Amiloride sensitizes human pancreatic cancer cells to erlotinib in vitro through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

AIM: Blockade of EGFR by EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as erlotinib is insufficient for effective treatment of human pancreatic cancer due to independent activation of the Akt pathway, while amiloride, a potassium-sparing diuretic, has been found as a potential Akt inhibitor. The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer effects of combined amiloride with erlotinib against human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. METHODS: Cell proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed in 4 human pancreatic cancer cell lines Bxpc-3, PANC-1, Aspc-1 and CFPAC-1 treated with erlotinib or amiloride alone, or in their combination. The synergistic analysis for the effects of combinations of amiloride and erlotinib was performed using Chou-Talalay's combination index isobolographic method. RESULTS: Amiloride (10, 30, and 100 µmol/L) concentration-dependently potentiated erlotinib-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and colony formation in the 4 pancreatic cancer cell lines. Isobolographic analysis confirmed that combinations of amiloride and erlotinib produced synergistic cytotoxic effects. Amiloride significantly potentiated erlotinib-induced G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in Bxpc-3 and PANC-1 cells. Amiloride inhibited EGF-stimulated phorsphorylation of AKT, and significantly enhanced erlotinib-induced downregulation of phorsphorylation of EGFR, AKT, PI3K P85 and GSK 3ß in Bxpc-3 and PANC-1 cells. CONCLUSION: Amiloride sensitizes human pancreatic cancer cells to erlotinib in vitro through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Treatment of pancreatic cancer patients with combination of erlotinib and amiloride merits further investigation.

Ticagrelor versus Clopidogrel in the Dual Antiplatelet Regimen for Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysm Treated with Stent-Assisted Coil Embolization: A Single-Center Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) of aspirin plus clopidogrel is commonly used in patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms treated with stent-assisted coil (SAC) embolization. However, the unpredictable clopidogrel efficacy of the 5%-55% nonresponders limits its use. Ticagrelor, as a potential alternative of clopidogrel, is an antiplatelet agent with low resistance rates but uncertain efficacy and safety in these patients. METHODS: A single-center cohort study was performed to compare the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor with clopidogrel in the DAPT regimen in patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms and treated with SAC. The patients with clopidogrel resistance identified as inadequate adenosine diphosphate inhibition rate determined by thromboelastography were treated with ticagrelor instead, and both drugs achieved adequate suppression of platelet aggregation when stents were implanted. The occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and bleeding events was recorded through 6 months follow-up. RESULTS: Data from 86 patients with 99 unruptured intracranial aneurysms and treated by SAC with clopidogrel were compared with those from 108 patients with 111 aneurysms and treated with ticagrelor. Neither the baseline characteristics nor the incidence of the MACCE or bleeding events differed between the groups. Ticagrelor exerted significantly higher adenosine diphosphate inhibition rate than that of the clopidogrel. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the incidence of MACCE was related to hematocrit and fibrinogen levels. CONCLUSIONS: Ticagrelor seemed to be as effective and safe as clopidogrel for SAC in unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Hematocrit and fibrinogen levels were independent risk factors for the incidence of MACCE.

Ethyl 6-methyl-sulfanyl-2-phenyl-1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole-7-carboxyl-ate monohydrate.

The title compound, C(15)H(15)N(3)O(2)S·H(2)O, has been obtained in a search for new imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole derivatives with better biological activity. The 1H-imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole plane forms a dihedral angle of 16.90 (3)° with the benzene ring. π-π inter-actions are indicated by the short distance of 3.643 (2) Šbetween the centroids of the benzene and imidazole rings. The crystal structure also involves inter-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds.

Ethyl 5-amino-3-methyl-sulfan-yl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxyl-ate.

In the title compound, C(7)H(11)N(3)O(2)S, bond lengths and angles are within normal ranges. The crystal packing is stabilized by inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, linking the mol-ecules into infinite one-dimensional chains along the a axis.