[Influence of multimorbidity patterns on the activities in the day-to-day lives of the elderly: nine-year follow-up of the Fibra Study]. / Influência de padrões de multimorbidade nas atividades de vida diária da pessoa idosa: seguimento de nove anos do Estudo Fibra.

The scope of this article was to evaluate the influence of multimorbidity and associated effects on the activities in the day-to-day lives of community-dwelling elderly individuals. It involved a cohort study with data from the FIBRA Study, the baseline (2008-2009) and follow-up (2016-2017). The basic activities in daily living (ADL) were evaluated using Katz's index, and the chronic diseases were classified as: (1) multimorbidity and multimorbidity patterns; (2) cardiopulmonary; (3) vascular-metabolic; and (4) mental-musculoskeletal. The chi-square test and Poisson regression data were used for analysis. A total of 861 older adults with no functional dependency at baseline were analyzed. Elderly individuals with multimorbidity (RR = 1.58; 95%CI: 1.19-2.10) and classified according to cardiopulmonary (RR = 2.43; 95%CI: 1.77-3.33), vascular-metabolic (RR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.19-1.89) and mental-musculoskeletal (RR = 1.30; 95%CI: 1.03-1.65) had a higher risk of presenting functional decline in ADL in the follow-up compared to those who didn't have the same disease patterns. Multimorbidity and its patterns increased the risk of functional disability in older adults over the nine-year period.

O objetivo foi avaliar a influência da multimorbidade e seus padrões nas atividades básicas de vida diária da pessoa idosa residente na comunidade. Trata-se de estudo de coorte com dados provenientes do Estudo FIBRA, linha de base (2008-2009) e seguimento (2016-2017). As atividades básicas de vida diária (ABVD) foram avaliadas pelo questionário de Katz e as doenças crônicas foram classificadas como (1) multimorbidade e padrões de multimorbidade: (2) cardiopulmonar; (3) vascular-metabólico; e (4) mental-musculoesquelético. Para a análise de dados, utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado e a regressão de Poisson. Foram analisados 861 indivíduos sem limitação para ABVD na linha de base. As pessoas idosas com multimorbidade (RR = 1,58; IC95%: 1,19-2,10) e classificados nos padrões cardiopulmonar (RR = 2,43; IC95%: 1,77-3,33), vascular-metabólico (RR = 1,50; IC95%: 1,19-1,89) e mental-musculoesquelético (RR = 1,30; IC95%: 1,03-1,65) tiveram maior risco de apresentar declínio funcional nas ABVD no seguimento em comparação aos que não tinham os mesmos padrões de doenças. A multimorbidade e seus padrões aumentaram o risco de incapacidade na pessoa idosa ao longo de nove anos.

Ageism against older adults in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: an integrative review.

OBJECTIVE: To report the main results of studies on prejudice, stereotyping, and age-based discrimination (ageism) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This is an integrative review of the literature on ageism in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, conducted between May and June 2020, with data collected from the following databases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE/PubMed), Web of Science (Thompson Reuters), Scopus (Elsevier Science), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) and Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO). RESULTS: Twenty-one publications addressing ageism during the pandemics, its origins, consequences, and ethical and political implications were analyzed. All publications were theoretical with a critical/reflexive approach, being 90,5% opinion articles (n = 19) and 9,5% research (n = 2). The main findings indicate criticisms regarding resources allocation and intensive care based exclusively on age. The results also highlight the impacts of social isolation, the use of technologies and social media, and intergenerational relationships within the COVID-19 scenario. CONCLUSION: According to most publications, although ageism has always been present, it became more evident during the COVID-19 pandemic as a form of discrimination against older adults. "Ageist" discourses may exert a negative influence in older adults' lives, causing severe social and psychological impacts.

Multimorbidity and use of health services in the oldest old in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of multimorbidity in long-lived Brazilian individuals (age ≥80 years) and to associated it with the use of health services. METHODS: Cross-sectional population-based study with data from the 2019 National Survey of Health (n=6,098). Frequencies of use of services were estimated for older people with multimorbidity and according to sex, health insurance ownership, and self-rated health. The prevalence rates, crude and adjusted prevalence ratios, and the respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: The average age of the older adults was 85 years and about 62% were women; the prevalence of multimorbidity was 57.1%, higher in women, in those who have health insurance, and who reside in the southern region of the country (p<0.05). In the oldest old with multimorbidity, the use of services in the last 15 days reached 64.6%, and more than 70% were hospitalized in the last year or did not carry out activities in the previous two weeks for health reasons. Differences were observed for the indicators of service use in relation to sex, health insurance ownership, and self-rated health, according to multimorbidity. CONCLUSION: Indicators for the use of health services were higher in older individuals who have two or more chronic diseases, regardless of sociodemographic conditions and self-rated health, showing the impact of multimorbidity per se in determining the use of services among the oldest old.

Influência de padrões de multimorbidade nas atividades de vida diária da pessoa idosa: seguimento de nove anos do Estudo Fibra / Influence of multimorbidity patterns on the activities in the day-to-day lives of the elderly: nine-year follow-up of the Fibra Study

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar a influência da multimorbidade e seus padrões nas atividades básicas de vida diária da pessoa idosa residente na comunidade. Trata-se de estudo de coorte com dados provenientes do Estudo FIBRA, linha de base (2008-2009) e seguimento (2016-2017). As atividades básicas de vida diária (ABVD) foram avaliadas pelo questionário de Katz e as doenças crônicas foram classificadas como (1) multimorbidade e padrões de multimorbidade: (2) cardiopulmonar; (3) vascular-metabólico; e (4) mental-musculoesquelético. Para a análise de dados, utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado e a regressão de Poisson. Foram analisados 861 indivíduos sem limitação para ABVD na linha de base. As pessoas idosas com multimorbidade (RR = 1,58; IC95%: 1,19-2,10) e classificados nos padrões cardiopulmonar (RR = 2,43; IC95%: 1,77-3,33), vascular-metabólico (RR = 1,50; IC95%: 1,19-1,89) e mental-musculoesquelético (RR = 1,30; IC95%: 1,03-1,65) tiveram maior risco de apresentar declínio funcional nas ABVD no seguimento em comparação aos que não tinham os mesmos padrões de doenças. A multimorbidade e seus padrões aumentaram o risco de incapacidade na pessoa idosa ao longo de nove anos.

Abstract The scope of this article was to evaluate the influence of multimorbidity and associated effects on the activities in the day-to-day lives of community-dwelling elderly individuals. It involved a cohort study with data from the FIBRA Study, the baseline (2008-2009) and follow-up (2016-2017). The basic activities in daily living (ADL) were evaluated using Katz's index, and the chronic diseases were classified as: (1) multimorbidity and multimorbidity patterns; (2) cardiopulmonary; (3) vascular-metabolic; and (4) mental-musculoskeletal. The chi-square test and Poisson regression data were used for analysis. A total of 861 older adults with no functional dependency at baseline were analyzed. Elderly individuals with multimorbidity (RR = 1.58; 95%CI: 1.19-2.10) and classified according to cardiopulmonary (RR = 2.43; 95%CI: 1.77-3.33), vascular-metabolic (RR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.19-1.89) and mental-musculoskeletal (RR = 1.30; 95%CI: 1.03-1.65) had a higher risk of presenting functional decline in ADL in the follow-up compared to those who didn't have the same disease patterns. Multimorbidity and its patterns increased the risk of functional disability in older adults over the nine-year period.

Diabetes mellitus em idosos, prevalência e incidência: resultados do Estudo Fibra / Diabetes mellitus in older adults, prevalence and incidence: results of the FIBRA study

Resumo Objetivo estimar a prevalência e incidência de diabetes mellitus em uma coorte retrospectiva de idosos e identificar os principais fatores associados à doença em dois momentos, 2008/2009 e 2016/2017; e descrever a prevalência de diabetes de acordo com o excesso de peso. Método 2008/2009 e Resultados a prevalência de diabetes mellitus aumentou de 21,95% para 27,46% em nove anos (p=0,001), e a incidência foi de 5,51%. Na linha de base, as prevalências foram maiores entre os idosos que apresentavam excesso de peso e pior percepção de saúde. O excesso de peso se manteve associado no seguimento, assim como a presença de duas ou mais doenças crônicas e o consumo de 3 a 5 lanches/dia. Conclusão em 2008/2009, um em cada cinco idosos apresentava diabetes e, em 2016/2017, essa relação era cerca de um para quatro. Destaca-se a importância do excesso de peso na determinação da doença, em ambos os períodos. Fazem-se necessárias intervenções educativas, ampliação da cobertura de cuidados, com maior frequência de atendimento e avaliação multiprofissional que considere as comorbidades, a inserção social e familiar do idoso, e sua rede de apoio.

Abstract Objective to estimate the prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus in a retrospective cohort of older adults, identify the main factors associated with the disease for both periods 2008-2009 and 2016-2017 and describe the prevalence of diabetes according to overweight status. Method a retrospective longitudinal study with 442 community-dwelling older adults (≥65 years old) participating in the FIBRA study (baseline 2008-2009 and follow-up 2016-2017) in Campinas and Ermelino Matarazzo (São Paulo State). Prevalences were estimated and associations were verified using Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test (p<0.05). Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios for sex, age and education were also estimated using Poisson regression. Results the prevalence of diabetes mellitus increased from 21.95% to 27.46% in nine years (p=0.001), and the incidence was 5.51%. At baseline, the prevalence was higher among older adults who were overweight and had a worse perception of health. Overweight status remained associated at follow-up, together with the presence of two or more chronic diseases and the consumption of 3 to 5 snacks/day. Conclusion in 2008-2009, one in five older adults had diabetes and, in 2016-2017, this ratio was about one in four. The importance of being overweight in determining the disease in both periods is highlighted. Educational interventions, expansion of care coverage, greater frequency of care and multi-professional assessment that considers comorbidities, the social and family insertion of the older adult, and their support network are required.

Doenças crônicas não transmissíveis considerando determinantes sociodemográficos em coorte de idosos / Chronic non-communicable diseases considering sociodemographic determinants in a cohort of older adults

Resumo Objetivo Analisar as diferenças entre as proporções de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT), em dois momentos, em uma coorte de idosos a partir de determinantes sociodemográficos. Método Trata-se de estudo longitudinal retrospectivo com dados obtidos do Estudo FIBRA linha de base (2008-2009) e seguimento (2016-2017). O teste de McNemar foi utilizado para comparar as frequências de DCNT segundo sexo, idade e escolaridade, com nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). Resultados A amostra foi composta por 453 idosos (idade média 72±5,2 anos; 69,4% do sexo feminino). Observou-se aumento nas proporções de hipertensão arterial (64,4% versus 71,1%) e diabetes mellitus (21,9% versus 27,5%) no período estudado, e redução nas de doença reumatológica (43,6% versus 35,8%) e depressão (21,7% versus 15,7%). A hipertensão aumentou no sexo feminino, e nos idosos com 65-74 anos e com baixa escolaridade; o diabetes aumentou nos idosos do sexo masculino e nos indivíduos com idade acima de 65 anos e com baixa escolaridade; observou-se redução das proporções de doenças reumatológicas e de depressão no decorrer do estudo nas mulheres, naqueles com 65-74 anos de idade e com nível mais baixo de escolaridade. Conclusão Os dados refletem a necessidade de compreensão dos determinantes sociodemográficos de saúde envolvidos no processo saúde-doença-cuidado para a redução de iniquidades sociais e da carga de DCNT nos segmentos populacionais mais vulneráveis, especialmente na população idosa com multimorbidade.

Abstract Objective To analyze the differences between the proportions of chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) at two time periods, in a cohort of older adults, based on sociodemographic determinants. Method This is a retrospective longitudinal study with baseline data obtained in 2008-2009 and follow-up in 2016-2017, from the FIBRA Study. The McNemar test was used to compare the frequencies of CNCDs according to sex, age, and education, with a significance level of 5% (p<0.05). Results The sample consisted of 453 older adults (mean age 72±5.2 years old; 69.4% women). There was an increase in the proportions of arterial hypertension (64.4% versus 71.1%) and diabetes mellitus (21.9% versus 27.5%) in the periods studied, and a reduction in rheumatologic disease (43.6% versus 35.8%) and depression (21.7% versus 15.7%). Hypertension increased in older women, in those aged 65-74 years old and those with low education levels. Diabetes increased in older men, in those over 65 years of age and those with low education levels. A reduction in the proportions of rheumatologic diseases and depression was observed in women, in those aged 65-74 years old and those with low education levels. Conclusion The data reflect the need to understand the sociodemographic health determinants involved in the health-disease-care process to reduce social inequities and the burden of CNCDs in the most vulnerable population segments, especially in the older adult population with multimorbidity.

Metodologias ativas e tecnologias digitais na educação médica: novos desafios em tempos de pandemia / Active methodologies and digital technologies in medical education: new challenges in pandemic times

Resumo: Introdução: A educação médica no Brasil atravessa um momento de grande transformação que requer adaptações e novos modelos de ensino. Diante da velocidade com que novas informações na área da saúde são produzidas, a incorporação das tecnologias digitais na prática educacional torna-se imprescindível, possibilitando a interação virtual e o acesso às bases de dados remotas. A associação entre as tecnologias digitais e as metodologias ativas, que promovem a autonomia dos estudantes e o desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico-reflexivo, implica novos desafios no contexto da educação em tempos de pandemia. Este ensaio analisa o uso de tecnologias digitais na educação médica e de saúde, destacando sua associação com as principais formas de metodologias ativas e os desafios da educação por acesso remoto, no contexto da pandemia da Covid-19. Desenvolvimento: Devido às medidas de distanciamento físico e de interrupção de atividades educacionais presenciais, as instituições de ensino vivenciaram mudanças drásticas com a necessidade de rápida adaptação na tentativa de atenuar os impactos da pandemia no ensino. O uso de ferramentas digitais como plataformas virtuais e o acesso remoto (síncronos e assíncronos) foram algumas das estratégias amplamente utilizadas. O levantamento de potenciais desafios na associação entre metodologias ativas e ensino remoto foi tratado de modo a problematizar o processo educacional em tempos de pandemia. Conclusão: A pandemia da Covid-19 evidenciou a necessidade de inovação nos métodos de ensino-aprendizagem e acelerou a utilização das tecnologias digitais e a adaptação a elas. A associação dessas tecnologias com metodologias ativas tornou-se um novo desafio para docentes e estudantes, e requer estudos adicionais sobre eficácia e implicações do ensino remoto na formação de futuros profissionais da saúde.

Abstract: Introduction: Medical education in Brazil is going through a time of great transformation that requires adaptations and new teaching models. Given the speed with which new information in the health area is produced, the incorporation of digital technologies in educational practice becomes essential, enabling virtual interaction and access to remote databases. The association between digital technologies and active methodologies, which promote student autonomy and the development of critical-reflective thinking, entails new challenges in education. This essay analyzes the use of digital technologies in medical and health education, highlighting their association with the main forms of active methodologies and the challenges of remote education, in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. Development: Due to social distancing measures and the interruption of in-person educational activities, educational institutions have experienced drastic changes with the need for rapid adaptation to mitigate the impacts of the pandemic on education. The use of digital tools such as virtual platforms and remote access (synchronous and asynchronous) were widely used strategies. Potential challenges in the association between active methodologies and remote learning were investigated to problematize the educational process during the pandemic. Conclusion: The Covid-19 pandemic highlighted the need for innovation in teaching-learning methods and accelerated the use and adaptation to digital technologies. The association of these technologies with active methodologies has become a new challenge for teachers and students and further studies are required on the effectiveness and implications of remote learning for the training of future health professionals.

TRANSPORTING CHILDREN IN CARS AND THE USE OF CHILD SAFETY RESTRAINT SYSTEMS.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the transport of children in automobiles and the use of child restraints systems (CRS). METHODS: This is a transversal descriptive study which included 200 vehicle drivers who carried 0-10 year old children in the city of São Luis, MA, Brazil. The drivers' passengers' and children's features were properly identified. The children's transportation using CRS were analyzed according to the Resolution 277/8 of the Brazilian National Traffic Department. RESULTS: The transportation of children was classified as inappropriate in 70.5% of the vehicles analyzed. The most common way for children transportation was free on the back seats (47%) or on the lap of passengers/drivers (17%). The main reasons to justify the improper transportation were either not understanding the importance of CRS use (64.5%) or not having financial resources to buy the devices. The child safety seat was the most used CRS (50.8 %) among vehicles with proper child transportation system. CONCLUSION: The transportation of children was inappropriate in most of the vehicles analyzed, reflecting the need for creating awareness among automobile drivers, including education, supervision and improvement of policies for health improvement and prevention of accidents involving children transportation. Level of Evidence III, Cross Sectional Study.

Multimorbidity and use of health services in the oldest old in Brazil / Multimorbidade e uso de serviços de saúde em idosos muito idosos no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence of multimorbidity in long-lived Brazilian individuals (age ≥80 years) and to associated it with the use of health services. Methods: Cross-sectional population-based study with data from the 2019 National Survey of Health (n=6,098). Frequencies of use of services were estimated for older people with multimorbidity and according to sex, health insurance ownership, and self-rated health. The prevalence rates, crude and adjusted prevalence ratios, and the respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: The average age of the older adults was 85 years and about 62% were women; the prevalence of multimorbidity was 57.1%, higher in women, in those who have health insurance, and who reside in the southern region of the country (p<0.05). In the oldest old with multimorbidity, the use of services in the last 15 days reached 64.6%, and more than 70% were hospitalized in the last year or did not carry out activities in the previous two weeks for health reasons. Differences were observed for the indicators of service use in relation to sex, health insurance ownership, and self-rated health, according to multimorbidity. Conclusion: Indicators for the use of health services were higher in older individuals who have two or more chronic diseases, regardless of sociodemographic conditions and self-rated health, showing the impact of multimorbidity per se in determining the use of services among the oldest old.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de multimorbidade em idosos longevos brasileiros (idade ≥80 anos) e relacioná-la com o uso de serviços de saúde. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019 (n=6.098). Foram estimadas as frequências de uso de serviços nos idosos com multimorbidade e segundo sexo, posse de plano de saúde médico e autoavaliação de saúde. Calcularam-se as prevalências e razões de prevalência brutas e ajustadas e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados: A média de idade dos idosos foi de 85 anos e cerca de 62% eram mulheres; a prevalência de multimorbidade foi de 57,1%, maior nas mulheres, naqueles com plano de saúde e nos residentes na região Sul do país (p<0,05). Nos muito idosos com multimorbidade, o uso de serviços nos últimos 15 dias alcançou 64,6%, e mais de 70% estiveram internados no último ano ou deixaram de realizar atividades nas duas semanas anteriores por motivo de saúde. Observaram-se diferenças para os indicadores de uso de serviços em relação ao sexo, posse de plano de saúde médico e autoavaliação de saúde, segundo multimorbidade. Conclusão: Os indicadores de uso de serviços de saúde foram mais elevados nos idosos que acumulavam duas ou mais doenças crônicas, independentemente das condições sociodemográficas e da autoavaliação de saúde, o que denota o impacto da multimorbidade per se na determinação do uso de serviços entre os idosos mais velhos.

Ageism against older adults in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: an integrative review / Ageismo contra idosos no contexto da pandemia da covid-19: uma revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To report the main results of studies on prejudice, stereotyping, and age-based discrimination (ageism) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS This is an integrative review of the literature on ageism in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, conducted between May and June 2020, with data collected from the following databases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE/PubMed), Web of Science (Thompson Reuters), Scopus (Elsevier Science), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) and Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO). RESULTS Twenty-one publications addressing ageism during the pandemics, its origins, consequences, and ethical and political implications were analyzed. All publications were theoretical with a critical/reflexive approach, being 90,5% opinion articles (n = 19) and 9,5% research (n = 2). The main findings indicate criticisms regarding resources allocation and intensive care based exclusively on age. The results also highlight the impacts of social isolation, the use of technologies and social media, and intergenerational relationships within the COVID-19 scenario. CONCLUSION According to most publications, although ageism has always been present, it became more evident during the COVID-19 pandemic as a form of discrimination against older adults. "Ageist" discourses may exert a negative influence in older adults' lives, causing severe social and psychological impacts.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever os principais resultados de estudos sobre preconceito, estereotipia e discriminação relacionados à idade (ageismo) no contexto da pandemia da covid-19. MÉTODOS Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura sobre o ageismo no contexto da pandemia da covid-19, realizada entre maio e junho de 2020, a partir das seguintes bases de dados: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE/PubMed), Web of Science (Thompson Reuters), Scopus (Elsevier Science), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO). RESULTADOS Foram analisadas 21 publicações que discorreram sobre o ageismo durante a pandemia, suas origens, consequências e implicações ético-políticas. As publicações identificadas são de natureza teórica com abordagem crítico-reflexiva, sendo 90,5% artigos opinativos (n = 19) e 9,5% de pesquisa (n = 2). Os principais resultados encontrados apontam críticas em relação à destinação de recursos e cuidados intensivos baseados exclusivamente no critério etário. São também apontados os impactos do isolamento social, o uso das tecnologias e mídias sociais e as relações intergeracionais no cenário da covid-19. CONCLUSÃO A maioria das publicações indicam que o ageismo sempre esteve presente, mas tornou-se mais evidente durante a pandemia da covid-19 como forma de discriminação contra idosos. Ressalta-se que discursos "ageistas" podem influenciar negativamente na vida dos idosos e causar impactos sociais e psicológicos prejudiciais.

[Cervical cancer screening in the State of Maranhão, Brazil]. / Rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero no Estado do Maranhão, Brasil.

The scope of the study was to analyze the screening for cervical cancer in the state of Maranhão using secondary data from the Cervical Cancer Information System (SISCOLO). A retrospective descriptive study was conducted using secondary data from 139505 cytopathology exams recorded in SISCOLO in Maranhão in 2011. The variables: age, education, adequacy of material, represented epithelia, microbiology and cellular changes detected in Pap smear tests were selected. The age group between 25 to 29 years and incomplete basic schooling were the most frequent findings. The most common microbiological agents detected were bacilli (52.8%), cocci (45.5%) and Lactobacillus sp (32.6%). Inflammation was the most common benign cellular alteration (86.3%). Low-grade intraepithelial lesions were the most prevalent atypical findings in squamous cells (0.6%), followed by high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (0.2%). Squamous cell carcinoma was observed in 0.003% and 0.006% for adenocarcinoma. SISCOLO proved a useful tool for studying aspects related to cancer screening of the cervix, which can orient actions to reduce the incidence and mortality from this cancer.

[Quality of life of women treated for breast cancer in a city of the northeast of Brazil]. / Qualidade de vida de mulheres tratadas de câncer de mama em uma cidade do nordeste do Brasil.

The study sought to evaluate the quality of life of women treated surgically for breast cancer at the State Oncology Hospital of Reference in São Luís in the State of Maranhão. The quality of life was assessed by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B). The variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation, and statistical analysis consisted of the ANOVA or Kruskal Wallis test and the Student t or Mann-Whitney test. The level of significance was α < 5%. For statistical tests Stata 9.0 and BioEstat 5.0 were used. 197 women with mean age of 53.0 ± 11.7 years participated. The mean values of the FACT-B revealed a good quality of life trend, though the emotional domain was most prejudiced and the cancer sub-scale the most favorable. The type of surgery influenced the social, emotional and cancer sub-scale domain. Non-conservative surgery revealed the worst quality of life levels. A statistically significant relationship between duration of surgery and the physical, emotional and functional domains and between duration of surgery and the scores of the FACT-B was detected. Adjuvant treatment influenced all domains of FACT-B. Quality of life was relatively good, but was negatively impacted by non-conservative surgery, the shortest time between surgery and the adjuvant therapies.

TRANSPORTING CHILDREN IN CARS AND THE USE OF CHILD SAFETY RESTRAINT SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the transport of children in automobiles and the use of child restraints systems (CRS). Methods: This is a transversal descriptive study which included 200 vehicle drivers who carried 0-10 year old children in the city of São Luis, MA, Brazil. The drivers' passengers' and children's features were properly identified. The children's transportation using CRS were analyzed according to the Resolution 277/8 of the Brazilian National Traffic Department. Results: The transportation of children was classified as inappropriate in 70.5% of the vehicles analyzed. The most common way for children transportation was free on the back seats (47%) or on the lap of passengers/drivers (17%). The main reasons to justify the improper transportation were either not understanding the importance of CRS use (64.5%) or not having financial resources to buy the devices. The child safety seat was the most used CRS (50.8 %) among vehicles with proper child transportation system. Conclusion: The transportation of children was inappropriate in most of the vehicles analyzed, reflecting the need for creating awareness among automobile drivers, including education, supervision and improvement of policies for health improvement and prevention of accidents involving children transportation. Level of Evidence III, Cross Sectional Study.

Rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero no Estado do Maranhão, Brasil / Cervical cancer screening in the State of Maranhão, Brazil

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero no Maranhão, através dos dados do Sistema de Informação do Câncer do Colo do Útero (Siscolo). Foi realizado um estudo descritivo retrospectivo, com dados secundários dos 139.505 exames citopatológicos registrados no Siscolo do Maranhão, no ano de 2011. As variáveis: idade, escolaridade, adequabilidade do material, epitélios representados, microbiologia e alterações celulares detectadas ao exame citopatológico foram selecionadas. A faixa etária entre 25 a 29 anos e o ensino fundamental incompleto foram os mais frequentes. Os agentes microbiológicos mais comuns foram os bacilos (52,8%), cocos (45,5%) e Lactobacillus sp (32,6%). A inflamação foi a alteração celular benigna mais frequente (86,3%). As lesões intraepiteliais de baixo grau foram as atipias em células escamosas mais prevalentes (0,6%), seguidas pela lesão intraepitelial de alto grau (0,2%). O carcinoma epidermoide foi observado em 0,003% e o adenocarcinoma em 0,006%. O Siscolo revelou-se uma ferramenta útil para conhecer aspectos relacionados ao rastreamento do câncer do colo uterino, o que poderá guiar ações para reduzir a incidência e mortalidade por este câncer.

The scope of the study was to analyze the screening for cervical cancer in the state of Maranhão using secondary data from the Cervical Cancer Information System (SISCOLO). A retrospective descriptive study was conducted using secondary data from 139505 cytopathology exams recorded in SISCOLO in Maranhão in 2011. The variables: age, education, adequacy of material, represented epithelia, microbiology and cellular changes detected in Pap smear tests were selected. The age group between 25 to 29 years and incomplete basic schooling were the most frequent findings. The most common microbiological agents detected were bacilli (52.8%), cocci (45.5%) and Lactobacillus sp (32.6%). Inflammation was the most common benign cellular alteration (86.3%). Low-grade intraepithelial lesions were the most prevalent atypical findings in squamous cells (0.6%), followed by high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (0.2%). Squamous cell carcinoma was observed in 0.003% and 0.006% for adenocarcinoma. SISCOLO proved a useful tool for studying aspects related to cancer screening of the cervix, which can orient actions to reduce the incidence and mortality from this cancer.

Síndrome climatérica em uma cidade do Nordeste brasileiro: um inquérito domiciliar / Climacteric syndrome in a Northeastern Brazilian city: a household survey

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência da Síndrome Climatérica (SC) em mulheres de São Luís, Maranhão, uma das regiões menos desenvolvidas do Nordeste brasileiro. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo e exploratório de corte transversal, tipo inquérito populacional domiciliar. Foram selecionadas 1.210 mulheres climatéricas de 45 a 60 anos de idade em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. As entrevistas foram aplicadas por meio de questionários, no período de abril a julho de 2008, contendo variáveis sociodemográficas, status menopausal e intensidade dos sintomas climatéricos (índices circulatório e psicológico), sendo que para estes últimos foi realizada a sua associação com os períodos pré e pós-menopausal. A técnica de Análise Correspondência Múltipla (ACM) foi utilizada para avaliar a inter-relação entre os sintomas climatéricos. RESULTADOS: A maioria das pacientes tinha entre 55 a 60 anos (35,3%), era de cor parda (37,9%), com 9 a 11 anos de escolaridade (39,8%), com parceiro (56%), católica (73,9%) e de classe social C (51,1%). A prevalência da SC foi de 85,9%, destacando-se fogachos (56,4%) e sudorese (50,4%) como os sintomas vasomotores mais prevalentes. Os sintomas psicológicos mais frequentes foram nervosismo (45%) e irritabilidade (44,8%). Houve predomínio do ressecamento vaginal (62,7%) como a queixa urogenital mais prevalente. A intensidade dos sintomas vasomotores e psicológicos foi significativamente mais elevada nas fases de peri e pós-menopausa (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência da SC foi elevada em mulheres dessa cidade do Nordeste do Brasil. .

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of Climacteric Syndrome (CS) in women from a municipality of Northeastern Brazil which is less developed socioeconomically. METHODS: A prospective household survey was performed in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil with 1,210 climacteric women aged 45 to 60 years. Interviews were applied using previously tested standard questionnaires from April to July 2008. The severity of climacteric symptoms was analyzed by circulatory and psychological indexes and the latter were associated with menopausal status. Multiple correspondence analysis was used to assess the relation among climacteric symptoms. RESULTS: Most patients were 55 to 60 years old (35.3%), mulatto (37.9%), with 9-11 years of schooling (39.8%), with a partner (56%), Catholic (73.9%) and belonged to the socioeconomic class C (51.1%). The prevalence of CS was 85.9%, and hot flashes (56.4%) and sweating (50.4%) were the most prevalent symptoms. The most frequent psychological symptoms were nervousness (45%) and emotional liability (44.8%). The severity of vasomotor and psychological symptoms was significantly higher during the peri and postmenopausal period (p<0.05). Vaginal dryness (62.7%) was the most prevalent urogenital complaint. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of CS was high among women from São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. .

Qualidade de vida de mulheres tratadas de câncer de mama em uma cidade do nordeste do Brasil / Quality of life of women treated for breast cancer in a city of the northeast of Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade de vida de mulheres tratadas cirurgicamente de câncer de mama no Hospital de Referência Estadual em Oncologia de São Luís (MA). A qualidade de vida foi avaliada pelo Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B). As variáveis foram expressas em média e desvio padrão; e a análise estatística constou da Anova ou Kruskal Wallis e Teste t de Student ou Mann-Whitney. O nível de significância foi α < 5%. Na estatística foram usados o Stata 9.0 e o BioEstat 5.0. Participaram 197 mulheres com idade média de 53,0 ± 11,7 anos. Os valores médios do FACT-B demonstraram tendência para boa qualidade de vida, sendo o domínio Emocional o mais comprometido e a Subescala Câncer a mais favorável. O tipo de cirurgia influenciou os domínios Social, Emocional e Subescala câncer do questionário. A cirurgia não conservadora apresentou piores níveis de qualidade de vida. Viu-se relação estatística significante entre o tempo de cirurgia e os domínios Físico, Emocional e Funcional, bem como entre tempo de cirurgia e os escores do FACT-B. O tratamento adjuvante influenciou todos os domínios do FACT-B. A qualidade de vida encontrada foi relativamente boa, mas influenciada negativamente pela cirurgia não conservadora, pelo menor tempo desde a cirurgia e pelas terapias adjuvantes.

The study sought to evaluate the quality of life of women treated surgically for breast cancer at the State Oncology Hospital of Reference in São Luís in the State of Maranhão. The quality of life was assessed by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B). The variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation, and statistical analysis consisted of the ANOVA or Kruskal Wallis test and the Student t or Mann-Whitney test. The level of significance was α < 5%. For statistical tests Stata 9.0 and BioEstat 5.0 were used. 197 women with mean age of 53.0 ± 11.7 years participated. The mean values of the FACT-B revealed a good quality of life trend, though the emotional domain was most prejudiced and the cancer sub-scale the most favorable. The type of surgery influenced the social, emotional and cancer sub-scale domain. Non-conservative surgery revealed the worst quality of life levels. A statistically significant relationship between duration of surgery and the physical, emotional and functional domains and between duration of surgery and the scores of the FACT-B was detected. Adjuvant treatment influenced all domains of FACT-B. Quality of life was relatively good, but was negatively impacted by non-conservative surgery, the shortest time between surgery and the adjuvant therapies.

Irritable bowel syndrome in women with chronic pelvic pain in a Northeast Brazilian city / Síndrome do intestino irritável em mulheres com dor pélvica crônica em uma cidade do Nordeste Brasileiro

PURPOSES: To determine the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in women with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) and its associated features; to determine whether IBS and CPP constitute the same syndrome. METHODS: Cross-sectional population survey with systematic sequential sampling according to census districts in which 1470 women were interviewed with respect to the sample calculation. The participants resided in their own homes, were at least 14 years of age, experienced menarche and presented CPP according to the American College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. The dependent variable was IBS based on Rome III criteria in women with CPP, and the following independent variables were possibly associated with IBS: age, schooling, duration of pain, sedentary lifestyle, migraine, depression, insomnia, back pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, depression, history of violence, and intestinal symptoms. The sample was subdivided into groups with and without IBS. After the descriptive analysis of the variables was performed, the respective frequencies were evaluated using GraphPad Prism 5 software. To evaluate the association between the dependent variable and the independent variables, the χ² test was used with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The prevalence of IBS in women with CPP was 19,5%. Pain duration (p=0.03), back pain (p=0.002), history of physical or sexual abuse (p=0.002), and intestinal complaints were more prevalent in the group with IBS and CPP. There was no difference between the groups regarding other criteria. CONCLUSION: The data confirmed the literature, identified several aspects that were shared between the pathologies and supported the hypothesis that both pathologies can constitute the same syndrome.

OBJETIVOS: Verificar a prevalência da síndrome do intestino irritável (SII) em mulheres com dor pélvica crônica (DPC) e as características associadas; analisar se SII e DPC constituem a mesma síndrome. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal do tipo inquérito populacional com amostragem sistemática sequencial de acordo com os distritos censitários, no qual 1470 mulheres foram entrevistadas conforme o cálculo amostral. Foram selecionadas aquelas residentes no respectivo domicílio, com pelo menos 14 anos de idade, que já haviam tido a menarca e apresentavam DPC de acordo com o Colégio Americano de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia. A variável considerada dependente foi a SII baseando-se nos Critérios de Roma III em mulheres com DPC, e as independentes, possivelmente associadas com a SII foram: idade, escolaridade, tempo de dor, sedentarismo, enxaqueca, depressão, insônia, lombalgia, dismenorreia, dispareunia, depressão, passado de violência e sintomas intestinais. A amostra foi subdividida nos grupos com e sem SII. Após a análise descritiva das variáveis, as respectivas frequências foram avaliadas utilizando GraphPad Prism 5. Para determinação da presença de associação entre a variável dependente e as independentes, utilizou-se o teste do χ² com nível de significância a 5%. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de SII em mulheres com DPC foi de 19,5%. O tempo de dor (p=0,03), a lombalgia (p=0,002), história de abuso físico ou sexual (p=0,002) e as queixas intestinais foram maiores no grupo com SII e DPC. Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto aos demais critérios. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados confirmam a literatura, demonstrando muitos aspectos comuns entre as duas condições e valorizando a hipótese de que elas possam compor a mesma síndrome.

Estado nutricional de adolescentes do Maranhão, Brasil, por critérios nacional e internacional / Nutritional status of adolescents in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, assessed by national and international criteria

O presente estudo objetivou comparar os critérios nacional e internacional para avaliação do estado nutricional de adolescentes. Realizou-se um estudo transversal e analítico, no período de julho de 2007 a janeiro de 2008, com uma amostra representativa do estado do Maranhão composta por 1.256 adolescentes. O índice de massa corporal (IMC) por gênero e idade foi utilizado para diagnosticar baixo peso, peso adequado e excesso de peso, empregando-se os critérios propostos por Conde e Monteiro e pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Foram aplicados testes qui-quadrados, concordância de McNemar e correlação de Spearman. Segundo os critérios de Conde e Monteiro e da OMS, houve diferenças significativas entre os meninos quanto ao baixo peso e obesidade. Observou-se que não houve discordância significativa entre os dois critérios. Constatou-se uma correlação positiva e significativa (0,011) entre os dois critérios. Com esta análise pode-se perceber que não há muitas discordâncias entre os critérios utilizados, portanto não podemos apontar o melhor critério e as vantagens de se utilizar um ou outro. Contudo, vale ressaltar que o critério nacional também pode ser mais utilizado, já que não tem diferenças significativas com aquele preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde, da OMS.

This study sought to compare national and international criteria for assessing the nutritional status of adolescents. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in the period from July 2007 to January 2008 with a representative sample comprised of 1256 adolescents from the state of Maranhão. Body mass index (BMI) for age and gender was used to diagnose underweight, normal weight and overweight, using the criteria proposed by Conde and Monteiro and the World Health Organization (WHO). Chi-square, McNemar concordance and Spearman correlation tests were applied. According to the criteria of Conde and Monteiro and the WHO, there were significant differences among the boys with respect to low weight and obesity. It was observed that there was no significant divergence between the two criteria, and a significant positive correlation (0.011) between the two criteria was detected. With this analysis it can be seen that there are many divergences between the criteria used, therefore the best option and the advantage of using one or the other cannot be singled out. However, it should be stressed that the national criterion can also be used more, since there are no significant differences with the criteria advocated by the Ministry of Health of the WHO.

Perfil metabólico em mulheres de diferentes índices de massa corporal com síndrome dos ovários policísticos / Metabolic profile in women of different body mass indices with polycystic ovary syndrome

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar e comparar variáveis clínicas, antropométricas e bioquímico-metabólicas de pacientes com síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP), estratificadas segundo o índice de massa corpórea (IMC). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 78 mulheres entre 18 e 45 anos com diagnóstico de SOP, pelos Critérios de Rotterdam. As pacientes foram estratificadas segundo o IMC. As variáveis analisadas foram: idade, estado civil, sedentarismo, irregularidade menstrual, pressão arterial (PA), medidas antropométricas, perfil lipídico, glicemia em jejum e dosagens hormonais. Para comparar as variáveis analisadas entre os diferentes IMC, usou-se a Análise de Variância e o Teste de Kruskal-Wallis. O nível de significância para todos os testes foi de 5%. RESULTADOS: As pacientes apresentaram média de idade de 26,3 anos, sendo 79,5% classificadas como sedentárias e 68% com hiperandrogenismo. A circunferência da cintura, a Razão cintura/quadril, a Razão cintura/estatura e a porcentagem de gordura corporal foram maiores no grupo de obesas. A presença de marcadores de risco cardiovascular (RCV - glicemia de jejum, PA sistólica e diastólica e LDL-colesterol) foi diretamente proporcional ao IMC, enquanto que os níveis de HDL-colesterol e SHBG foram inversamente proporcionais ao IMC. CONCLUSÃO: A presença de marcadores de RCV aumentou proporcionalmente ao IMC, evidenciando que o perfil metabólico das mulheres obesas com SOP é mais desfavorável do que n não obesas.

PURPOSE: To characterize and compare clinical, anthropometric and biochemical-metabolic variables in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), stratified according to body mass index (BMI). METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted on 78 women aged 18 to 45 years with a clinical diagnosis of PCOS by the Rotterdam criteria. Patients were stratified according to BMI. The variables analyzed were: age, marital status, physical inactivity, menstrual irregularity, blood pressure (BP), anthropometric measurements, lipid profile, fasting glucose, and hormone measurements. To compare the variables between the different BMI values we used analysis of variance and the Kruskal-Wallis test. The level of significance was set at 5% for all tests. RESULTS: The patients had a mean age of 26.3 years, 79.5% of them were sedentary and 68% had hyperandrogenism. Waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, waist/height ratio and percentage of body fat were higher in the obese group. The markers of cardiovascular risk (CVR - fasting glucose, systolic and diastolic BP and LDL-cholesterol) were directly proportional to BMI, whereas HDL-cholesterol and SHBG were inversely related to BMI. CONCLUSION: The presence of markers of CVR factors increased proportionally to BMI, indicating that the metabolic profile of obese women with PCOS is more unfavorable than that of non-obese patients.