Hepatitis C screening, diagnosis, and cascade of care among people aged > 40 years in Brasilia, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Identifying patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and enhancing the cascade of care are essential for eliminating HCV infection. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of positive anti-HCV serology in Brasilia, Brazil, and evaluate the efficiency of the cascade of care for HCV-positive individuals. METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed 57,697 rapid screening tests for hepatitis C in individuals aged > 40 years between June 2018 and June 2019. HCV-positive patients were contacted and scheduled to undergo the HCV RNA viral test, genotyping, and transient elastography. RESULTS: The prevalence of positive serology was 0.27%. Among 161 patients with positive anti-HCV serology, 124 (77%) were contacted, 109 (67.7%) were tested for HCV RNA viral load, and 69 (42.8%) had positive results. Genotype 1 (75%) was the most prevalent genotype. Among 65 patients (94.2%) who underwent transient elastography, 30 (46.2%) presented with advanced fibrosis. Additionally, of the 161 patients, 55 (34.1%) were referred for treatment, but only 39 (24.2%) complied, with 36 (22.4%) showing sustained virological response. By the end of the study, 16 patients were still awaiting to receive medication. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HCV-positive patients was low in Brasilia, and the gaps in the cascade of care for these patients were significantly below the targets of HCV infection elimination. This study opens new avenues for eliminating HCV infection and suggests that partnerships with clinical laboratories to conduct anti-HCV tests are a useful strategy to improve HCV diagnosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Brasília - UNB (CAAE number 77818317.2.0000.0030) and by the Ethics Committee of the Health Science Teaching and Research Foundation - FEPECS/SES/DF (CAAE number 77818317.2.3001.5553).

Lifewide profile of cytokine production by innate and adaptive immune cells from Brazilian individuals.

BACKGROUND: Immunosenescence is associated with several changes in adaptive and innate immune cells. Altered cytokine production is among the most prominent of these changes. The impact of age-related alterations on cytokine global profiles produced by distinct populations of leukocytes from healthy Brazilian individuals was studied. We analysed frequencies of cytokine-producing lymphocytes and innate immune cells from individuals at several ages spanning a lifetime period (0-85 years). RESULTS: Healthy adult individuals presented a balanced profile suggestive of a mature immune system with equal contributions of both innate and adaptive immunity and of both categories of cytokines (inflammatory and regulatory). In healthy newborns and elderly, innate immune cells, especially neutrophils and NK-cells, contributed the most to a balanced profile of cytokines. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the hypothesis that ageing is not associated with a progressive pro-inflammatory cytokine production by all leukocytes but rather with distinct fluctuations in the frequency of cytokine-producing cells throughout life.

Strategies for serum chemokine/cytokine assessment as biomarkers of therapeutic response in HCV patients as a prototype to monitor immunotherapy of infectious diseases.

In this study, strategies for serum biomarker assessment were developed for therapeutic monitoring of HCV patients. For this purpose, serum chemokine/cytokine levels were measured by cytometric-bead-array in HCV patients, categorized according to immunotherapy response as: non-responder/NR, relapser/REL and sustained-virologic-responder/SVR. The results demonstrated an overall increase of serum chemokine/cytokine levels in HCV patients. In general, therapeutic failure was associated with presence of a predominant baseline proinflammatory pattern with enhanced CCL5/RANTES, IFN-α, IFN-γ along with decreased IL-10 levels in NR and increased IL-6 and TNF in REL. SVR displayed lower baseline proinflammatory status with decreased CXCL8/IL-8, IL-12 and IL-17 levels. The inability to uphold IFN-α levels during immunotherapy was characteristic of NR. Serum chemokine/cytokine signatures further support the deleterious effect of proinflammatory baseline status and the critical role of increased/persistent IFN-α levels to guarantee the sustained virologic response. The prominent baseline proinflammatory milieu observed in NR and REL yielded a restricted biomarker network with small number of neighborhood connections, whereas SVR displayed a network with integrated cytokine connectivity. Noteworthy was that SVR presented a shift towards a proinflammatory pattern upon immunotherapy, assuming a pattern similar to that observed in NR and REL at baseline. Moreover, the immunotherapy guided REL towards a profile similar to SVR at baseline. Analysis of baseline-fold changes during treatment pointed out IFN-α and TNF as high-performance biomarkers to monitor immunotherapy outcome. This knowledge may contribute for novel insights into the treatment and control of the continuous public health threat posed by HCV infection worldwide.

Ocorrência de enteroparasitoses em crianças de creches na região do Vale do Aço? MG, Brasil / Occurrence of intestinal parasites in children from daycare centers at Vale do Aço? MG, Brazil

Parasitoses intestinais constituem um importante problema de saúde pública e, dentre os indivíduos acometidos, as crianças constituem um grupo de grande relevância. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência das parasitoses intestinais em 93 crianças matriculadas em creches municipais do Vale do Aço ? MG. As amostras foram obtidas no segundo semestre de 2010 e submetidas à técnica de sedimentação espontânea de Lutz. A prevalência global de enteroparasitoses foi de 36,6% (34 crianças). Os parasitos mais prevalentes foram Giardia intestinalis (24,7%) e Entamoeba histolytica (6,5%). Os parasitos menos frequentes foram Hymenolepis nana, Ascaris lumbricoides e Taenia sp. com prevalência de 1,1%. Não houve diferença estatística significante entre as creches avaliadas quanto à prevalência de parasitose intestinal. A maioria das crianças parasitadas não apresentava diarreia. Os resultados apontam que ainda há uma prevalência importante de parasitoses intestinais em crianças na faixa etária de até seis anos, principalmente giardíase. Tal fato corrobora para a importância do papel do diagnóstico e da prevenção através das melhorias de saneamento básico e de educação em saúde.

Intestinal parasites are a major public health problem and children are the group most affected. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasites in 93 children of daycare centers in the Vale do Aço ? MG. Samples were obtained in the second half of 2010 and submitted to sedimentation method of Lutz. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was of 36.6 %. The most prevalent parasites were Giardia intestinalis (24.7%) and Entamoeba histolytica (6.5%). The less common parasites found were Hymenolepis nana, Ascaris lumbricoides and Taenia sp. with a prevalence of 1.1%. No statistically significant difference in prevalence was observed among daycare centers. The majority of parasitized children had no diarrhea. The results show that there is still an important prevalence of intestinal parasites in children aged up to six years, especially giardiasis. This fact confirms the importance of the diagnosis and prevention by improved sanitation and health education.

Aspectos clínicos da hepatite C crônica: experiência do Ambulatório de Hepatites Virais/Instituto ALFA de Gastroenterologia/Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG / Clinical aspects of chronic hepatitis C: experience of the Ambulatório de Hepatites Virais/Instituto ALFA de Gastroenterologia/Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG/MG/Brazil

Este estudo retrospectivo investigou os aspectos clínicos de 295 pacientes com hepatite C crônica. A idade variou entre 13 e 81 anos (mediana=49 anos) sendo 55% entre 40 a 60 anos. O fator de risco principal foi hemotransfusão, seguido pelo uso de drogas injetáveis. A maioria dos casos era assintomática. Cinqüenta por cento dos pacientes apresentavam complicações da cirrose hepática ao diagnóstico. Não houve associação entre o genótipo e a gravidade da fibrose hepática. Os fenômenos auto-imunes foram diagnosticados em 10% dos pacientes. A ALT estava aumentada em 69% dos casos. Trinta e dois por cento tinham ALT normal e 8% destes eram cirróticos. Somente 26% dos pacientes tratados com interferon mais ribavirina por 48 semanas apresentaram resposta virológica sustentada. Os resultados deste estudo alertam para a alta morbidade da hepatite C no nosso meio.

Clinical aspects of chronic hepatitis C in a retrospective study including 295 patients were studied. The age ranged from 13 to 81 years (mean = 49 years); 55% were 40 to 60 years old. The mainly risk factor to infection was blood transfusion, followed by drug injection. Most patients were asymptomatic but 50% had cirrhosis by the time of diagnosis. Genotype was not related to worse status of fibrosis. Auto-immune events appeared in 10% of patients. High and normal levels of alanine-aminotransferase (ALT) were found in 69% and 32% of the patients, respectively. Eight per cent of the patients with normal levels of ALT were cirrhotic. Only 26% of treated patients had sustained response to virus after treatment with interferon and ribavirin for 48 weeks. The results show a high morbidity.