Motion corrected silent ZTE neuroimaging.

PURPOSE: To develop self-navigated motion correction for 3D silent zero echo time (ZTE) based neuroimaging and characterize its performance for different types of head motion. METHODS: The proposed method termed MERLIN (Motion Estimation & Retrospective correction Leveraging Interleaved Navigators) achieves self-navigation by using interleaved 3D phyllotaxis k-space sampling. Low resolution navigator images are reconstructed continuously throughout the ZTE acquisition using a sliding window and co-registered in image space relative to a fixed reference position. Rigid body motion corrections are then applied retrospectively to the k-space trajectory and raw data and reconstructed into a final, high-resolution ZTE image. RESULTS: MERLIN demonstrated successful and consistent motion correction for magnetization prepared ZTE images for a range of different instructed motion paradigms. The acoustic noise response of the self-navigated phyllotaxis trajectory was found to be only slightly above ambient noise levels (<4 dBA). CONCLUSION: Silent ZTE imaging combined with MERLIN addresses two major challenges intrinsic to MRI (i.e., subject motion and acoustic noise) in a synergistic and integrated manner without increase in scan time and thereby forms a versatile and powerful framework for clinical and research MR neuroimaging applications.

Revealing the mechanisms behind novel auditory stimuli discrimination: An evaluation of silent functional MRI using looping star.

Looping Star is a near-silent, multi-echo, 3D functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique. It reduces acoustic noise by at least 25dBA, with respect to gradient-recalled echo echo-planar imaging (GRE-EPI)-based fMRI. Looping Star has successfully demonstrated sensitivity to the cerebral blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) response during block design paradigms but has not been applied to event-related auditory perception tasks. Demonstrating Looping Star's sensitivity to such tasks could (a) provide new insights into auditory processing studies, (b) minimise the need for invasive ear protection, and (c) facilitate the translation of numerous fMRI studies to investigations in sound-averse patients. We aimed to demonstrate, for the first time, that multi-echo Looping Star has sufficient sensitivity to the BOLD response, compared to that of GRE-EPI, during a well-established event-related auditory discrimination paradigm: the "oddball" task. We also present the first quantitative evaluation of Looping Star's test-retest reliability using the intra-class correlation coefficient. Twelve participants were scanned using single-echo GRE-EPI and multi-echo Looping Star fMRI in two sessions. Random-effects analyses were performed, evaluating the overall response to tones and differential tone recognition, and intermodality analyses were computed. We found that multi-echo Looping Star exhibited consistent sensitivity to auditory stimulation relative to GRE-EPI. However, Looping Star demonstrated lower test-retest reliability in comparison with GRE-EPI. This could reflect differences in functional sensitivity between the techniques, though further study is necessary with additional cognitive paradigms as varying cognitive strategies between sessions may arise from elimination of acoustic scanner noise.

Silent T1 mapping using the variable flip angle method with B1 correction.

PURPOSE: To compare the silent rotating ultrafast imaging sequence (RUFIS) to a traditional Cartesian spoiled gradient-echo (SPGR) acquisition scheme for variable flip angle (VFA) T1 mapping. METHODS: A two-point VFA measurement was performed using RUFIS and Cartesian SPGR in a quantitative phantom and healthy volunteers. To correct for B1 errors, a novel silent magnetization prepared B1 map acquisition (SIMBA) was developed, which combined with RUFIS VFA allows for a completely silent T1 mapping protocol. RESULTS: The silent protocol was found to have comparable repeatability but higher reproducibility in vivo compared to the standard SPGR protocol, and showed no increase in acoustic noise levels above background noise levels compared to a 33 dBA increase for the SPGR acquisition. CONCLUSIONS: VFA T1 mapping using RUFIS is a feasible alternative to SPGR, achieving silent T1 mapping with comparable acquisition time.

Looping Star fMRI in Cognitive Tasks and Resting State.

BACKGROUND: Conventional T2 *-weighted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is performed with echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequences that create substantial acoustic noise. The loud acoustic noise not only affects the activation of the auditory cortex, but may also interfere with resting state and task fMRI experiments. PURPOSE: To demonstrate the feasibility of a novel, quiet, T2 *, whole-brain blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD)-fMRI method, termed Looping Star, compared to conventional multislice gradient-echo EPI. STUDY TYPE: Prospective. PHANTOM/SUBJECTS: Glover stability QA phantom; 10 healthy volunteers. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 3.0T: gradient echo (GE)-EPI and T2 * Looping Star fMRI. ASSESSMENT: Looping Star fMRI was presented and compared to GE-EPI with a working memory (WM) task and resting state (RS) experiments. Temporal stability and acoustic measurements were obtained for both methods. Functional maps and activation accuracy were compared to evaluate the performance of the novel sequence. STATISTICAL TESTS: Mean and standard deviation values were analyzed for temporal stability and acoustic noise tests. Activation maps were assessed with one-sample t-tests and contrast estimates (CE). Paired t-tests and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) were used to compare fMRI sensitivity and performance. RESULTS: Looping Star presented a 98% reduction in sound pressure compared with GE-EPI, with stable temporal stability (0.09% percent fluctuation), but reduced temporal signal-to-noise ratio (tSNR) (mean difference = 15.9%). The novel method yielded consistent activations for RS and WM (83.4% and 69.5% relative BOLD sensitivity), which increased with task difficulty (mean CE 2-back = 0.56 vs. 0-back = 0.08, P < 0.05). A few differences in spatial activations were found between sequences, leading to a 4-8% lower activation accuracy with Looping Star. DATA CONCLUSION: Looping Star provides a suitable approach for whole-brain coverage with sufficient spatiotemporal resolution and BOLD sensitivity, with only 0.5 dB above ambient noise. From the comparison with GE-EPI, further developments of Looping Star fMRI should target increased sensitivity and spatial specificity for both RS and task experiments. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2. TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:739-751.

Evaluation of self-calibrated non-linear phase-contrast correction in pediatric and congenital cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND: The need for background error correction in phase-contrast flow analysis has historically posed a challenge in cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. While previous studies have shown that phantom correction improves flow measurements, it impedes scanner workflow. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of self-calibrated non-linear phase-contrast correction on flows in pediatric and congenital cardiac MR compared to phantom correction as the standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively identified children who had great-vessel phase-contrast and static phantom sequences acquired between January 2015 and June 2015. We applied a novel correction method to each phase-contrast sequence post hoc. Uncorrected, non-linear, and phantom-corrected flows were compared using intraclass correlation. We used paired t-tests to compare how closely non-linear and uncorrected flows approximated phantom-corrected flows. In children without intra- or extracardiac shunts or significant semilunar valvular regurgitation, we used paired t-tests to compare how closely the uncorrected pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio (Qp:Qs) and non-linear Qp:Qs approximated phantom-corrected Qp:Qs. RESULTS: We included 211 diagnostic-quality phase-contrast sequences (93 aorta, 74 main pulmonary artery [MPA], 21 left pulmonary artery [LPA], 23 right pulmonary artery [RPA]) from 108 children (median age 15 years, interquartile range 11-18 years). Intraclass correlation showed strong agreement between non-linear and phantom-corrected flow measurements but also between uncorrected and phantom-corrected flow measurements. Non-linear flow measurements did not more closely approximate phantom-corrected measurements than did uncorrected measurements for any vessel. In 39 children without significant shunting or regurgitation, mean non-linear Qp:Qs (1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01, 1.13) was no closer than mean uncorrected Qp:Qs (1.06; 95% CI = 1.00, 1.13) to mean phantom-corrected Qp:Qs (1.02; 95% CI = 0.98, 1.06). CONCLUSION: Despite strong agreement between self-calibrated non-linear and phantom correction, cardiac flows and shunt calculations with non-linear correction were no closer to phantom-corrected measurements than those without background correction. However, phantom-corrected flows also demonstrated minimal differences from uncorrected flows. These findings suggest that in the current era, more accurate phase-contrast flow measurements might limit the need for background correction. Further investigation of the clinical impact and optimal methods of background correction in the pediatric and congenital cardiac population is needed.

Looping Star.

PURPOSE: To introduce a novel MR pulse sequence, termed Looping Star, for fast, robust, and yet quiet, 3D radial multi-gradient echo T2* MR imaging. METHODS: The Looping Star pulse sequence is based on the 3D radial Rotating Ultra-Fast Imaging Sequence (RUFIS) extended by a time-multiplexed gradient-refocusing mechanism. First, multiple magnetic coherences are excited, which are subsequently gradient-refocused in form of a looping k-space trajectory. Accordingly, Looping Star captures an initial FID image followed by gradient echo images at equidistant echo times. RESULTS: Looping Star was demonstrated in phantom and in vivo volunteer experiments for 3D, high resolution T2* weighted imaging, T2* mapping, and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). The method is fast, quiet, and robust against imperfections including Eddy currents, motion, and geometric distortions. When applied to a motor task fMRI experiment a BOLD sensitivity of 5% was achieved at minimal acoustic noise (i.e. 2.7 dB(A) above ambient noise) and with images congruent to other anatomical scans. CONCLUSIONS: Looping Star imaging provides new and exciting opportunities for fast, robust and yet quiet T2* MR imaging. Potential applications include T2*-weighted imaging, T2* mapping, QSM, and fMRI.

Silent T2* and T2 encoding using ZTE combined with BURST.

PURPOSE: To obtain T2* and T2 -weighted images as well as quantitative T2* , T2 , and susceptibility maps with a novel, silent 3D imaging method, which combines zero-echo-time (ZTE) imaging with gradient- and spin-echo BURST encoding. METHODS: After a segment of standard ZTE encoding with multiple 3D radial k-space spokes, the direction of traversing k-space is reversed while excitation is switched off. This recalls gradient echoes for each spoke/excitation. This results in multiple images: one FID image from ZTE and multiple BURST echo images at different echo times weighted by a T2* decay. By adding a pair of 180° pulses with an appropriate wait period, it is also possible to obtain spin echoes, leading to T2 -weighted images. Data is reconstructed using standard 3D gridding and Fourier transformation. In vivo feasibility was demonstrated by imaging the brain of multiple healthy volunteers. RESULTS: It is possible to acquire high-quality T2* - and T2 -weighted brain images in a silent manner. From images acquired with gradient-echo ZTE-BURST, it is possible to extract quantitative T2* and magnetic susceptibility maps, whereas the spin echo version yields T2 maps. CONCLUSION: ZTE combined with BURST enables silent acquisition of T2* - and T2 -weighted images with good image quality.

Accelerated multi-snapshot free-breathing B1+ mapping based on the dual refocusing echo acquisition mode technique (DREAM): An alternative to measure RF nonuniformity for cardiac MRI.

BACKGROUND: Field inhomogeneities in MRI caused by interactions between the radiofrequency field and the patient anatomy can lead to artifacts and contrast variations, consequently degrading the overall image quality and thereby compromising diagnostic value of the images. PURPOSE: To develop an efficient free-breathing and motion-robust B1+ mapping method that allows for the investigation of spatial homogeneity of the transmitted radiofrequency field in the myocardium at 3.0T. Three joint approaches are used to adapt the dual refocusing echo acquisition mode (DREAM) sequence for cardiac applications: (1) electrocardiograph triggering; (2) a multi-snapshot undersampling scheme, which relies on the Golden Ratio, to accelerate the acquisition; and (3) motion-compensation based on low-resolution images acquired in each snapshot. STUDY TYPE: Prospective. PHANTOM/SUBJECTS: Eurospin II T05 system, torso phantom, and five healthy volunteers. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 3.0T/DREAM. ASSESSMENT: The proposed method was compared with the Bloch-Siegert shift (BSS) method and validated against the standard DREAM sequence. Cardiac B1+ maps were obtained in free-breathing and breath-hold as a proof of concept of the in vivo performance of the proposed method. STATISTICAL TESTS: Mean and standard deviation (SD) values were analyzed for six standard regions of interest within the myocardium. Repeatability was assessed in terms of SD and coefficient of variation. RESULTS: Phantom results indicated low deviation from the BSS method (mean difference = 3%). Equivalent B1+ distributions for free-breathing and breath-hold in vivo experiments demonstrated the motion robustness of this method with good repeatability (SD < 0.05). The amount of B1+ variations was found to be 26% over the myocardium within a short axis slice. DATA CONCLUSION: The feasibility of a cardiac B1+ mapping method with high spatial resolution in a reduced scan time per trigger was demonstrated. The free-breathing characteristic could be beneficial to determine shim components for multi-channel systems, currently limited to two for a single breath-hold. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:499-507.

Quiet and distortion-free, whole brain BOLD fMRI using T2 -prepared RUFIS.

PURPOSE: To develop and evaluate a novel MR method that addresses some of the most eminent technical challenges of current BOLD-based fMRI in terms of 1) acoustic noise and 2) geometric distortions and signal dropouts. METHODS: A BOLD-sensitive fMRI pulse sequence was designed that first generates T2-weighted magnetization (using a T2 preparation module) and subsequently undergoes three-dimensional (3D) radial encoding using a rotating ultrafast imaging sequence (RUFIS). The method was tested on healthy volunteers at 3T with motor, visual, and auditory tasks, and compared relative to standard gradient and spin echo planar imaging (EPI) methods. RESULTS: In combination with parallel imaging the method achieves efficient and robust 3D whole brain coverage (3 mm isotropic resolution in 2.65 s scan time). Compared with standard EPI-based fMRI, the method demonstrated 1) T2-weighted imaging clean of geometrical distortions and signal dropout, 2) an acoustic noise reduction of ∼40 dB(A), and 3) a consistent BOLD response that is less sensitive (∼1.3% BOLD change) but spatially more specific. CONCLUSION: T2-prepared RUFIS provides quiet and distortion-free whole brain BOLD fMRI with minimal demands on the gradient performance. In particular, auditory fMRI and/or studies involving brain regions near air-tissue interfaces are expected to greatly benefit from the proposed method, especially if performed at ultrahigh field strengths.

Disparate connectivity for structural and functional networks is revealed when physical location of the connected nodes is considered.

Macroscopic brain networks have been widely described with the manifold of metrics available using graph theory. However, most analyses do not incorporate information about the physical position of network nodes. Here, we provide a multimodal macroscopic network characterization while considering the physical positions of nodes. To do so, we examined anatomical and functional macroscopic brain networks in a sample of twenty healthy subjects. Anatomical networks are obtained with a graph based tractography algorithm from diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images (DW-MRI). Anatomical connections identified via DW-MRI provided probabilistic constraints for determining the connectedness of 90 different brain areas. Functional networks are derived from temporal linear correlations between blood-oxygenation level-dependent signals derived from the same brain areas. Rentian Scaling analysis, a technique adapted from very-large-scale integration circuits analyses, shows that functional networks are more random and less optimized than the anatomical networks. We also provide a new metric that allows quantifying the global connectivity arrangements for both structural and functional networks. While the functional networks show a higher contribution of inter-hemispheric connections, the anatomical networks highest connections are identified in a dorsal-ventral arrangement. These results indicate that anatomical and functional networks present different connectivity organizations that can only be identified when the physical locations of the nodes are included in the analysis.

Impact of Various Non-Contrast-Enhanced MRA Techniques on Lumen Visibility in Vascular Flow Models with a Surpass Evolve Flow Diverter.

BACKGROUND: Silent MRA has shown promising results in evaluating the stents used for intracranial aneurysm treatment. A deep learning-based denoising and deranging algorithm was recently introduced by GE HealthCare. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of several MRA techniques regarding lumen visibility in silicone models with flow diverter stents. METHODS: Two Surpass Evolve stents of different sizes were implanted in two silicone tubes. The tubes were placed in separate boxes in the straight position and in two different curve configurations and connected to a pulsatile pump to construct a flow loop. Using a 3.0T MRI scanner, TOF and silent MRA images were acquired, and deep learning reconstruction was applied to the silent MRA dataset. The intraluminal signal intensity in the stent (SIin-stent), in the tube outside the stent (SIvessel), and of the background (SIbg) were measured for each scan. RESULTS: The SIin-stent/SIbg and SIin-stent/SIv ratios were higher in the silent scans and DL-based reconstructions than in the TOF images. The stent tips created severe artefacts in the TOF images, which could not be observed in the silent scans. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that the DL reconstruction algorithm improves the quality of the silent MRA technique in evaluating the flow diverter stent patency.

Changes in resting-state functionally connected parietofrontal networks after videogame practice.

Neuroimaging studies provide evidence for organized intrinsic activity under task-free conditions. This activity serves functionally relevant brain systems supporting cognition. Here, we analyze changes in resting-state functional connectivity after videogame practice applying a test-retest design. Twenty young females were selected from a group of 100 participants tested on four standardized cognitive ability tests. The practice and control groups were carefully matched on their ability scores. The practice group played during two sessions per week across 4 weeks (16 h total) under strict supervision in the laboratory, showing systematic performance improvements in the game. A group independent component analysis (GICA) applying multisession temporal concatenation on test-retest resting-state fMRI, jointly with a dual-regression approach, was computed. Supporting the main hypothesis, the key finding reveals an increased correlated activity during rest in certain predefined resting state networks (albeit using uncorrected statistics) attributable to practice with the cognitively demanding tasks of the videogame. Observed changes were mainly concentrated on parietofrontal networks involved in heterogeneous cognitive functions.

Kat-ARC accelerated 4D flow CMR: clinical validation for transvalvular flow and peak velocity assessment.

BACKGROUND: To validate the k-adaptive-t autocalibrating reconstruction for Cartesian sampling (kat-ARC), an exclusive sparse reconstruction technique for four-dimensional (4D) flow cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) using conservation of mass principle applied to transvalvular flow. METHODS: This observational retrospective study (2020/21-075) was approved by the local ethics committee at the University of East Anglia. Consent was waived. Thirty-five patients who had a clinical CMR scan were included. CMR protocol included cine and 4D flow using Kat-ARC acceleration factor 6. No respiratory navigation was applied. For validation, the agreement between mitral net flow (MNF) and the aortic net flow (ANF) was investigated. Additionally, we checked the agreement between peak aortic valve velocity derived by 4D flow and that derived by continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography in 20 patients. RESULTS: The median age of our patient population was 63 years (interquartile range [IQR] 54-73), and 18/35 (51%) were male. Seventeen (49%) patients had mitral regurgitation, and seven (20%) patients had aortic regurgitation. Mean acquisition time was 8 ± 4 min. MNF and ANF were comparable: 60 mL (51-78) versus 63 mL (57-77), p = 0.310). There was an association between MNF and ANF (rho = 0.58, p < 0.001). Peak aortic valve velocity by Doppler and 4D flow were comparable (1.40 m/s, [1.30-1.75] versus 1.46 m/s [1.25-2.11], p = 0.602) and also correlated with each other (rho = 0.77, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Kat-ARC accelerated 4D flow CMR quantified transvalvular flow in accordance with the conservation of mass principle and is primed for clinical translation.

Silent zero TE MR neuroimaging: Current state-of-the-art and future directions.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners produce loud acoustic noise originating from vibrational Lorentz forces induced by rapidly changing currents in the magnetic field gradient coils. Using zero echo time (ZTE) MRI pulse sequences, gradient switching can be reduced to a minimum, which enables near silent operation.Besides silent MRI, ZTE offers further interesting characteristics, including a nominal echo time of TE = 0 (thus capturing short-lived signals from MR tissues which are otherwise MR-invisible), 3D radial sampling (providing motion robustness), and ultra-short repetition times (providing fast and efficient scanning).In this work we describe the main concepts behind ZTE imaging with a focus on conceptual understanding of the imaging sequences, relevant acquisition parameters, commonly observed image artefacts, and image contrasts. We will further describe a range of methods for anatomical and functional neuroimaging, together with recommendations for successful implementation.

Silent 3D MR sequence for quantitative and multicontrast T1 and proton density imaging.

This study aims to develop a silent, fast and 3D method for T1 and proton density (PD) mapping, while generating time series of T1-weighted (T1w) images with bias-field correction. Undersampled T1w images at different effective inversion times (TIs) were acquired using the inversion recovery prepared RUFIS sequence with an interleaved k-space trajectory. Unaliased images were reconstructed by constraining the signal evolution to a temporal subspace which was learned from the signal model. Parameter maps were obtained by fitting the data to the signal model, and bias-field correction was conducted on T1w images. Accuracy and repeatability of the method was accessed in repeated experiments with phantom and volunteers. For the phantom study, T1 values obtained by the proposed method were highly consistent with values from the gold standard method, R2 = 0.9976. Coefficients of variation (CVs) ranged from 0.09% to 0.83%. For the volunteer study, T1 values from gray and white matter regions were consistent with literature values, and peaks of gray and white matter can be clearly delineated on whole-brain T1 histograms. CVs ranged from 0.01% to 2.30%. The acoustic noise measured at the scanner isocenter was 2.6 dBA higher compared to the in-bore background. Rapid and with low acoustic noise, the proposed method is shown to produce accurate T1 and PD maps with high repeatability by reconstructing sparsely sampled T1w images at different TIs using temporal subspace. Our approach can greatly enhance patient comfort during examination and therefore increase the acceptance of the procedure.

Silent myelin-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.

Background: Inhomogeneous Magnetization Transfer (ihMT) is an emerging, uniquely myelin-specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast. Current ihMT acquisitions utilise fast Gradient Echo sequences which are among the most acoustically noisy MRI sequences, reducing patient comfort during acquisition. We sought to address this by modifying a near silent MRI sequence to include ihMT contrast. Methods: A Magnetization Transfer preparation module was incorporated into a radial Zero Echo-Time sequence. Repeatability of the ihMT ratio and inverse ihMT ratio were assessed in a cohort of healthy subjects. We also investigated how head orientation affects ihMT across subjects, as a previous study in a single subject suggests this as a potential confound. Results: We demonstrated that ihMT ratios comparable to existing, acoustically loud, implementations could be obtained with the silent sequence. We observed a small but significant effect of head orientation on inverse ihMTR. Conclusions: Silent ihMT imaging is a comparable alternative to conventional, noisy, alternatives. For all future ihMT studies we recommend careful positioning of the subject within the scanner.

Altered brain rhythms and functional network disruptions involved in patients with generalized fixation-off epilepsy.

Generalized Fixation-off Sensitivity (CGE-FoS) patients present abnormal EEG patterns when losing fixation. In the present work, we studied two CGE-FoS epileptic patients with simultaneous EEG-fMRI. We aim to identify brain areas that are specifically related to the pathology by identifying the brain networks that are related to the EEG brain altered rhythms. Three main analyses were performed: EEG standalone, where the voltage fluctuations in delta, alpha, and beta EEG bands were obtained; fMRI standalone, where resting-state fMRI ICA analyses for opened and closed eyes conditions were computed per subject; and, EEG-informed fMRI, where EEG delta, alpha and beta oscillations were used to analyze fMRI. Patient 1 showed EEG abnormalities for lower beta band EEG brain rhythm. Fluctuations of this rhythm were correlated with a brain network mainly composed by temporo-frontal areas only found in the closed eyes condition. Patient 2 presented alterations in all the EEG brain rhythms (delta, alpha, beta) under study when closing eyes. Several biologically relevant brain networks highly correlated (r > 0.7) to each other in the closed eyes condition were found. EEG-informed fMRI results in patient 2 showed hypersynchronized patterns in the fMRI correlation spatial maps. The obtained findings allow a differential diagnosis for each patient and different profiles with respect to healthy volunteers. The results suggest a different disruption in the functional brain networks of these patients that depends on their altered brain rhythms. This knowledge could be used to treat these patients by novel brain stimulation approaches targeting specific altered brain networks in each patient.

Objective assessment of olfactory function using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To show the results of a device that generates automated olfactory stimuli suitable for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten normal volunteers, 5 women and 5 men, were studied. The system allows the programming of several sequences, providing the capability to synchronise the onset of odour presentation with acquisition by a trigger signal of the MRI scanner. The olfactometer is a device that allows selection of the odour, the event paradigm, the time of stimuli and the odour concentration. The paradigm used during fMRI scanning consisted of 15-s blocks. The odorant event took 2s with butanol, mint and coffee. RESULTS: We observed olfactory activity in the olfactory bulb, entorhinal cortex (4%), amygdala (2.5%) and temporo-parietal cortex, especially in the areas related to emotional integration. CONCLUSIONS: The device has demonstrated its effectiveness in stimulating olfactory areas and its capacity to adapt to fMRI equipment.