RESUMO
Germinal centers require CD4⺠follicular helper T cells (TFH cells), whose hallmark is expression of the transcriptional repressor Bcl-6, the chemokine receptor CXCR5 and interleukin 21 (IL-21). To track the development and fate of TFH cells, we generated an IL-21 reporter mouse by introducing sequence encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) into the Il21 locus; these mice had expression of IL-21GFP in CD4âºCXCR5âºPD-1⺠TFH cells. IL-21GFP⺠TFH cells were multifunctional helper cells that coexpressed several cytokines, including interferon-g (IFN-g), IL-2 and IL-4. TFH cells proliferated and gave rise to transferrable memory cells with plasticity, which differentiated after recall into conventional effector helper T cells and TFH cells. Thus, we demonstrated that TFH cells were not terminally differentiated but instead retained the flexibility to be recruited into other helper T cell subsets and nonlymphoid tissues.
Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Centro Germinativo/imunologia , Interleucinas/imunologia , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos de Diferenciação/genética , Antígenos de Diferenciação/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Citocinas/genética , Expressão Gênica , Centro Germinativo/metabolismo , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/genética , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Humanos , Memória Imunológica/fisiologia , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Interleucina-2/metabolismo , Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Interleucinas/genética , Interleucinas/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1 , Receptores CXCR5/genética , Receptores CXCR5/metabolismo , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/citologia , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/metabolismoRESUMO
The effectiveness of a vaccine against tuberculosis and leprosy is mainly judged by its capability to induce memory CD8 cytotoxic T cells (CTL). It has been reported that 'help' from CD4+ T cells is required to induce memory CTL. However, how CD4+ T cells instruct or support memory CTL during priming phase has not been resolved in detail. Therefore, we examined the helper function of CD4+ T cells in CTL differentiation. Peptide-25 is the major T cell epitope of Ag85B of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We found that this peptide induced the expression of T-bet and TATA box binding protein-associated factor that can induce the chromatin remodeling of ifn-gamma gene, and as a result induced Th1 differentiation even in the absence of IFN-gamma and IL-12. Next, we established an in vitro CTL differentiation system using Peptide-25, Peptide-25 specific CD4+ T cells, OVA specific CD8+ T cells and splenic DC. By using this system, we found that CD4+ T cells activated DC even in the absence of IFN-gamma and CD40 ligand association, and the activated DC induced the functional differentiation of CTL. To identify the regulatory factors for DC activation, we analyzed the gene expression profile of helper CD4 T cells and identified 27 genes. Taken together, these results suggest that the inducing factors for Th1 differentiation are not indispensable to induce the functional differentiation of CTL.
Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Hanseníase/prevenção & controle , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/imunologia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Células Th1/imunologia , Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Animais , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Montagem e Desmontagem da Cromatina , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Epitopos de Linfócito T , Humanos , Interferon gama/genética , Camundongos , Proteínas com Domínio T , Proteína de Ligação a TATA-BoxRESUMO
We report a case of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) in adult T-cell lymphoma. A 69-year-old man suffered from cutaneous adult T-cell lymphoma, which was treated with radiation to the skin and combination chemotherapy of CHOP-V-MMV and VEPA-B. After 14 months of these therapies, anemia and thrombocytopenia appeared, and bone marrow aspiration smears showed immature myeloblasts, dysplastic erythroblasts, and micromegakaryocytes. Therapy-related MDS of refractory anemia with an excess of blasts was diagnosed. Cytogenetic study of the bone marrow cells showed 5q- and additional abnormalities. Rearrangement of the MLL gene was observed in the bone marrow cells. Mutations of N-ras codons at 12,13, and 61, p53 tumor suppressor gene, and monoclonal integration of human T-lymphotrophic virus -1 provirus DNA were not observed in the bone marrow cells. The patient died of pneumonia 21 months after diagnosis of cutaneous adult T-cell lymphoma.
Assuntos
Anemia Refratária com Excesso de Blastos/etiologia , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efeitos adversos , Linfoma Cutâneo de Células T/complicações , Radioterapia/efeitos adversos , Doença Aguda , Idoso , Anemia Refratária com Excesso de Blastos/genética , Anemia Refratária com Excesso de Blastos/virologia , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/administração & dosagem , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Bleomicina/administração & dosagem , Bleomicina/efeitos adversos , Aberrações Cromossômicas , Terapia Combinada , Ciclofosfamida/administração & dosagem , Ciclofosfamida/efeitos adversos , Progressão da Doença , Doxorrubicina/administração & dosagem , Doxorrubicina/efeitos adversos , Doxorrubicina/análogos & derivados , Etoposídeo/administração & dosagem , Etoposídeo/efeitos adversos , Evolução Fatal , Infecções por HTLV-I/complicações , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Japão , Leucemia Mieloide/complicações , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/complicações , Linfoma Cutâneo de Células T/tratamento farmacológico , Linfoma Cutâneo de Células T/radioterapia , Linfoma Cutâneo de Células T/virologia , Masculino , Compostos de Nitrosoureia/administração & dosagem , Compostos de Nitrosoureia/efeitos adversos , Prednisolona/administração & dosagem , Prednisolona/efeitos adversos , Provírus/isolamento & purificação , Indução de Remissão , Translocação Genética , Vincristina/administração & dosagem , Vincristina/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Two patients, 51- and 45-year-old men with stage III immunoglobulin G multiple myeloma, achieved partial and complete remissions, respectively, after conventional chemotherapy. They both received high-dose melphalan (200 mg/m2) with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Eighty-four and 78 days after ASCT, the patients underwent unrelated cord blood transplantation (CBT) following treatment with total-body irradiation (2 Gy), fludarabine (90 mg/m2), and melphalan (140 mg/m2). Neutrophil engraftment was attained on day +27 in patient 1 and day +15 in patient 2. Full donor chimerism of the marrow cells was confirmed. Regimen-related toxicity in both patients remained within grade I. Grades I and II acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) occurred in patients I and 2, respectively, but improved without steroid therapy. Both patients developed limited chronic GVHD of the skin but needed no treatment. The serum paraprotein level in patient 1 decreased further after ASCT and CBT but remained at minimally detectable levels. The serum and urine paraprotein levels in patient 2 remained below detectable limits. These results suggested that CBT with a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen after high-dose chemotherapy with ASCT is a new promising approach for the treatment of multiple myeloma.
Assuntos
Transplante de Células-Tronco de Sangue do Cordão Umbilical , Mieloma Múltiplo/terapia , Condicionamento Pré-Transplante/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transplante AutólogoRESUMO
We describe a case of thoracic aortic aneurysm complicated by chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Initially the DIC was controlled successfully by administration of gabexate mesilate and dalteparin. However, because these drugs were given intravenously, the patient could not be discharged. Subsequently, the DIC was treated successfully by changing to orally administered camostat mesilate, warfarin and aspirin, which allowed the patient to leave hospital.
Assuntos
Anticoagulantes/administração & dosagem , Aneurisma da Aorta Torácica/tratamento farmacológico , Aspirina/administração & dosagem , Coagulação Intravascular Disseminada/tratamento farmacológico , Gabexato/análogos & derivados , Guanidinas/administração & dosagem , Varfarina/administração & dosagem , Administração Oral , Idoso , Aneurisma da Aorta Torácica/complicações , Doença Crônica , Coagulação Intravascular Disseminada/complicações , Quimioterapia Combinada , Ésteres , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Using T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice, we demonstrate that TCR stimulation of naive CD4(+) T cells induces transient T-bet expression, interleukin (IL)-12 receptor beta2 up-regulation, and GATA-3 down-regulation, which leads to T helper (Th)1 differentiation even when the cells are stimulated with peptide-loaded I-A(b)-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells in the absence of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-12. Sustained IFN-gamma and IL-12 stimulation augments naive T-cell differentiation into Th1 cells. Intriguingly, a significant Th1 response is observed even when T-bet(-/-) naive CD4(+) T cells are stimulated through TCR in the absence of IFN-gamma or IL-12. Stimulation of naive CD4(+) T cells in the absence of IFN-gamma or IL-12 with altered peptide ligand, whose avidity to the TCR is lower than that of original peptide, fails to up-regulate transient T-bet expression, sustains GATA-3 expression, and induces differentiation into Th2 cells. These results support the notion that direct interaction between TCR and peptide-loaded antigen-presenting cells, even in the absence of T-bet expression and costimulatory signals, primarily determine the fate of naive CD4(+) T cells to Th1 cells.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Proteínas com Domínio T/metabolismo , Animais , Células Apresentadoras de Antígenos/imunologia , Células CHO , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Proliferação de Células , Células Cultivadas , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Interferon gama/imunologia , Interleucina-12/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/imunologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Baço/imunologia , Células Th1/imunologiaRESUMO
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection was studied in 40 adult patients who underwent cord blood transplantation (CBT) from unrelated donors. Twenty-five patients developed VZV reactivation at a median of 5 months after CBT (range 1.7-26 months). The cumulative incidence of VZV reactivation after CBT was 80% at 30 months. Twenty-two patients developed localized herpes zoster. The remaining three patients developed atypical non-localized herpes zoster, which was associated with visceral dissemination in one patient. All the patients responded well to antiviral therapy. Unexpectedly, the absence of grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was associated with a higher rate of VZV reactivation after CBT (100% versus 55%, P=0.01). These results suggest that recovery of VZV-specific immune responses after CBT is delayed even in patients without severe acute GVHD.
Assuntos
Transplante de Células-Tronco de Sangue do Cordão Umbilical , Doenças Hematológicas/cirurgia , Herpes Zoster/imunologia , Herpesvirus Humano 3/fisiologia , Ativação Viral , Doença Aguda , Aciclovir/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Seguimentos , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro , Doenças Hematológicas/imunologia , Doenças Hematológicas/virologia , Herpes Zoster/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Condicionamento Pré-TransplanteRESUMO
We report the results of unrelated cord blood transplantation (CBT) for 13 adult patients with advanced myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). The median age was 40 years, the median weight was 51 kg, and the median number of infused nucleated cells was 2.43 x 107/kg. Twelve patients had myeloid reconstitution, and the median time to more than 0.5 x 109/L (5 x 108/L) absolute neutrophil count was 22.5 days. A self-sustained platelet count more than 50 x 109/L was achieved in 11 patients at a median time of 49 days. Acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) occurred in 9 of 12 evaluable patients and chronic GVHD in 8 of 11 evaluable patients. Ten patients are alive and free of disease at between 171 and 1558 days after transplantation. The probability of disease-free survival at 2 years was 76.2%. These results suggest that adult advanced MDS patients without suitable related or unrelated bone marrow donors should be considered as candidates for CBT.
Assuntos
Transplante de Células-Tronco de Sangue do Cordão Umbilical , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/terapia , Adulto , Peso Corporal , Transplante de Células-Tronco de Sangue do Cordão Umbilical/efeitos adversos , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/epidemiologia , Antígenos HLA/análise , Hemoglobinas/análise , Histocompatibilidade , Humanos , Contagem de Leucócitos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/mortalidade , Neutrófilos , Contagem de Plaquetas , Recidiva , Fatores de Tempo , Quimeras de Transplante , Transplante Homólogo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
We report the results of unrelated cord blood transplantation (CBT) for 18 adult patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The median age was 43 years, the median weight was 55.2 kg, and the median number of cryopreserved nucleated cells was 2.51 x 107/kg. Seventeen patients had myeloid reconstitution and the median time to more than 0.5 x 109/L absolute neutrophil count was 23 days. A self-sustained platelet count more than 50 x 109/L was achieved in 16 patients at a median time of 49 days. Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) above grade II occurred in 11 of 17 evaluable patients and chronic GVHD occurred in 14 of 17 evaluable patients. Fourteen patients are alive and free of disease at between 185 and 1332 days after transplantation. The probability of disease-free survival at 2 years was 76.6%. These results suggest that adult AML patients without suitable related or unrelated bone marrow donors should be considered as candidates for CBT.
Assuntos
Transplante de Células-Tronco de Sangue do Cordão Umbilical/métodos , Leucemia Mieloide/terapia , Doença Aguda , Adulto , Transplante de Células-Tronco de Sangue do Cordão Umbilical/efeitos adversos , Criopreservação , Feminino , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/epidemiologia , Teste de Histocompatibilidade , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Condicionamento Pré-Transplante , Resultado do Tratamento , Irradiação Corporal TotalRESUMO
Unrelated cord blood transplantation (CBT) has now become more common, but as yet there have been only a few reports on its outcome compared with bone marrow transplantation (BMT), especially for adults. We studied the clinical outcomes of 113 adult patients with hematologic malignancies who received unrelated BM transplants (n = 45) or unrelated CB transplants (n = 68). We analyzed the hematopoietic recovery, rates of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), risks of transplantation-related mortality (TRM) and relapse, and disease-free survival (DFS) using Cox proportional hazards models. The time from donor search to transplantation was significantly shorter among CB transplant recipients (median, 2 months) than BM transplant recipients (median, 11 months; P < .01). Multivariate analysis demonstrated slow neutrophil (P < .01) and platelet (P < .01) recoveries in CBT patients compared with BMT patients. Despite rapid tapering of immunosuppressants after transplantation and infrequent use of steroids to treat severe acute GVHD, there were no GVHD-related deaths among CB transplant recipients compared with 10 deaths of 24 among BM transplant recipients. Unrelated CBT showed better TRM and DFS results compared with BMT (P = .02 and P < .01, respectively), despite the higher human leukocyte antigen mismatching rate and lower number of infused cells. These data strongly suggest that CBT could be safely and effectively used for adult patients with hematologic malignancies.