prognostic benefit of interventional treatment. Most of the studies that support the guidelines for indication of revascularization date back to the 1980s and1990s of the last century. Recent studies have revisited the theme and brought a new breath. The present review provides a critical analysis of classic indications for revascularization, reviewing evidence from the studies of the 1970s to the recent controversial ORBITA study.
Assuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana/cirurgia , Revascularização Miocárdica/normas , Tomada de Decisão Clínica , Humanos , Revascularização Miocárdica/métodos , Prognóstico , Medição de Risco , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The treatment of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction concomitant with the presence of multivessel disease has been studied in several recent studies with the purpose of defining the need, as well as the best moment to approach residual lesions. However, such studies included only stable patients. The best therapeutic approach to cardiogenic shock secondary to acute coronary syndrome, however, remains controversial, but there are recommendations from specialists for revascularization that include non-event related injuries. Recently published, the CULPRIT-SHOCK study showed benefit of the initial approach only of the injury blamed for the acute event, in view of the multivessel percutaneous intervention, in the context of cardiogenic shock. In this perspective, the authors discuss the work in question, regarding methodological questions, limitations and clinical applicability.
Assuntos
Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/cirurgia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/cirurgia , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/métodos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Infarto do Miocárdio com Supradesnível do Segmento ST/cirurgia , Choque Cardiogênico/cirurgia , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/complicações , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/complicações , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , Revascularização Miocárdica/métodos , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Infarto do Miocárdio com Supradesnível do Segmento ST/complicações , Choque Cardiogênico/etiologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Treatment of stable coronary artery disease (CAD) relies on improved prognosis and relief of symptoms. National and international guidelines on CAD support the indication for revascularization in patients with limiting symptoms and refractory to drug treatment. Previous studies attested the efficacy of angioplasty to improve angina as well as the functional capacity of patients with symptomatic stable CAD. The ORBITA trial, recently published in an international journal, showed no benefit in terms of exercise tolerance compared to a placebo procedure in a population of single-vessel patients undergoing contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention. In this point of view article, the authors discuss the ORBITA trial regarding methodological issues, limitations and clinical applicability.
Assuntos
Angina Estável/cirurgia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea , Método Duplo-Cego , Humanos , PrognósticoRESUMO
SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to evaluate the correlation of cardiac troponin T levels with comorbidities and in-hospital outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 in Brazil. METHODS: Data from a cohort of 3,596 patients who were admitted with suspected coronavirus disease-2019 in a Brazilian tertiary center, between March and August 2020, were reviewed. A total of 2,441 (68%) patients had cardiac troponin T determined in the first 72 h of admission and were stratified into two groups: elevated cardiac troponin T (cardiac troponin T >0.014 ng/mL) and normal cardiac troponin T. Associations between troponin, comorbidities, biomarkers, and outcomes were assessed. Regression models were built to assess the association of several variables with in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 2,441 patients were embraced, of which 924 (38%) had normal cardiac troponin T and 1,517 (62%) had elevated cardiac troponin T. Patients with elevated cardiac troponin T were older and had more comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, arrhythmia, renal dysfunction, liver disease, stroke, cancer, and dementia. Patients with abnormal cardiac troponin T also had more altered laboratory parameters on admission (i.e., leukocytes, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and B-type natriuretic peptide), as well as more need for intensive care unit, vasoactive drugs, mechanical ventilation, dialysis, and blood transfusion. All-cause mortality was markedly higher among patients with increased cardiac troponin T (42 vs. 16%, P<0.001). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that in-hospital mortality was not independently associated with troponin elevation. CONCLUSION: This study showed that cardiac troponin T elevation at admission was common and associated with several comorbidities, biomarkers, and clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease-2019, but it was not an independent marker of in-hospital mortality.
Assuntos
Aterosclerose/virologia , Betacoronavirus , Infecções por Coronavirus/complicações , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/complicações , Trombose/virologia , Doença Aguda , Aterosclerose/fisiopatologia , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Pneumonia Viral/fisiopatologia , Prognóstico , SARS-CoV-2 , Trombose/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
SUMMARY The pharmacological therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus has presented important advances in recent years, which has impacted the treatment of patients with established cardiovascular disease or with high cardiovascular risk. In this scenario, two drug classes have emerged and demonstrated clear clinical benefits: SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists. The present review discusses the pharmacology, adverse effects, and clinical trials that have demonstrated the benefits of these medications in reducing cardiovascular risk.
RESUMO A terapia farmacológica do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 apresentou avanços importantes nos últimos anos, impactando principalmente o tratamento dos pacientes com doença cardiovascular estabelecida ou com alto risco cardiovascular. Nesse cenário, surgiram duas classes de fármacos com claros benefícios clínicos; os inibidores da SGLT-2 e os agonistas do GLP-1. Na presente revisão os autores discutem desde a farmacologia, efeitos adversos e também os estudos clínicos que demonstraram os benefícios dessas medicações na redução de risco cardiovascular.
Assuntos
Humanos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores de Risco , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-GlicoseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The prevalence and clinical outcomes of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction after acute myocardial infarction have not been well elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction in acute myocardial infarction and its association with mortality. METHODS: Patients with acute myocardial infarction (n = 1,474) were prospectively included. Patients without heart failure (Killip score = 1), with heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (Killip score > 1 and left ventricle ejection fraction ≥ 50%), and with systolic dysfunction (Killip score > 1 and left ventricle ejection fraction < 50%) on admission were compared. The association between systolic dysfunction with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction and in-hospital mortality was tested in adjusted models. RESULTS: Among the patients included, 1,256 (85.2%) were admitted without heart failure (72% men, 67 ± 15 years), 78 (5.3%) with heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (59% men, 76 ± 14 years), and 140 (9.5%) with systolic dysfunction (69% men, 76 ± 14 years), with mortality rates of 4.3%, 17.9%, and 27.1%, respectively (p < 0.001). Logistic regression (adjusted for sex, age, troponin, diabetes, and body mass index) demonstrated that heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (OR 2.91; 95% CI 1.35-6.27; p = 0.006) and systolic dysfunction (OR 5.38; 95% CI 3.10 to 9.32; p < 0.001) were associated with in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: One-third of patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted with heart failure had preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Although this subgroup exhibited more favorable outcomes than those with systolic dysfunction, this condition presented a three-fold higher risk of death than the group without heart failure. Patients with acute myocardial infarction and heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction encounter elevated short-term risk and require special attention and monitoring during hospitalization.
Assuntos
Insuficiência Cardíaca/epidemiologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/fisiopatologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/epidemiologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/fisiopatologia , Volume Sistólico/fisiologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Diástole/fisiologia , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Sístole/fisiologia , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/fisiopatologia , Função Ventricular Esquerda/fisiologiaRESUMO
SUMMARY Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field of computer science that aims to mimic human thought processes. AI techniques have been applied in cardiovascular medicine to explore novel genotypes and phenotypes in existing diseases, improve the quality of patient care, enabling cost-effectiveness, and reducing readmission and mortality rates. The potential of AI in cardiovascular medicine is tremendous; however, ignorance of the challenges may overshadow its potential clinical impact. This paper gives a glimpse of AI's application in cardiovascular clinical care and discusses its potential role in facilitating precision cardiovascular medicine.
RESUMO A inteligência artificial (IA) é um campo da ciência da computação que tem como objetivo imitar os processos de pensamento humano. Técnicas de IA têm sido aplicadas na medicina cardiovascular para explorar novos genótipos e fenótipos em doenças existentes, melhorar a qualidade do atendimento ao paciente, possibilitar custo-efetividade e reduzir taxas de readmissão e mortalidade. Existe um grande potencial da IA na medicina cardiovascular; no entanto, a ignorância dos desafios pode ofuscar seu impacto clínico. Esse artigo fornece a aplicação da IA no atendimento clínico cardiovascular e discute seu papel potencial na facilitação da medicina cardiovascular de precisão.
Assuntos
Humanos , Inteligência Artificial/tendências , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Algoritmos , Medicina de Precisão/tendências , Aprendizado de Máquina Supervisionado/tendências , Aprendizado de Máquina não Supervisionado , Big DataRESUMO
SUMMARY Treatment of stable coronary artery disease (CAD) relies on improved prognosis and relief of symptoms. National and international guidelines on CAD support the indication of revascularization in patients with limiting symptoms and refractory to optimal medical treatment, as well as in clinical situations where there is a prognostic benefit of interventional treatment. Most of the studies that support the guidelines for indication of revascularization date back to the 1980s and1990s of the last century. Recent studies have revisited the theme and brought a new breath. The present review provides a critical analysis of classic indications for revascularization, reviewing evidence from the studies of the 1970s to the recent controversial ORBITA study.
RESUMO O tratamento da doença arterial coronariana estável (DAC) se baseia na melhora do prognóstico e alívio de sintomas. Diretrizes nacionais e internacionais sobre a DAC respaldam a indicação de revascularização em pacientes com sintomas limitantes e refratários ao tratamento medicamentoso, bem como em situações clínicas nas quais há benefício prognóstico do tratamento intervencionista. Grande parte dos estudos que norteiam as diretrizes de indicação de revascularização data das décadas de 1980 e 1990. Estudos recentes têm revisitado o tema e trazido novo fôlego. A presente revisão faz uma análise crítica das indicações clássicas de revascularização, revisando a evidência desde os estudos da década de 1970 ao recente e polêmico estudo Orbita.
Assuntos
Humanos , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/cirurgia , Revascularização Miocárdica/normas , Prognóstico , Fatores de Risco , Medição de Risco , Tomada de Decisão Clínica , Revascularização Miocárdica/métodosRESUMO
SUMMARY Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is a consolidated treatment in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) for both symptom control and improvement of prognosis. The patency of venous grafts is still the most vulnerable point of the surgical treatment since it presents a high prevalence of occlusion both in the immediate postoperative period and in the long-term follow-up. Aspirin plays a well-established role in this setting, and for a long time, clopidogrel use has been restricted to patients allergic to aspirin. Recently, subgroup analyses of studies with different anti-platelet therapies have shown reduced mortality and cardiovascular events in patients on dual anti-platelet antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) undergoing CABG, although such studies have not been designed to evaluate this patient profile. However, there is still an insufficient number of randomized studies using DAPT in this context, resulting in a disagreement between the European and American cardiology societies guidelines regarding their indication and generating doubts in clinical practice.
RESUMO A cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM) é tratamento fundamental em pacientes com doença arterial coronariana (DAC) tanto para controle de sintomas quanto para melhora do prognóstico. A patência dos enxertos venosos ainda hoje é o ponto mais vulnerável do tratamento cirúrgico, por apresentar alta prevalência de oclusão tanto no pós-operatório imediato como no seguimento em longo prazo. A aspirina tem papel bem estabelecido neste cenário e, por muito tempo, o uso do clopidogrel ficou restrito a pacientes alérgicos a aspirina. Recentemente, análises de subgrupos de estudos com diferentes terapias antiplaquetárias demonstraram redução de mortalidade e eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes em uso de dupla antiagregação plaquetária (Dapt) submetidos à CRM, ainda que tais estudos não tenham sido desenhados para avaliar este perfil de pacientes. Contudo, há ainda uma quantidade insuficiente de estudos randomizados com uso de Dapt nesse contexto, resultando em uma discordância entre as diretrizes europeia e americana de cardiologia quanto à sua indicação e gerando dúvidas na prática clínica.