Tonic Activation of NR2D-Containing NMDARs Exacerbates Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss in MPTP-Injected Parkinsonian Mice.

NR2D subunit-containing NMDA receptors (NMDARs) gradually disappear during brain maturation but can be recruited by pathophysiological stimuli in the adult brain. Here, we report that 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) intoxication recruited NR2D subunit-containing NMDARs that generated an Mg2+-resistant tonic NMDA current (INMDA) in dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain of mature male mice. MPTP selectively generated an Mg2+-resistant tonic INMDA in DA neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Consistently, MPTP increased NR2D but not NR2B expression in the midbrain regions. Pharmacological or genetic NR2D interventions abolished the generation of Mg2+-resistant tonic INMDA in SNpc DA neurons, and thus attenuated subsequent DA neuronal loss and gait deficits in MPTP-treated mice. These results show that extrasynaptic NR2D recruitment generates Mg2+-resistant tonic INMDA and exacerbates DA neuronal loss, thus contributing to MPTP-induced Parkinsonism. The state-dependent NR2D recruitment could be a novel therapeutic target for mitigating cell type-specific neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT NR2D subunit-containing NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are widely expressed in the brain during late embryonic and early postnatal development, and then downregulated during brain maturation and preserved at low levels in a few regions of the adult brain. Certain stimuli can recruit NR2D subunits to generate tonic persistent NMDAR currents in nondepolarized neurons in the mature brain. Our results show that MPTP intoxication recruits NR2D subunits in midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons, which leads to tonic NMDAR current-promoting dopaminergic neuronal death and consequent abnormal gait behavior in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD). This is the first study to indicate that extrasynaptic NR2D recruitment could be a target for preventing neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases.

Proteomic investigation of neural stem cell to oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation reveals phosphorylation-dependent Dclk1 processing.

Oligodendrocytes are generated via a two-step mechanism from pluripotent neural stem cells (NSCs): after differentiation of NSCs to oligodendrocyte precursor/NG2 cells (OPCs), they further develop into mature oligodendrocytes. The first step of this differentiation process is only incompletely understood. In this study, we utilized the neurosphere assay to investigate NSC to OPC differentiation in a time course-dependent manner by mass spectrometry-based (phospho-) proteomics. We identify doublecortin-like kinase 1 (Dclk1) as one of the most prominently regulated proteins in both datasets, and show that it undergoes a gradual transition between its short/long isoform during NSC to OPC differentiation. This is regulated by phosphorylation of its SP-rich region, resulting in inhibition of proteolytic Dclk1 long cleavage, and therefore Dclk1 short generation. Through interactome analyses of different Dclk1 isoforms by proximity biotinylation, we characterize their individual putative interaction partners and substrates. All data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD040652.

Outcome of Nasal Layer Reinforcement With Autologous Dermis in Cleft Palate Repair on Postoperative Fistula Formation.

Palatal fistulae are challenging complications following cleft palate repair. The addition of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) to cleft palate repair has been shown to reduce fistula formation in previous studies. The use of autologous dermal graft has all the structural advantages of ADM, has less rejection and immunogenic potential, and is cost effective.A prospective study.Patients with Group II and III cleft palate (Nagpur Classification) without prior intervention for palatal repair in the Department of Plastic Surgery at PGIMER from January 2020 till June 2021.The addition of autologous dermal graft for palatoplasty.Outcome of the study was fistula development or exposure of dermal graft.Autologous dermal graft was harvested of average dimension of 8.73 cm2 (range 5.25-18 cm2) from groin region. Sixteen patients were included in the study. Among them, 2 patients (12.5%) developed postoperative fistula (Type III &V Pittsburgh Classification).Our study showed that the rates of postoperative fistula formation are comparable with prior literature using artificial dermal matrices.

High Salt Intake Recruits Tonic Activation of NR2D Subunit-Containing Extrasynaptic NMDARs in Vasopressin Neurons.

In addition to producing a classical excitatory postsynaptic current via activation of synaptic NMDA receptors (NMDARs), glutamate in the brain also induces a tonic NMDAR current (INMDA) via activation of extrasynaptic NMDARs (eNMDARs). However, since Mg2+ blocks NMDARs in nondepolarized neurons, the potential contribution of eNMDARs to the overall neuronal excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that chronic (7 d) salt loading (SL) recruited NR2D subunit-containing NMDARs to generate an Mg2+-resistant tonic INMDA in nondepolarized [Vh (holding potential) -70 mV] vasopressin (VP; but not oxytocin) supraoptic nucleus (SON) neurons in male rodents. Conversely, in euhydrated (EU) and 3 d SL mice, Mg2+-resistant tonic INMDA was not observed. Pharmacological and genetic intervention of NR2D subunits blocked the Mg2+-resistant tonic INMDA in VP neurons under SL conditions, while an NR2B antagonist unveiled Mg2+-sensitive tonic INMDA but not Mg2+-resistant tonic INMDA In the EU group VP neurons, an Mg2+-resistant tonic INMDA was not generated by increased ambient glutamate or treatment with coagonists (e.g., d-serine and glycine). Chronic SL significantly increased NR2D expression but not NR2B expression in the SON relative to the EU group or after 3 d under SL conditions. Finally, Mg2+-resistant tonic INMDA selectively upregulated neuronal excitability in VP neurons under SL conditions, independent of ionotropic GABAergic input. Our results indicate that the activation of NR2D-containing NMDARs constitutes a novel mechanism that generates an Mg2+-resistant tonic INMDA in nondepolarized VP neurons, thus causing an E/I balance shift in VP neurons to compensate for the hormonal demands imposed by a chronic osmotic challenge.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) consists of two different types of magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) that synthesize and release the following two peptide hormones: vasopressin (VP), which is necessary for regulation of fluid homeostasis; and oxytocin (OT), which plays a major role in lactation and parturition. NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play important roles in shaping neuronal firing patterns and hormone release from the SON MNCs in response to various physiological challenges. Our results show that prolonged (7 d) salt loading generated a Mg2+-resistant tonic NMDA current mediated by NR2D subunit-containing receptors, which efficiently activated nondepolarized VP (but not OT) neurons. Our findings support the hypothesis that NR2D subunit-containing NMDARs play an important adaptive role in adult brain in response to a sustained osmotic challenge.

Division of Fasciocutaneous Pedicled Flaps-Is It Time to Change Practice?: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION: The study was carried out to evaluate the safety of early division of the pedicled flaps and to identify the optimum day of division. METHODS: This prospective, parallel arm, open-label, noninferiority, randomized controlled trial was carried out from January 2019 to July 2020. All patients (age, ≥5 years) undergoing reconstructive procedures using pedicled flaps were randomized in 1:1 ratio to receive either early division or conventional division protocol. In the early-division group, the flap perfusion, if satisfactory on day 8 by clinical and thermographic methods, a clamp was applied on the pedicle. The clamp was gradually tightened to produce controlled delay, and perfusion assessment was repeated after complete tightening. If satisfactory, the flaps were divided. Primary endpoints were flap at 24 hours after division, day of division, and day of complete inset of the flap. Secondary end points included perfusion of the flap on day 8, morbidity parameters (wound infection/suture dehiscence, need for secondary surgery and donor site morbidity), quality of life, and function scores. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients were included in each group. The 2 groups were similar in terms of various demographic, clinicopathological variables, defect and flap characteristics. The flap survival rate was similar (P = 0.31) between the early (34/35) and standard (35/35) division groups. The early-division group had a significantly early mean day of flap division (mean difference of 12.74 days; P < 0.00001) and complete flap inset (mean difference of 12.09 days; P < 0.00001). All flaps had satisfactory perfusion on day 8. The wound infection rate was 1.33 times significantly higher in the conventional group (P = 0.033). There was a higher incidence of donor site morbidity (9% vs 0%) in the conventional group when compared with the early division group. The quality of life and function scores at 3 weeks (mean difference 2.37; P < 0.001) and 6 weeks (mean difference 3.76; P < 0.001) and adjacent joint stiffness were significantly higher in the early division group when compared with conventional group. CONCLUSIONS: The pedicled flaps can be divided significantly early at an average duration of 10 to 11 days after flap inset with increased patient satisfaction rate and with a reduced postoperative morbidity. The authors have included a diversity of pedicled flaps used in different anatomic locations. By using stratified block randomization, we could ensure that the distribution was similar between the 2 groups, thus minimizing the heterogeneity in the analysis. This could also potentially indicate the usefulness of the controlled delay technique, irrespective of the anatomic location and type of the flap.

Botulinum Toxin for a Better Scar in Cleft Lip Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Control Trial.

INTRODUCTION: An unsightly scar following cleft repair can undo the good work of even an experienced surgeon. A functioning orbicularis oris muscle beneath the lip scar maintains a zone of dynamic tension resulting in a stretched scar. Botulinum toxin type A (BTA) can be used to create a temporary paralysis of the orbicularis muscle during the healing phase. This may lead to better scar formation after a cleft lip repair. METHOD: The present prospective randomized control trial enrolled 28 infants with unilateral cleft lip undergoing primary lip repair. They were randomized to receive injection of either BTA (botox group) or normal saline (control group) intraoperatively into adjacent orbicularis oris muscle immediately after completion of cleft lip repair. Blinded experts reassessed the scar after 6 months. Objective assessment was undertaken employing Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS), and photographic scar width measurements. RESULTS: Twenty-two subjects were able to complete a follow-up duration of 6 months. Children in the BTA (Botox Group) had a statistically significantly better VAS score and lesser scar width compared to the control group. However, the difference in the VSS score between both groups was not statistically significant. On comparing patients with cleft lip alone with cleft lip and palate, no statistically significant difference was found in VAS, VSS, and scar width. There were no complications associated with the use of botulinum toxin A. CONCLUSIONS: Botulinum toxin type A injection is a safe and effective addition to improve scar appearance following cleft lip repair. There was improvement in appearance of the scar in terms of width, but no improvement was seen in the scar pigmentation. The scar outcome is independent of cleft lip classification.

An Innovative Skin Simulation Model to Augment Competency-based Training in Facial Plastic Surgery.

Introduction Competency-based medical education (CBME) approach in the medical curriculum has been introduced globally with the goal of providing flexibility, accountability, and learner-centeredness among medical learners. Traditional surgical skill training in most places has relied on "see one, do one, teach one model," while simulation model-based training has been shown to improve competencies in surgical trainees. We wanted to assess the usefulness of a hydrophilic barrier adhesive foam wound dressing as a novel skin simulation model for learning biomechanics and practice of cutaneous flaps among plastic surgical resident trainees at our institute. Materials and Methods An absorbent, soft polyurethane foam pad located centrally upon a larger polyurethane membrane, coated with a hydrocolloid adhesive, forming an island dressing, was used as a simulation model for this study. It was obtained from the hospital store either after or nearing their expiry dates of clinical use. Plastic surgery residents in different years of training were invited to participate in a simulation workshop, using this novel model, and give their feedback. Results Seventeen residents in different plastic surgery training levels participated in the workshop and gave their feedback on the skin flap simulation model. The simulation model received extremely high (100%) scores on two parameters, namely, utility for flap and suture practice and high scores (88%-94%) for texture, ability to mark, and improving confidence among trainees. Conclusions Adhesive bilayer polyurethane foam can be used as a novel cutaneous skin flap simulation model for understanding the biomechanics of skin flaps and cutaneous flap practice.

The Impact of "COVID-19" and "Webinar Pandemic" on Plastic Surgery Practice in Teaching Institutes and Resident Training-A Multicentric Perspective.

Introduction The study was carried out to quantify the changes induced by the pandemic in plastic surgery practice and training and to study the impact of the webinars on plastic surgery education from a residents' perspective. Methods In this multicentric study, the number and type of surgeries, cause of injuries, and their regional variation during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) period (February-September 2020) were compared with pre-COVID-19 time. An online survey on the impact of webinars was conducted for plastic surgery trainees across the country. Results There was a significant reduction in total number of surgeries ( p = 0.003). The procedures for hand ( p = 0.156), faciomaxillary injuries ( p = 0.25), and replantations ( p = 0.46) were comparable; there was a significant reduction in combined orthopedic-plastic-surgical procedures ( p = 0.009) during the pandemic. There was a significant reduction in road accidents ( p = 0.007) and suicidal injuries ( p = 0.002) and increase in assault ( p = 0.03) and domestic accidents ( p = 0.01) during the COVID-19 period. A usefulness score of >8 was given for the webinars by 68.7% residents. There was no significant difference in perception of utility when correlated with the academic program at their institutes ( p = 0.109); 92% opined webinars should continue in post-COVID times. Conclusion There was a drastic reduction in number of elective and emergency procedures during the COVID-19 time, negatively affecting resident training program. Majority of residents felt that webinars could prove a useful adjunct to training in formal training program in post-COVID-19 scenario.

ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers in ageing and age-related disorders.

Ageing is characterized by the perturbation in cellular homeostasis associated with genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion and altered intracellular communication. Changes in the epigenome represent one of the crucial mechanisms during ageing and in age-related disorders. The ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers are an evolutionarily conserved family of nucleosome remodelling factors and generally regulate DNA repair, replication, recombination, transcription and cell cycle. Here, we review the chromatin based epigenetic changes that occur in ageing and age-related disorders with a specific reference to chromatin remodelers. We also discuss the link between dietary restriction and chromatin remodelers in regulating age-related processes with a view for consideration in future intervention studies.

Use of Islanded Supratrochlear Artery Component Paramedian Forehead Flap and Cranial Bone Graft for Composite Nasal Defect Reconstruction.

ABSTRACT: The authors present a case series of patients with composite loss of nasal skin cover and lining following road accidents. The nasal skeletal framework in all these cases was also severely communited. The reconstruction of all the these was achieved in 1 operation. The authors have utilized islanded supratrochlear artery based paramedian forehead skin and pericranial flap for reconstruction of both skin and lining defects. The nasal skeletal framework was restored with the help of cantilevered split cranial bone graft. In all but 1 patient, the reconstruction was done in the emergency setting at the time of initial admission itself. One patient had infected wound that necessitated an initial debridement and split skin grafting. In this case, the definitive reconstruction was done after a gap of 3 months.A long-term follow-up of these patients is presented.

Clinical Outcomes of Surgical Management of Primary Brachial Plexus Tumors.

Introduction This study evaluates the clinical presentation, tumor characteristics, and clinical outcomes of surgically treated benign and malignant brachial plexus tumors (BPTs). Methods A prospective study of patients with BPTs from June 2015 to August 2020 was conducted. All patients underwent surgical resection with microneurolysis and intraoperative electrical stimulation to preserve the functioning nerve fascicles. Results Fourteen patients with 15 BPTs underwent surgical resection. Mean age was 37.8 ± 12.3 years; with male to female ratio 4:10. The clinical presentations were swelling (100%), pain (84.6%), and paresthesia (76.9%). The lesions involved roots (5/15), trunk (5/15), division (1/15), and cords (4/15). Thirteen patients had benign pathology (8 schwannomas, 3 neurofibromas, 2 lipomas) and two had malignant neurofibrosarcoma. Gross total resection was achieved in all cases except a dumbbell tumor. The mean follow-up period was 24 ± 5 months. Postoperatively, all patients reported improvement in pain and paresthesia with no new sensory deficit. All patients had developed initial motor weakness (Grades 2-4); however, full power (Grade 5) was recovered by 3 to 5 months. Conclusion Total resection can be achieved by appropriate microneural dissection and electrophysiologic monitoring and is potentially curative with preserving function.

Bestrophin1-mediated tonic GABA release from reactive astrocytes prevents the development of seizure-prone network in kainate-injected hippocampi.

Tonic extrasynaptic GABAA receptor (GABAA R) activation is under the tight control of tonic GABA release from astrocytes to maintain the brain's excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance; any slight E/I balance disturbance can cause serious pathological conditions including epileptic seizures. However, the pathophysiological role of tonic GABA release from astrocytes has not been tested in epileptic seizures. Here, we report that pharmacological or genetic intervention of the GABA-permeable Bestrophin-1 (Best1) channel prevented the generation of tonic GABA inhibition, disinhibiting CA1 pyramidal neuronal firing and augmenting seizure susceptibility in kainic acid (KA)-induced epileptic mice. Astrocyte-specific Best1 over-expression in KA-injected Best1 knockout mice fully restored the generation of tonic GABA inhibition and effectively suppressed seizure susceptibility. We demonstrate for the first time that tonic GABA from reactive astrocytes strongly contributes to the compensatory shift of E/I balance in epileptic hippocampi, serving as a good therapeutic target against altered E/I balance in epileptic seizures.

Assessment of Clinical and Histological Changes in the Skin Paddle of Pectoralis Major Myocutaneous Flap in Intraoral Reconstruction: A Prospective Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: This study was carried out to characterize the clinical and histological changes in the cutaneous portion of the transferred pedicled pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps used in intraoral reconstruction in patients with head and neck malignancy. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study carried out from July 2016 to 2018. All patients underwent ablative surgery for oropharyngeal cancers and primary reconstruction with pedicled pedicled pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps. The intraoral flaps were examined for color, texture, presence of hair, chronic inflammatory changes, and ulceration. At 12 months, incisional biopsies were taken from the skin paddle of the intraoral flap and contralateral normal buccal mucosa, and flap histology was compared with that of the contralateral buccal mucosa. RESULTS: Twenty patients were included in the final analysis (M/F, 4:1; mean ± SD age, 51.38 ± 6.76 years). Fourteen flaps resembled oral mucosa, 3 had a mixed appearance of both skin and mucosa, and 3 had appearance of normal skin at 1 year follow-up. The epidermis and stratum corneum were retained in all the flap biopsies; however, severe attenuation was noted in 7 patients (had mucosal appearance) but was significantly different from oral mucosa(P = 0.0003). Cutaneous appendages were found in all the flap epithelia. Thirteen flaps showed grossly attenuation, of which 11 patients had a gross appearance resembling oral mucosa and 2 had a mixed appearance. The biopsies showed varied degree of chronic changes like desquamation in around 35% (7 patients), hyperkeratosis in 35% (7 patients), and chronic candidiasis in 30% (6 patients). CONCLUSIONS: Although the intraorally transferred flaps demonstrate a morphological appearance similar to oral mucosa, there is a histological preservation of skin elements and architecture.

Rotation Flaps in Series: Simple Innovation for Complex Scalp Defects.

A 42-year-old man presented with 2 full thickness defects in left parieto-temporal and right temporo-occipital regions with normal intervening scalp tissue. These 2 adjacent but discontinuous defects were covered in one stage with an innovative rotation flap design that provided 1 flap each for these 2 defects. This innovative flap design permitted one stage reconstruction with primary closure of the donor sites.

Prospective Analysis and Comparison of Periareolar Excision (Delivery) Technique and Pull-Through Technique for the Treatment of Gynecomastia.

BACKGROUND: Gynecomastia is one of the most common disorders affecting adolescent and adult males. It is a benign disorder but has severe psychological manifestations like low self-confidence, depression, anxiety and social phobia in patients suffering from gynecomastia. Different surgical techniques have been described utilizing a variety of incisions, excisions, lipectomy and liposuction methods. Very frequently, these methods are combined for the gynecomastia treatment with variable reported results. However, there is a lack of studies comparing these techniques. The present study was planned to compare cases of gynecomastia treated by liposuction with periareolar excision (delivery technique) and liposuction with a pull-through technique. METHOD: A prospective randomized control study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital on 20 patients with gynecomastia. The patients were assigned to either liposuction with periareolar excision (delivery technique) or liposuction with pull-through technique. Anthropometric analysis and breast evaluation questionnaire (BEQ) scores were analyzed and compared before and after the surgery. RESULTS: The majority of the study subjects were between 21 and 30 years of age. Low self-confidence was the main reason for surgery in most of the cases. Twelve patients had gynecomastia grade IIa and eight had grade IIb. Both groups had similar responses to BEQ scores before and after the surgery with no statistically significant difference. A statistically insignificant difference was observed between the groups on comparison of anthropometric analysis preoperatively and postoperatively. The mean lipoaspirate volume was 280 ml for the pull-through technique and 367 ml for the periareolar excision technique. No complications were observed in cases operated on by the pull-through technique, while two cases (10%) operated on by the periareolar excision had hematomas. CONCLUSION: Both techniques provide excellent cosmetic results with low risk of complications in both small and moderate breast enlargement with skin excess. The pull-through technique combines the benefits of direct excision of glandular tissues along with the minimally invasive nature of liposuction. Thus, performing the procedure via a single incision without the use of drains is a safer alternative to traditional liposuction with the periareolar excision technique. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

No Traces of SARS-CoV-2 In Wounds of COVID-19 Positive Patients: A Pilot Study.

Background This study was performed to investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in wounds of COVID-19 positive patients. Methods This is a single-center observational study. COVID-19 patients with wounds (traumatic/infective/surgical) were included in this study. Preoperative, intraoperative, or postoperative specimens were collected and analyzed with real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) to know the presence of the virus. Results A total of eight patients were included in this study. Eleven samples were collected (seven wound swabs, two peritoneal fluids, and two tissue specimens) and analyzed. None of the samples from the wound tested positive for the virus while they were tested positive for nasal swab taken simultaneously or within 3 days prior. Conclusion The wounds of COVID-19 patients are considered negative and can be managed with routine wound precautions.

Primary lymphangioma circumscriptum of the vulva presenting as warty plaques.

Lymphangioma circumscriptum is a benign hamartomatous malformation involving the lymphatic system of skin and subcutaneous tissue. It can involve any part of the body with maximum predilection for proximal parts of limbs. Vulvar involvement is quite infrequent. Based on the aetiopathogenesis, it can be either primary or secondary, with the secondary form being relatively more common in vulva. We report an exceedingly rare case of primary lymphangioma circumscriptum in a post-menopausal female presenting with multiple warty, papulo-nodular lesions on both labia majora. The patient was diagnosed histopathologically and managed surgically by wide local excision with primary closure.

Assessing the Role of Virtual Surgical Planning in Mandibular Reconstruction With Free Fibula Osteocutaneous Graft.

BACKGROUND: The role of virtual surgical planning and three-dimensional printing in improving the accuracy, precision, functional and aesthetic outcomes have been demonstrated in the literature; however, there is a dearth of studies evaluating these parameters. OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out at a tertiary care center in North India to assess the accuracy of virtual surgical planning in mandibular reconstruction. METHOD: All the included patients were preoperatively assessed with a contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) of head and neck. Based on the dimensions a patient-specific fibula cutting guide was fabricated by three-dimensional printing. All patients were evaluated with a postoperative CECT at 6 months of follow-up. The precision outcomes were measured by comparing surgical results with the images of the preoperative virtual planning based on several measurements on the reconstructed mandible such as anteroposterior measurement, transverse measurement, height of the mandible, angle of the mandible, and lateral tilt.The secondary outcomes analyzed were the mean total operative time, mean ischemia time, and morbidity parameters. RESULT: Twelve consecutive patients (6 male, 6 female) with mean age of 33.1 ±â€Š11 years who underwent free fibula graft mandibular reconstruction were included in the study. The mean difference in the anteroposterior, transverse, and height dimensions were 0.87 ±â€Š0.43 mm (P = 0.24), 2.43 ±â€Š3.72 mm (P = 0.64), and 1.08 ±â€Š0.67 (P = 0.88), respectively. The difference in the angles of the reconstructed mandible was 2.37 ±â€Š3.92 degrees (P = 0.51) and of lateral tilt was 1.57 ±â€Š1.5 degrees (P = 0.54). The mean total operative time was 639 ±â€Š27.2 minutes and mean ischemia time was 88.4 ±â€Š8.6 minutes. CONCLUSION: All the patients had satisfactory aesthetic results and good oral function at 6 months postoperative period.

Donor Site Changes in Bone Thickness, Volume, and Density Following Split Cranial Bone Graft Harvest.

The calvarium can provide large amount of good quality corticocancellous autogenous bone graft. Although many studies have highlighted the advantages of the split cranial bone graft, there is no published work available in the literature about the fate of donor site of the split cranial bone graft. The present study was undertaken to assess the donor site as regards to the thickness, volume, and the density of the residual bone over a period of 12 months in the postoperative period. A total of 30 patients in the age group of 15 to 43 years were studied from January 2015 to January 2016. Postoperative computer tomography scans were taken at 2 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year postoperative to measure the bone thickness, volume, and density at the donor site of the split cranial bone graft harvest. The bone thickness at the donor site showed progressive increase in the thickness over the period of study and the average increase in thickness was about 12.4% at the end of 1 year. The average increase in volume at the donor site was of 2.65% after 12 months. Similarly, the average bone density increased by 3.7% at the end of 1 year. This prospective study conclusively proves that the residual bone at the donor site of the split cranial bone graft harvest site continues to grow in thickness and density over a period of 1 year.

Use of Modified Islanded Paramedian Forehead Flap for Complex Periocular Facial Reconstruction.

The paramedian forehead flap is a workhorse flap for reconstructing the nose and periorbital regions. Many variants are described including an islanded flap. However, eyebrow reconstruction is not usually performed with these flaps. The authors describe a patient suffering from postburn scarring medial to the left eye, including loss of the left eyebrow. He underwent a single-stage transfer of the paramedian forehead flap. The flap incorporated scalp hair, which restored the missing eyebrow hair after transfer. The donor defect closed primarily. The paramedian forehead flap is amenable to customization by including a segment of hair-bearing scalp to concomitantly reconstruct the nasal dorsum and eyebrow.