The role of bone mineral density in adult spinal deformity patients undergoing corrective surgery: a matched analysis.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. BACKGROUND: Over 44 million adults are estimated to have either osteoporosis or osteopenia. Adult spinal deformity (ASD) is estimated to affect between 32 and 68% of the elderly population. OBJECTIVE: Retrospective investigation comparing rates of postoperative complications following thoracolumbar scoliosis surgery in patients with normal bone mineral density (BMD) to those with osteopenia or osteoporosis in addition to analyzing the effects of pretreatment with anti-osteoporotic medications in patients with low BMD. METHODS: Using administrative database of Humana beneficiaries, ICD-9 and ICD-10 diagnosis codes were used to identify ASD patients undergoing multilevel thoracolumbar fusions between 2007 and 2017. RESULTS: The propensity matched population analyzed in this study contained 1044 patients equally represented by those with a history of osteopenia, osteoporosis, or normal BMD. Osteopenia and osteoporosis were associated with increased odds of revision surgery (OR 2.01 95% CI 1.36-2.96 and OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.05-2.35), respectively. Similarly, there was an almost twofold increased odds of proximal and distal junctional kyphosis in patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.40-2.74 and OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.34-2.64), respectively. A total of 258 (37.1%) patients with osteoporosis were pretreated with anti-osteoporotic medications and there was no statistically significant decrease in odds of proximal or distal junctional kyphosis or revision surgery in these patients. CONCLUSION: Patients with ASD undergoing multilevel thoracolumbar fusion surgery have significantly higher rates of postoperative pseudarthrosis, proximal and distal junctional kyphosis, and revision surgery rates compared to patients with normal BMD.

Angioarchitectural features amongst patients with unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations presenting with headache: findings from a single center retrospective review of 76 patients.

BACKGROUND: Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) consist of abnormal connections between arteries and veins via an interposing nidus. While hemorrhage is the most common presentation, unruptured AVMs can present with headaches, seizures, neurological deficits, or be found incidentally. It remains unclear as to what AVM characteristics contribute to pain generation amongst unruptured AVM patients with headaches. METHODS: To assess this relationship, the current study evaluates angiographic and clinical features amongst patients with unruptured brain AVMs presenting with headache. Loyola University Medical Center medical records were queried for diagnostic codes corresponding to AVMs. In patients with unruptured AVMs, we analyzed the correlation between the presenting symptom of headache and various demographic and angiographic features. RESULTS: Of the 144 AVMs treated at our institution between 1980 and 2017, 76 were unruptured and had sufficient clinical data available. Twenty-three presented with headaches, while 53 patients had other presenting symptoms. Patients presenting with headache were less likely to have venous stenosis compared to those with a non-headache presentation (13 % vs. 36 %, p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that the absence of venous stenosis may contribute to headache symptomatology. This serves as a basis for further study of correlations between AVM angioarchitecture and symptomatology to direct headache management in AVM patients.

Characterization of new transposable element sub-families from white clover (Trifolium repens) using PCR amplification.

Transposable elements (TEs) dominate the landscapes of most plant and animal genomes. Once considered junk DNA and genetic parasites, these interspersed, repetitive DNA elements are now known to play major roles in both genetic and epigenetic processes that sponsor genome variation and regulate gene expression. Knowledge of TE consensus sequences from elements in species whose genomes have not been sequenced is limited, and the individual TEs that are encountered in clones or short-reads rarely represent potentially canonical, let alone, functional representatives. In this study, we queried the Repbase database with eight BAC clones from white clover (Trifolium repens), identified a large number of candidate TEs, and used polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing to create consensus sequences for three new TE families. The results show that TE family consensus sequences can be obtained experimentally in species for which just a single, full-length member of a TE family has been sequenced.

Long-term quality of life outcomes in patients undergoing microsurgical resection of vestibular schwannoma.

Background: While previous studies have assessed patient reported quality of life (QOL) of various vestibular schwannoma (VS) treatment modalities, few studies have assessed QOL as related to the amount of residual tumor and need for retreatment in a large series of patients. Objective: To assess patient reported QOL outcomes following VS resection with a focus on extent of resection and retreatment. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed using single-center institutional data of adult patients who underwent VS resection by the senior authors between 1989-2018 at Loyola University Medical Center. The Penn Acoustic Neuroma Quality of Life (PANQOL) survey was sent to all patients via postal mail. Results: Fifty-five percent of 367 total patients were female with a mean age of 61.6 years (SD 12.63). The mean period between surgery and PANQOL response was 11.4 years (IQR: 4.74-7.37). The median tumor size was 2 cm (IQR: 1.5-2.8). The mean total PANQOL score was 70 (SD 19). Patients who required retreatment reported lower overall scores (µdiff = -10.11, 95% CI: -19.48 to -0.74; p = 0.03) and face domain scores (µdiff = -20.34, 95% CI: -29.78 to -10.91; p < .001). There was no association between extent of resection and PANQOL scores in any domain. Conclusion: In an analysis of 367 patients who underwent microsurgical resection of VS, extent of resection did not affect PANQOL scores in contrast to previous reports in the literature, while the need for retreatment and facial function had a significant impact on patient-reported outcomes.

Is There a Plateau to the Learning Curve for Acoustic Neuroma Resection?-Experience and Outcomes from a Single Interdisciplinary Team Over Thirty Years.

Objective The evolution of acoustic neuroma (AN) care continues to shift focus on balancing optimized tumor resection and control with preservation of neurological function. Prior learning curve analyses of AN resection have demonstrated a plateau between 20 and 100 surgeries. In this study of 860 consecutive AN surgeries, we investigate the presence of an extended learning curve tail for AN resection. Methods A retrospective cohort study of AN resections by a single interdisciplinary team between 1988 and 2018 was performed. Proportional odds models and restricted cubic splines were used to determine the association between the timing of surgery and odds of improved postoperative outcomes. Results The likelihood of improved postoperative House-Brackmann (HB) scores increased in the first 400 procedures, with HB 1 at 36% in 1988 compared with 79% in 2004. While the probability of a better HB score increased over time, there was a temporary decrease in slope of the cubic spline between 2005 and 2009. The last 400 cases continued to see improvement in optimal HB outcomes: adjusted odds of HB 1 score were twofold higher in both 2005 to 2009 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.38-3.22, p < 0.001) and 2010 to 2018 (aOR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.49-3.19, p < 0.001). Conclusion In contrast to prior studies, our study demonstrates the steepest growth for learning, as measured by rates of preservation of facial function outcomes (HB 1), occurs in the first 400 AN resections. Additionally, improvements in patient outcomes continued even 30 years into practice, underlining the importance of lifelong learning.

Social determinants of health and their impact on rates of postoperative complications among patients undergoing vertical sleeve gastrectomy.

BACKGROUND: Vertical sleeve gastrectomy is one of the most common bariatric procedures worldwide, but the impact of social determinants of health on postoperative outcomes for this procedure has not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact that social determinants of health have on postoperative outcomes after vertical sleeve gastrectomy. METHOD: This was a population-based study using the MARINER-15 database, an all-payer claims database. The primary endpoint of this study was the development of any complication, including cardiac complication, acute kidney injury, deep vein thrombosis, wound complication, hematoma, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, transfusion, or urinary tract infection within 60 days, 30- and 90-day all-cause mortality, or readmission within 30 or 90 days in patients undergoing vertical sleeve gastrectomy procedures. RESULTS: Individuals in the social determinants of health cohort had a significantly longer length of stay when compared with those without social determinants of health (3.07 days vs 1.582 days, P < .001). These patients were more likely to develop any complication within 60 days after surgery (hazard ratio 1.20, 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.40) but were less likely to return for readmission within 30 and 90 days (hazard ratio 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.66-0.96; hazard ratio 0.85 95% confidence interval 0.72-0.99). CONCLUSION: Vertical sleeve gastrectomy is an effective treatment for morbid obesity and its associated comorbidities. Although patients with social determinants of health are more likely to develop any of the analyzed postoperative complications within 60 days, they are less likely to return for readmission, highlighting the importance of focused follow-up and other measures to avoid lapses in care and eliminate further barriers to care in this population.

Bone Morphogenetic Protein in Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusions: A Propensity-Matched Medicare Outcome Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is a costly agent commonly used in spine surgery. Its effectiveness and complication profile have never been studied in a large, propensity-matched population following its approval by the Food and Drug Administration for use in single-level anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) surgeries. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the rate of symptomatic pseudarthrosis or need for revision surgery after single-level stand-alone ALIFs with and without the use of BMP. METHODS: Medicare Standard Analytic files derived from Medicare parts A and B were used to identify adult patients who underwent single-level ALIF procedures with and without use of BMP between 2004 and 2014. Patients were propensity matched based on their age, gender, and history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, body mass index greater than 30 kg/m2, smoking, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis. Sensitivity analysis using adjusted multivariate logistic regression models was also performed. The primary outcomes were the rates of symptomatic pseudarthrosis or need for revision surgery. RESULTS: The propensity-matched population analyzed in this study contained 22,380 patients undergoing single-level ALIF (8971 [40.6%] with BMP and 13,139 [59.4%] without BMP). Both patient groups were balanced at baseline. The rate of symptomatic pseudarthrosis in the propensity-matched analysis was higher in the BMP group (1.9% vs 1.4%, P < 0.05). BMP use during single-level ALIFs was associated with 44% increased odds of developing pseudarthrosis (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.16-1.76). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the rate of revision surgery between groups (3.7% vs 3.5%, P = 0.49). CONCLUSIONS: BMP use in single-level ALIFs may be associated with increased risk of symptomatic pseudarthrosis. Large prospective pragmatic trials are needed to corroborate our findings.

The impact of smoking and smoking cessation interventions on outcomes following single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion procedures.

BACKGROUND: While several studies explore the impact of smoking tobacco on spinal fusion outcomes, there is a paucity of literature on the influence of modern smoking cessation therapies on such outcomes in patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). OBJECTIVE: Our study explores the outcomes of single-level ACDF surgery in nonsmokers, active smokers, and smokers undergoing cessation therapy. METHODS: MARINER30, an all-payer claims database, was utilized to identify patients undergoing single-level ACDF between 2010 and 2019. The primary outcomes were the rates of composite surgical complications, dysphagia, hematoma, symptomatic pseudarthrosis, instrumentation removal, need for revision surgery, and all-cause readmission rates within 30 and 90-days. RESULTS: The matched population consisted of 5769 patients undergoing single-level ACDF with 1923 (33.33%) in each of the following groups: (1) nonsmokers; (2) active smokers; and (3) patients undergoing smoking cessation therapy. Nonsmokers had significantly lower rates of composite surgical complications (3.74% vs 13.05% vs 15.08%), revision surgery (4.06% vs 20.07% vs 22.88%), instrumentation removal (0.83% vs. 2.08% vs. 2.76%), and dysphagia (0.36% vs 0.99% vs 0.62%) when compared to patients in the active smoking and smoking cessation groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: Patients using smoking cessation therapy were more likely to develop postoperative dysphagia and undergo revision surgery when compared to their actively smoking counterparts. While surgeons routinely recommend smoking cessation prior to surgery, the effects of smoking cessation therapies on surgical outcomes are not well characterized.

The influence of social determinants of health on single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: Methods of reducing complications in individuals electing to undergo anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) rely upon understanding at-risk patient populations, among other factors. This study aims to investigate the interplay between social determinants of health (SDOH) and postoperative complication rates, length of stay, revision surgery, and rates of postoperative readmission at 30 and 90 days in individuals electing to have single-level ACDF. METHODS: Using MARINER30, a database that contains claims information from all payers, patients were identified who underwent single-level ACDF between 2010 and 2019. Identification of patients experiencing disparities in 1 of 6 categories of SDOH was completed using ICD-9 and ICD-10 (International Classifications of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revisions) codes. The population was propensity matched into 2 cohorts based on comorbidity status: those with SDOH versus those without. RESULTS: A total of 10,030 patients were analyzed; there were 5015 (50.0%) in each cohort. The rates of any postoperative complication (12.0% vs 4.6%, p < 0.001); pseudarthrosis (3.4% vs 2.6%, p = 0.017); instrumentation removal (1.8% vs 1.2%, p = 0.033); length of stay (2.54 ± 5.9 days vs 2.08 ± 5.07 days, p < 0.001 [mean ± SD]); and revision surgery (9.7% vs 4.2%, p < 0.001) were higher in the SDOH group compared to patients without SDOH, respectively. Patients with any SDOH had higher odds of perioperative complications (OR 2.8, 95% CI 2.43-3.33), pseudarthrosis (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.06-1.68), revision surgery (OR 2.4, 95% CI 2.04-2.85), and instrumentation removal (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.04-2.00). CONCLUSIONS: In patients who underwent single-level ACDF, there is an association between SDOH and higher complication rates, longer stay, increased need for instrumentation removal, and likelihood of revision surgery.

Trigeminal neuralgia induced by brainstem infarction treated with pontine descending tractotomy: illustrative case.

BACKGROUND: While cases of trigeminal neuralgia induced by a brainstem infarct have been reported, the neurosurgical literature lacks clear treatment recommendations in this subpopulation. OBSERVATIONS: The authors present the first case report of infarct-related trigeminal neuralgia treated with pontine descending tractotomy that resulted in durable pain relief after multiple failed surgical interventions, including previous microvascular decompressions and stereotactic radiosurgery. A neuronavigated pontine descending tractotomy of the spinal trigeminal tract was performed and resulted in successful pain relief for a 50-month follow-up period. LESSONS: While many cases of ischemic brainstem lesions are caused by acute stroke, the authors assert that cerebral small vessel disease also plays a role in certain cases and that the relationship between these chronic ischemic brainstem lesions and trigeminal neuralgia is more likely to be overlooked. Furthermore, neurovascular compression may obscure the causative mechanism of infarct-related trigeminal neuralgia, leading to unsuccessful decompressive surgeries in cases in which neurovascular compression may be noncontributory to pain symptomatology. Pontine descending tractotomy may be beneficial in select patients and can be performed either alone or concurrently with microvascular decompression in cases in which the interplay between ischemic lesion and neurovascular compression in the pathophysiology of disease is not clear.

Surgical Management of Trigeminal Neuralgia Induced by Brainstem Infarct: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Although cases of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) induced by brainstem infarct have been reported, the neurosurgical literature lacks a comprehensive review for this subpopulation of patients. We present the first systematic review of the literature to discuss pathology, surgical management, and future directions for therapeutic innovation in this population. METHODS: Our systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Resulting articles were screened for those that presented cases of TN associated with brainstem infarct. RESULTS: A review of the literature identified 18 case reports of 21 patients with TN induced by brainstem infarct: 14 pontine infarcts and 7 medullary infarcts. Although many cases of ischemic brainstem lesions are caused by acute stroke, cerebral small vessel disease also plays a role in certain cases, and the relationship between these chronic lesions and TN is more likely to be overlooked. Furthermore, we found that reports of self-resolving TN pain after brainstem infarct is disproportionately biased, as most case reports published their data within the first few months after initial presentation. Reports with follow-up periods >13 months reported eventual pain recurrence that necessitated surgical intervention. Microvascular decompression was not sufficient to treat TN pain associated with concurrent neurovascular compression and brainstem infarct. CONCLUSIONS: Brainstem infarcts affecting the trigeminal pathway represent an understudied pathologic cause of TN. Although the neurosurgical literature lacks a clear picture of the most efficacious interventions in this population, we are optimistic that this review will encourage further investigation into the best treatment for these patients.

Association Between Social Determinants of Health and Postoperative Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Single-Level Lumbar Fusions: A Matched Analysis.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze association between social determinants of health (SDH) disparity on postoperative complication rates, and 30-day and 90-day all-cause readmission in patients undergoing single-level lumbar fusions. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Decreasing postoperative complication rates is of great interest to surgeons and healthcare systems. Postoperative complications are associated with poor convalescence, inferior patient reported outcomes measures, and increased health care resource utilization. Better understanding of the association between Social Determinants of Health (SDH) on postoperative outcomes maybe helpful to decrease postoperative complication rates. METHODS: MARINER 2020, an all-payer claims database, was utilized to identify patients undergoing single-level lumbar fusions between 2010 and 2018. The primary outcomes were the rates of any postoperative complication, symptomatic pseudarthrosis, need for revision surgery, or 30-day and 90-day all-cause readmission. RESULTS: The exact matched population analyzed in this study contained 16,560 patients (8280 [50.0%] patients undergoing single-level lumbar fusion with an SDH disparity; 8280 [50.0%] patients undergoing single-level lumbar fusion without a disparity). Both patient groups were balanced at baseline. The rate of symptomatic pseudarthrosis (1.0% vs. 0.6%, P < 0.05) or any postoperative complication (16.3% vs. 10.4%, P < 0.05) in the matched analysis was higher in the disparity group. The presence of a disparity was associated with 70% increased odds of developing any complication (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.53-1.84) or symptomatic pseudarthrosis (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.17-2.37). Unadjusted and adjusted sensitivity analyses yielded similar results as the primary analysis. CONCLUSION: Social Determinants of Health affect outcomes in spine surgery patients and are associated with an increased risk of developing postoperative complications following lumbar spine fusion.Level of Evidence: 3.

Laparoscopic-Assisted Versus Mini-Open Laparotomy for Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Placement in the Medicare Population.

BACKGROUND: Placement of the distal shunt catheter into the peritoneum during ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) surgery can be done with either laparoscopic assistance or laparotomy. OBJECTIVE: To compare outcomes in laparoscopic-assisted vs laparotomy for placement of VPS in the Medicare population. METHODS: Patients undergoing VPS placement, between 2004 and 2014, were identified by International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision and Current Procedural Terminology codes in the Medicare database. Demographic data including age, sex, comorbidities, and indications were collected. Six- and twelve-month complication rates were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 1966 (3.2%) patients underwent laparoscopic-assisted VPS and 60 030 (96.8%) patients underwent nonlaparoscopic-assisted VPS placement. Compared with traditional open VPS placement, the laparoscopic approach was associated with decreased odds of distal revision at 6- and 12-mo postoperatively (6 mo: odds ratio [OR] = 0.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.21-0.74; 12 mo: OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.39-0.94). At 6- and 12-mo postoperatively, multivariable regression analysis demonstrated increased odds of distal revision in patients with a body mass index (BMI) > 30 Kg/M2, history of open abdominal surgery, and history of laparoscopic abdominal surgery. Additionally, history of prior abdominal surgery and BMI > 30 Kg/M2 were significantly associated with increase odds of shunt infection at 6 and 12-mo, respectively. CONCLUSION: In the largest retrospective analysis to date, patients with a history of abdominal surgery and obesity were found to be at increased risk of infection and distal revision after VPS placement. However, the laparoscopic approach for abdominal placement of the distal catheter was associated with reduced rates of distal revision in this population, suggesting an avenue for reducing complications in well-selected patients.

Outcomes following port-a-catheter placement in the Medicare population.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate the long-term complication profile associated with port-a-catheter placement. METHODS: Patients undergoing port-a-catheter placement from 2007 to 2012 with 5-year follow up were identified. Descriptive statistics, χ2 tests, and multivariate regression models were analyzed. RESULTS: Any complication occurring within 5 years postoperatively was common (59.04%, n = 53,353). Arrhythmogenic (32.66%, n = 30,625) and thrombovascular (36.80%, n = 34,499) complications were more common than infection (17.86%, n = 16,745) and mechanical (10.31%, n = 9,670) complications. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that history of atrial fibrillation is a risk factor for developing any complication (odds ratio 7.99, 95% confidence interval 7.29-8.77). CONCLUSION: Patients with history of atrial fibrillation have increased odds of developing infectious, thrombovascular, mechanical, and arrhythmogenic complications with port-a-catheter placement. This study is the first to show that postprocedure arrhythmias occur at significant rates within the 5-year follow-up period. We caution that development of new arrhythmia should be monitored throughout a prolonged follow-up period. We hope our analysis encourages multidisciplinary coordination of patients with ports so that implants are promptly removed when they are no longer needed to avoid these complications.