Population genomics of the invasive Northern Giant Hornet Vespa mandarinia in North America and across its native range.

The northern giant hornet Vespa mandarinia (NGH) is a voracious predator of other insect species, including honey bees. NGH's native range spans subtropical and temperate regions across much of east and southeast Asia and, in 2019, exotic populations of the species were discovered in North America. Despite this broad range and invasive potential, investigation of the population genomic structure of NGH across its native and introduced ranges has thus far been limited to a small number of mitochondrial samples. Here, we present analyses of genomic data from NGH individuals collected across the species' native range and from exotic individuals collected in North America. We provide the first survey of whole-genome population variation for any hornet species, covering this species' native and invasive ranges, and in doing so confirm likely origins in Japan and South Korea for the two introductions. We additionally show that, while this introduced population exhibited strongly elevated levels of inbreeding, these signatures of inbreeding are also present in some long-standing native populations, which may indicate that inbreeding depression alone is insufficient to prevent the persistence of NGH populations. As well as highlighting the importance of ongoing monitoring and eradication efforts to limit the spread of this species outside of its natural range, our data will serve as a foundational database for future genomic studies into introduced hornet populations.

Mediating a host cell signaling pathway linked to overwinter mortality offers a promising therapeutic approach for improving bee health.

INTRODUCTION: Honey bees provides valuable pollination services for world food crops and wild flowering plants which are habitats of many animal species and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, a powerful tool in the fight against climate change. Nevertheless, the honey bee population has been declining and the majority of colony losses occur during the winter. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to understand the mechanisms underlying overwinter colony losses and develop novel therapeutic strategies for improving bee health. METHODS: First, pathogen prevalence in overwintering bees were screened between 2015 and 2018. Second, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) for transcriptional profiling of overwintering honey bees was conducted and qRT-PCR was performed to confirm the results of the differential expression of selected genes. Lastly, laboratory bioassays were conducted to measure the effects of cold challenges on bee survivorship and stress responses and to assess the effect of a novel medication for alleviating cold stress in honey bees. RESULTS: We identified that sirtuin signaling pathway is the most significantly enriched pathway among the down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in overwintering diseased bees. Moreover, we showed that the expression of SIRT1 gene, a major sirtuin that regulates energy and immune metabolism, was significantly downregulated in bees merely exposed to cold challenges, linking cold stress with altered gene expression of SIRT1. Furthermore, we demonstrated that activation of SIRT1 gene expression by SRT1720, an activator of SIRT1 expression, could improve the physiology and extend the lifespan of cold-stressed bees. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that increased energy consumption of overwintering bees for maintaining hive temperature reduces the allocation of energy toward immune functions, thus making the overwintering bees more susceptible to disease infections and leading to high winter colony losses. The novel information gained from this study provides a promising avenue for the development of therapeutic strategies for mitigating colony losses, both overwinter and annually.

A globally synthesised and flagged bee occurrence dataset and cleaning workflow.

Species occurrence data are foundational for research, conservation, and science communication, but the limited availability and accessibility of reliable data represents a major obstacle, particularly for insects, which face mounting pressures. We present BeeBDC, a new R package, and a global bee occurrence dataset to address this issue. We combined >18.3 million bee occurrence records from multiple public repositories (GBIF, SCAN, iDigBio, USGS, ALA) and smaller datasets, then standardised, flagged, deduplicated, and cleaned the data using the reproducible BeeBDC R-workflow. Specifically, we harmonised species names (following established global taxonomy), country names, and collection dates and, we added record-level flags for a series of potential quality issues. These data are provided in two formats, "cleaned" and "flagged-but-uncleaned". The BeeBDC package with online documentation provides end users the ability to modify filtering parameters to address their research questions. By publishing reproducible R workflows and globally cleaned datasets, we can increase the accessibility and reliability of downstream analyses. This workflow can be implemented for other taxa to support research and conservation.

Two new species of Neocorynura from Guatemala (Hymenoptera: Halictidae: Augochlorini) with a key to the species known from the country.

This paper describes two new species of bees of the genus Neocorynura Schrottky from Guatemala. A taxonomic key to all five known species of the genus in Guatemala is provided and the male of N. centroamericana is described for the first time.

[Chilicola (Hylaeosoma) Ashmead bees (Colletidae, Xeromelissinae) of the megalostigma group: a new species from Colombia and a key to species]. / Abejas Chilicola (Hylaeosoma) Ashmead (Colletidae: Xeromelissinae) del grupo megalostigma: una especie nueva de Colombia y clave para las especies.

We describe a new species of Chilicola (Hylaeosoma) of the megalostigma group from southern Colombia and present an identification key to species. Chilicola muruimuinane sp. nov. resembles Chilicola yanezae Hinojosa-Díaz & Michener, 2005, from Mexico, but it differs from it in its body color, shape of basal tarsomeres of female fore legs, and characters of the seventh and eighth sterna of the male.

Phylogeny of finescale shiners of the genus Lythrurus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) inferred from four mitochondrial genes.

We infer the phylogenetic relationships of finescale shiners of the genus Lythrurus, a group of 11 species of freshwater minnows widely distributed in eastern North America, using DNA sequences from the ND2 (1047 bp), ATPase8 and 6 (823 bp), and ND3 (421 bp) mitochondrial protein-coding genes. The topologies resulting from maximum parsimony, Bayesian, and maximum likelihood tree building methods are broadly congruent, with two distinct clades within the genus: the L. umbratilis clade (L. umbratilis + L. lirus + (L. fasciolaris + (L. ardens, L. matutinus))) and the L. bellus clade (L. fumeus + L. snelsoni + (L. roseipinnis + (L. atrapiculus + (L. bellus, L. algenotus)))). Support is weak at the base of several clades, but strongly supported nodes differ significantly from prior investigations. In particular, our results confirm and extend earlier studies recovering two clades within Lythrurus corresponding to groups with largely "northern" and "southern" geographic distributions. Several species in this genus are listed in the United States as threatened or of special concern due to habitat degradation or limited geographic ranges. In this study, populations assigned to L. roseipinnis show significant genetic divergence suggesting that there is greater genetic diversity within this species than its current taxonomy reflects. A full accounting of the biodiversity of the genus awaits further study.

ABEJAS VISITANTES DE Mimosa pigra L. (MIMOSACEAE): COMPORTAMIENTO DE PECOREO Y CARGAS POLÍNICAS / Bees visiting Mimosa pigra L. (Mimosaceae): foraging behavior and pollen loads

Se estudiaron las cargas polínicas de 13 taxones de abejas capturadas visitando a Mimosa pigra en la zona de influencia del Embalse Porce II (Antioquia, Colombia). De los 21 tipos polínicos encontrados, M. pigra presenta el mayor porcentaje acumulado de colecta; Mimosa pudica, Piper aduncum, Solanum diversifolium, Warszewiczia coccinea y Psidium guajava, en su orden, se pueden considerar fuentes alternativas de polen, para varias de las especies de abejas cuyas cargas polínicas fueron analizadas. Dentro de las especies de abejas capturadas visitando a M. pigra se pueden diferenciar varios grupos según el tipo y abundancia relativa de los tipos polínicos encontrados en sus cargas. Uno de ellos, incluye a siete especies de abejas con más del 85% de granos de polen de M. pigra; otro, con cuatro especies de abejas que colectaron más del 94,5% del polen en M. pigra y M. pudica. Adicionalmente, se encontraron especies como Trigona dorsalis con cargas de M. pigra (59,4%), de S. diversifolium (37,8%) y especies de abejas como Lasioglossum sp. 113, en cuyas cargas polínicas predominan los granos de polen de P. aduncum (61,8%) y de W.coccinea (36,4%), en contraste con los de M. pigra (1,3%). En cuanto a la riqueza de tipos polínicos colectados por las abejas sobresalen Trigona muzoensis (12 tipos polínicos) y T. dorsalis (10 tipos), lo cual refleja nichos tróficos más amplios para estas especies y deja duda sobre su constancia floral o hábitos de limpieza.

We studied the pollen loads of 13 taxa of wild bees visiting the flowers of Mimosa pigra on the influence zone of the Dam Project Porce II (Antioquia, Colombia). Out of 21 different pollen types, M. pigra represents the higuest percentage; Mimosa pudica, Piper aduncum, Solanum diversifolium, Warszewiczia coccinea and Psidium guajava, in that order, were also abundant, and are alternative sources of pollen for the different kinds of bees recorded. Among the species of bees collected, we differentiate several groups: one of them, includes seven species of bees whose pollen loads are in a high porcentaje of M. pigra (86% of pollen grains or above); another group of bees with high percentage (more than 94%) of pollen grains of Mimosa species (M. pigra and M. pudica); and the other two groups that include the bee species: Trigona dorsalis (who collected more than half of their pollen resources from M. pigra (59.4%) in addition to a high percentage of S. diversifolium (37.8%); the last kind of foragers includes Lasioglossum sp.113 who collected mostly pollen from species different to Mimosa (including P. aduncum with 61.8% of pollen grains, and W. coccinea with 36,4%) and only a small percentage of M. pigra (1,3%). In terms of the species of bees that collected a highest diversity of pollen grains, two species: Trigona muzoensis (12 pollen types) and T. dorsalis (10 pollen types) outstand other species of bees on on feeding niche and question either the bees capacity of cleaning or their floral constancy.

Abejas Chilicola (Hylaeosoma) Ashmead (Colletidae: Xeromelissinae) del grupo megalostigma: una especie nueva de Colombia y clave para las especies / Chilicola (Hylaeosoma) Ashmead bees (Colletidae, Xeromelissinae) of the megalostigma group: a new species from Colombia and a key to species

We describe a new species of Chilicola (Hylaeosoma) of the megalostigma group from southern Colombia and present an identification key to species. Chilicola muruimuinane sp. nov. resembles Chilicola yanezae Hinojosa-Díaz & Michener, 2005, from Mexico, but it differs from it in its body color, shape of basal tarsomeres of female fore legs, and characters of the seventh and eighth sterna of the male.

Describimos una nueva especie de Chilicola (Hylaeosoma) del grupo megalostigma del sur de Colombia y presentamos una clave para las especies. Chilicola muruimuinane sp. nov. es semejante a Chilicola yanezae Hinojosa-Díaz & Michener, 2005, de Méjico, pero se diferencia por el color del cuerpo, la forma de los tarsómeros basales de las patas anteriores de la hembra, y caracteres de los esternos siete y ocho del macho.

Diversidad de abejas (himenoptera; apoidea) en estados sucesionales del bosque humedo tropical / Bee Diversity (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in a Tropical Rainforest Succession

Los objetivos principales de este trabajo fueron entender cómo la diversidad de abejas cambia durante la sucesión en un bosque húmedo neotropical, y comparar la eficiencia de los cuatro métodos de captura usados. La diversidad y riqueza de abejas fueron estudiadas al nororiente de Medellín (Antioquia, Colombia; 9001.100 m) durante seis meses en cuatro estados sucesionales (pastizal, rastrojo bajo, rastrojo alto y bosque). Las abejas fueron intensiva y sistemáticamente capturadas usando los siguientes métodos: red entomológica, Malaise, metil salicilato para abejas euglosinas (Apidae, Euglossini) y trampa Van Somer con pescado de agua dulce en descomposición. En total se capturaron 15.356 especímenes pertenecientes a cuatro familias y 287 especies de abejas. Esto corresponde al 62 por ciento del número total de especies de abejas conocidas para Colombia. Aproximadamente el 50 por ciento de todos los individuos fueron abejas sociales sin aguijón (Apidae, Meliponini). Trigona (Trigona) fulviventris fue la especie más abundante (~10 por ciento) en todo el muestreo. Augochlora y Megachile fueron los géneros con mayor número de especies. El pastizal y rastrojo alto presentaron los mayores índices de diversidad y riqueza de abejas y fueron significativamente más altos que los del bosque y rastrojo bajo. En todos los estados sucesionales, excepto por el bosque, el número de especies nuevas por muestra tendió a cero, y las curvas de acumulación de especies tendieron a normalizarse con el tiempo y aumento en el área de muestreo. La red entomológica fue el método más eficiente en todos los estados sucesionales, excepto en el bosque, donde el mayor número de especies e individuos fueron capturados con la trampa Van Somer. Sin embargo, en todos los estados sucesionales un mayor porcentaje (50 por ciento) de especies raras fueron colectadas con Malaise. El número de especies nuevas colectadas en cada muestra y las curvas de acumulación de especies sugieren que el muestreo...