Antidiabetes study of Spondias mombin (Linn) stem bark fractions in high-sucrose diet-induced diabetes in Drosophila melanogaster.

Objective: The onset of insulin resistant diabetes has been associated with a high-sucrose diet in vertebrates and invertebrates. However, various parts of Spondias mombin reportedly possess antidiabetic potential. However, the antidiabetic efficacy of S. mombin stem bark in high-sucrose diet-induced Drosophila melanogaster model has not been explored. In this study, the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of the solvent fractions of S. mombin stem bark were evaluated using in vitro, in vivo, and in silico methods. Methods: Successive fractionation of S. mombin stem bark ethanol extract was performed; the resulting fractions were subjected to in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic assays using standard protocols. The active compounds identified from the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) study of the n-butanol fraction were docked against the active site of Drosophila α-amylase using AutoDoc Vina. The n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions of the plant were incorporated into the diet of diabetic and nondiabetic flies to study the in vivo antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. Results: The results obtained revealed that n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions had the highest in vitro anti-oxidant capacity by inhibiting 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power, and hydroxyl radical followed by significant inhibition of α-amylase. HPLC analysis revealed the identification of eight compounds with quercetin having the highest peak followed by rutin, rhamnetin, chlorogenic acid, zeinoxanthin, lutin, isoquercetin, and rutinose showing the lowest peak. The fractions restored the glucose and antioxidant imbalance in diabetic flies, which is comparable with the standard drug (metformin). The fractions were also able to upregulate the mRNA expression of insulin-like peptide 2, insulin receptor, and ecdysone-inducible gene 2 in diabetic flies. The in silico studies revealed the inhibitory potential of active compounds against α-amylase with isoquercetin, rhamnetin, rutin, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid having higher binding affinity than the standard drug (acarbose). Conclusion: Overall, the butanol and ethyl acetate fractions of S. mombin stem bark ameliorate type 2 diabetes in Drosophila. However, further studies are needed in other animal models to confirm the antidiabetes effect of the plant.

Identification of apposite antagonist for androgen receptor in prostate cancer: an in silico study of fenugreek compounds.

Benign Prostate Cancer (BPC), a prevalent condition predominantly affecting elderly males, manifests with voiding difficulties and urinary retention. A library of compounds from Trigonella foenum-graecum, commonly known as fenugreek was used in this study. We aimed to explore its potential anti-cancer effects by computationally assessing its inhibitory activity on the androgen receptor (AR). For in-silico drug assessment, we employed Maestro 12.8, part of the Schrödinger Suite, to identify the most promising candidates acting as androgen receptor antagonists in the treatment of BPC. Subsequently, 59 fenugreek compounds were retrieved from the PubChem database and subjected to molecular docking against the active site of the target protein, 1E3G. 100-nanosecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to assess the stability and compactness of the AR-ligand complexes. Notably, the AR-kaempferol complex exhibited the least fluctuation within the AR active site throughout the simulation trajectory, followed by chlorogenic acid and the reference ligand, hydroxyflutamide. The MM/GBSA values revealed the compounds' maximum free binding energy (-103.3 ± 6, -87.4 ± 23, -68.5 ΔGbind) for chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, and hydroxyflutamide, respectively. These findings suggest their potential as promising leads for drug development. Further lead optimization and comprehensive studies on the top-ranked ligands identified in this investigation are warranted to advance their potential as therapeutic agents for BPC treatment.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Potential Inhibitory Biomolecular Interactions of Natural Compounds With Different Molecular Targets of Diabetes.

Type II diabetes is an endemic disease and is responsible for approximately 90% to 95% of diabetes cases. The pathophysiological distortions are majorly ß-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, and long-term inflammation, which all progressively unsettle the control of blood glucose levels and trigger microvascular and macrovascular complications. The diverse pathological disruptions which patients with type II diabetes mellitus exhibit precipitate the opinion that different antidiabetic agents, administered in combination, might be required to curb this menace and maintain normal blood glucose. To this end, natural compounds were screened to identify small molecular weight compounds with inhibitory effects on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4), and α-amylase. From the result, the top 5 anthocyanins with the highest binding affinity are reported herein. Further ADMET profiling showed moderate pharmacokinetic profiles for these compounds as well as insignificant toxicity. Cyanidin 3-(p-coumaroyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside (-15.272 kcal/mol), cyanidin 3-O-(6"-malonyl-3"-glucosyl-glucoside) (-9.691 kcal/mol), and delphinidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (-12.36 kcal/mol) had the highest binding affinities to PTP1B, DPP-4, and α-amylase, respectively, and can be used in combination to control glucose fluctuations. However, validations must be carried out through further in vitro and in vivo tests.

Diet supplemented with boiled unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) exhibited antidiabetic potentials in streptozotocin-induced Wistar rats.

The ameliorating effect and antidiabetic properties of diets augmented with boiled unripe plantain (20%-40%) in high fat fed/low dose of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats in comparison with the administration of acarbose were evaluated in this study using standard methods. High fat fed/low dose of streptozotocin (25 mg/kg body weight) was given to twenty-five male Wistar rats to induce diabetes leaving out 5 normal rats to serve as control. The animals were separated into five with six rats in each group and the experiment continued for 14 days. Investigations on the blood glucose concentration, enzymes (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, angiotensin I converting enzyme), thiobarbituric reaction substance (TBARS), High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), and antioxidant status were determined. The findings revealed a rise in blood glucose level and the activities of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, angiotensin I converting enzyme, thiobarbituric reaction substance (TBARS) in untreated diabetic rats in group II while a reverse was observed in diabetic rats (Group IV and V) on exposure to diets augmented with boiled unripe plantain. The obtained overall results in diet treated groups are similar to that of acarbose treated groups. The untreated diabetic rats (Group II) exhibited contrary results of the biochemical assays. This finding showed that boiled unripe plantain can provide the therapeutic measures that needed to be further explored as possible future economic means of managing diabetes in developing nations. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: As diabetes has been implicated to disrupt various pathways involved in the metabolism of macromolecules, there are proposed adoptive methods of preventing them among which is the inhibition of starch hydrolyzing enzymes, increasing the enzymatic antioxidant status and prevention of lipid peroxidation, Plantain by-product which is known as an inexpensive food can be prepared to manage the condition of diabetes in patients. Our former in vitro findings have revealed the bioactive contents of unripe plantain product which has been further explored in vivo to experiment is nutritional benefits. The study therefore proposes that unripe plantains, when boiled, can provide the necessary natural therapeutic measures to be considered as a potential economic means of managing diabetes in underdeveloped countries.

Discovery of Promising Inhibitors of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2), Estrogen Receptor (ER), and Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase a (PI3Ka) for Personalized Breast Cancer Treatment.

Despite the rapid developments and advancements to improve treatments, Breast cancer remains one of the deadliest health challenges and the most frequently diagnosed tumor. One of the major problems with treatment is the unique difference that each cancerous cell exhibits. As a result, treatment of breast cancer has now become more personalized based on the specific features of the tumor such as overexpression of growth factor receptors (Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2)), hormone receptors (Human Estrogen receptor alpha (ER)) and kinases involved in pivotal signaling associated with growth (Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)). Several chemotherapeutic agents have been developed to curb the menace, but the associated adverse drug effects cannot be overlooked. To this end, this study employed a molecular modeling approach to identify novel compounds of natural origin that can potentially antagonize the receptors (mentioned above) associated with the pathophysiology of breast cancer and at the same time pose very little or no side effects. The results of the molecular model of biological interactions between a library of 118 anthocyanins and the binding pockets of the protein targets identified 5 compounds (Pelargonin, Delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside, Malvin, Cyanidin-3-(6-acetylglucoside), and Peonidin 3-O-rutinoside) with good binding affinities to the protein targets. Further MM-GBSA calculations returned high binding energies. The specific molecular interactions between the compounds and the targets were analyzed and reported herein. Also, all the compounds exhibited good pharmacokinetic profiles and are therefore recommended for further analyses as they could be explored as new treatment options for a broad range and personalized breast cancer treatments.

Agemone mexicana flavanones; apposite inverse agonists of the ß2-adrenergic receptor in asthma treatment.

Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airway that poses a major threat to human health. With increase industrialization in the developed and developing countries, the incidence of asthma is on the rise. The ß2-adrenergic receptor is an important target in designing anti-asthmatic drugs. The synthetic agonists of the ß2-adrenergic receptor used over the years proved effective, but with indispensable side effects, thereby limiting their therapeutic use on a long-term scale. Inverse agonists of this receptor, although initially contraindicated, had been reported to have long-term beneficial effects. Phytochemicals from Agemone mexicana were screened against the human ß2-adrenergic receptor in the agonist, inverse agonist, covalent agonist, and the antagonist conformations. Molecular docking of the phyto-constituents showed that the plant constituents bind better to the inverse agonist bound conformation of the protein, and revealed two flavanones; eriodictyol and hesperitin, with lower free energy (ΔG) values and higher affinities to the inverse agonist bound receptor than the co-crystallized ligand. Eriodictyol and hesperitin bind with the glide score of -10.684 and - 9.958 kcal/mol respectively, while the standard compound ICI-118551, binds with glide score of -9.503 kcal/mol. Further interaction profiling at the protein orthosteric site and ADME/Tox screening confirmed the drug-like properties of these compounds.

Phenolic Composition and Evaluation of Methanol and Aqueous Extracts of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L) Leaves on Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme and Some Pro-oxidant-Induced Lipid Peroxidation In Vitro.

This study sought to assess the effects of bitter gourd leaf extracts (methanol and aqueous) on enzyme linked with hypertension (angiotensin-I-converting enzyme and some pro-oxidants (iron sulfate, sodium nitroprusside, and cisplatin]-induced lipid peroxidation in rat kidney homogenates. Chromatographic analysis of the extract was done using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. The results revealed that methanol extract (IC50 = 109.63 µg/mL) had significantly (P < .05) higher angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory activity than aqueous extract (IC50 = 182.95 µg/mL). Similarly, methanol extract had significantly (P < .05) higher inhibitory effect on Fe2+- and cisplatin-induced lipid peroxidation than aqueous extract. However, there was no significant (P > .05) difference in the inhibition of sodium nitroprusside-induced lipid peroxidation of both extracts. High-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection analysis revealed the presence of quercetin, caffeic, gallic, and chlorogenic acids in the leaf. Thus, inhibition of angiotensin-I converting enzyme activity and the antioxidant properties of the extracts could be linked to the presence of phenolic phytochemicals.

Contribution of Musa paradisiaca in the inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase and Angiotensin-I converting enzyme in streptozotocin induced rats.

AIMS: Unripe plantain based-diets are part of folklore remedy for the management of diabetes in tropical Africa; however, with the dearth of information on the rationale behind this practice; this study therefore, sought to investigate the antihyperglycemic effect of traditional unripe plantain products (Amala and Booli) in high fat fed/low dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and to provide a possible rationale for their antidiabetic properties. MAIN METHODS: Diabetes was induced experimentally by high fat fed/low dose streptozotocin-diabetic rats (25mg/kg body wt.) and the diabetic rats were fed diets supplemented with 20-40% Amala and Booli for 14 days. The effect of the diets on the blood glucose level, pancreatic α-amylase, intestinal α-glucosidase and Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) activities and plasma antioxidant status as well as amylose/amylopectin content of the unripe plantain products were determined. KEY FINDINGS: A marked increase in the blood glucose, α-amylase, α-glucosidase and ACE activities with a corresponding decrease in plasma antioxidant status was recorded in diabetic rats. However, these indices were significantly (P < 0.05) reversed after unripe plantain product supplemented diet treatments for 14 days. Also, the amylose/amylopectin ratio of the products is 1:3. SIGNIFICANCE: This study revealed that unripe plantain products exert antihyperglycemic effects which could be attributed to the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities by their constituent phytochemicals as well as their amylose/amylopectin contents in the diabetic rats, hence, providing the possible rationale behind their antidiabetic properties.