The canonical α-SNAP is essential for gametophytic development in Arabidopsis.

The development of male and female gametophytes is a pre-requisite for successful reproduction of angiosperms. Factors mediating vesicular trafficking are among the key regulators controlling gametophytic development. Fusion between vesicles and target membranes requires the assembly of a fusogenic soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) complex, whose disassembly in turn ensures the recycle of individual SNARE components. The disassembly of post-fusion SNARE complexes is controlled by the AAA+ ATPase N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (Sec18/NSF) and soluble NSF attachment protein (Sec17/α-SNAP) in yeast and metazoans. Although non-canonical α-SNAPs have been functionally characterized in soybeans, the biological function of canonical α-SNAPs has yet to be demonstrated in plants. We report here that the canonical α-SNAP in Arabidopsis is essential for male and female gametophytic development. Functional loss of the canonical α-SNAP in Arabidopsis results in gametophytic lethality by arresting the first mitosis during gametogenesis. We further show that Arabidopsis α-SNAP encodes two isoforms due to alternative splicing. Both isoforms interact with the Arabidopsis homolog of NSF whereas have distinct subcellular localizations. The presence of similar alternative splicing of human α-SNAP indicates that functional distinction of two α-SNAP isoforms is evolutionarily conserved.

Simple method for transformation and gene editing in medicinal plants.

A sample delivery method, modified from cut-dip-budding, uses explants with robust shoot regeneration ability, enabling transformation and gene editing in medicinal plants, bypassing tissue culture and hairy root formation. This method has potential for applications across a wide range of plant species.

Breeding exceptionally fragrant soybeans for soy milk with strong aroma.

Knockout of the soybean (Glycine max) betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase genes GmBADH1 and GmBADH2 using CRISPR/Cas12i3 enhances the aroma of soybeans. Soy milk made from the gmbadh1/2 double mutant seeds exhibits a much stronger aroma, which consumers prefer; this mutant has potential for enhancing quality in soy-based products.

Knockout of miR396 genes increases seed size and yield in soybean.

Yield improvement has long been an important task for soybean breeding in the world in order to meet the increasing demand for food and animal feed. miR396 genes have been shown to negatively regulate grain size in rice, but whether miR396 family members may function in a similar manner in soybean is unknown. Here, we generated eight soybean mutants harboring different combinations of homozygous mutations in the six soybean miR396 genes through genome editing with clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease (Cas)12SF01 in the elite soybean cultivar Zhonghuang 302 (ZH302). Four triple mutants (mir396aci, mir396acd, mir396adf, and mir396cdf), two quadruple mutants (mir396abcd and mir396acfi), and two quintuple mutants (mir396abcdf and mir396bcdfi) were characterized. We found that plants of all the mir396 mutants produced larger seeds compared to ZH302 plants. Field tests showed that mir396adf and mir396cdf plants have significantly increased yield in growth zones with relatively high latitude which are suited for ZH302 and moderately increased yield in lower latitude. In contrast, mir396abcdf and mir396bcdfi plants have increased plant height and decreased yield in growth zones with relatively high latitude due to lodging issues, but they are suited for low latitude growth zones with increased yield without lodging problems. Taken together, our study demonstrated that loss-of-function of miR396 genes leads to significantly enlarged seed size and increased yield in soybean, providing valuable germplasms for breeding high-yield soybean.

Strengthening Fe(II)/Fe(III) Dynamic Cycling by Surface Sulfation to Achieve Efficient Electrochemical Uranium Extraction at Ultralow Cell Voltage.

Electrochemically mediated Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox-coupled uranium extraction can efficiently reduce the cell voltage of electrochemical uranium extraction (EUE). How to regulate the surface structure to enhance the uranium acyl ion adsorption capacity and strengthen the Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox cycle process is crucial for EUE. In this work, we developed surface sulfated nanoreduced iron (S-NRI) for EUE and exhibited improved properties for EUE at an ultralow cell voltage (-0.1 V). Compared with a nanoreduced iron (NRI) adsorbent, S-NRI displayed faster electrochemical extraction kinetics properties and higher extraction efficiency and capacity for uranium. In a more complex seawater electrolyte containing uranyl ion concentration ranging from 1 to 20 ppm, the removal efficiency could reach almost ∼100% after EUE for 24 h. At a higher 50 ppm uranium acyl ion concentration in a seawater electrolyte, S-NRI exhibited higher extraction capacity (755.03 mg/g), which is better than 528.53 mg/g of NRI at a cell voltage of -0.1 V. Outstanding EUE property could be attributed to the fact that sulfate species (M-SO42-) on the S-NRI surface not only enhanced selective adsorption of uranyl ions but also strengthened the Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox cycle, which accelerated electron transfer between Fe(II) and U(VI), promoted the regeneration of Fe(II) active sites, and finally enhanced the EUE property.

AHSG, a Gene Promoting Tumour Proliferation, Migration and Invasion, is an Independent Prognostic Factor for Poor Overall Survival in Lung Adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have shown that the metabolic process-related gene AHSG is involved in multiple pathological processes of tumours. This study will explore the relationship between AHSG and lung adenocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Expression analysis, survival analysis and co-expression analysis of AHSG were performed using a public database, and cytological and molecular biology assays were performed to explore the role of AHSG in lung adenocarcinoma. RESULT: Compared with normal tissues, AHSG expression was significantly higher in cancer tissues in the TCGA-LUAD database, and pan-cancer analysis revealed abnormal AHSG expression in different kinds of tumours. Survival analysis revealed that compared with the low expression group, the patients in the high expression group had a significantly worse overall survival duration in the TCGA-LUAD database, and a subsequent study confirmed that AHSG expression could be an independent prognostic factor of overall survival in lung adenocarcinoma. AHSG-related genes are involved in multiple physiological and pathophysiological pathways. In subsequent cytological and molecular biology experiments, inhibition of AHSG expression suppressed proliferation, migration and invasion in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, and the EMT process was blocked after knockdown of AHSG. CONCLUSION: AHSG could be used as a prognostic factor for OS in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. It can promote the biological behaviour of lung adenocarcinoma and may become a potential target for treatment, which is worthy of further study.

Electrochemical-Mediated Regenerable FeII Active Sites for Efficient Uranium Extraction at Ultra-Low Cell Voltage.

Nano-reduced iron (NRI) is a promising uranium adsorbent due to its strong reducibility and good selectivity, but it still faces the challenges of slow kinetics, limited and non-renewable active sites. In this work, we realized high efficiency uranium extraction under ultra-low cell voltage (-0.1 V) in seawater with 20 ppm UO2 (NO3 )2 solution by coupling electrochemical mediated FeII /FeIII redox and uranium extraction. The adsorption capacity and extraction efficiency of NRI after electrochemical uranium extraction (EUE) could reach 452 mg/g and 99.1 %, respectively. Combined with quasi-operando/operando characterization technologies, we clarified the mechanism of EUE and revealed that continuously regenerating FeII active sites by electroreduction could significantly enhance the property of EUE. This work here provides a new electrochemical mediated and low energy consumption uranium extraction strategy which also provides a reference for other metal resource recovery.

Platinum Modulates Redox Properties and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Adsorption Kinetics of Ni(OH)2 for Biomass Upgrading.

Nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2 ) is a promising electrocatalyst for the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural oxidation reaction (HMFOR) and the dehydronated intermediates Ni(OH)O species are proved to be active sites for HMFOR. In this study, Ni(OH)2 is modified by platinum to adjust the electronic structure and the current density of HMFOR improves 8.2 times at the Pt/Ni(OH)2 electrode compared with that on Ni(OH)2 electrode. Operando methods reveal that the introduction of Pt optimized the redox property of Ni(OH)2 and accelerate the formation of Ni(OH)O during the catalytic process. Theoretical studies demonstrate that the enhanced Ni(OH)O formation kinetics originates from the reduced dehydrogenation energy of Ni(OH)2 . The product analysis and transition state simulation prove that the Pt also reduces adsorption energy of HMF with optimized adsorption behavior as Pt can act as the adsorption site of HMF. Overall, this work here provides a strategy to design an efficient and universal nickel-based catalyst for HMF electro-oxidation, which can also be extended to other Ni-based catalysts such as Ni(HCO3 )2 and NiO.

miR-6742-5p regulates the invasion and migration of lung adenocarcinoma cells via mediating FGF8/ERK12/MMP9/MMP2 signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the progression of Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), however, the functions of miR-6742-5p in LUAD remains unknown, thereby this study was carried on. METHODS: The mRNA and miRNA expression data from the LUAD and normal control were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, TargetScan and mirDIP were applied to predict the relationship between miR-6742-5p and FGF8.Q-PCR, western blot, dual-luciferase, wound Healing and transwell assays were performed to test the functions of miR-6742-5p in LUAD. RESULTS: Bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase identified FGF8 is the target-gene of miR-6742-5p, which is declined in LUAD of human tissues and cell lines, and miR-6742-5P OE suppressed the progression of LUAD in nude mice. MiR-6742-5p OE and KD suppressed or increased the abilities of LUAD' metastasis tested by wound healing and transwell assays H522 and PC-9 cells, these effects about miR-6742-5p OE were reversed by FGF8; miR-6742-5p OE, KD inhibited and increased the expression of FGF8 as its downstream p-ERK1/2, MMP-2/-9, these results were corrected by ERK1/2 inhibitor: Ro 67-7476; the miR-6742-5p KD increased the migrated and invaded cells and suppressed by MMPs inhibitor: S3304. These results identified the negative correlation of miR-6742-5p with FGF8-ERK1/2 signal pathway in LUAD progression. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that miR-6742-5p might be a regulator of LUAD progression by targeting FGF8/ERK1/2/MMPs signaling pathway, which provides a novel therapeutic target for LUAD.

Application of reversely connecting circular stapler technique in cervical esophagogastric anastomosis.

Introduction: The incidence of anastomotic leakage is relatively high (6-26%) in esophagogastrocervical anastomosis. The traditional anastomotic mode has high tissue tension in the process of anastomosis, which can easily cause tissue tear in the anastomotic area and increase the incidence of anastomotic leakage. Aim: To investigate the usefulness of reversely connecting circular stapler technique for reducing anastomotic tension and injury of the esophageal and gastric wall, preventing anastomotic leakage in minimally invasive McKeown esophagectomy. Material and methods: A total of 133 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent minimally invasive McKeown esophagectomy from January 2021 to December 2021 were collected. Characteristics, surgical data, and outcomes of patients were recorded and retrospectively analyzed. There were 83 patients in the reverse order connecting circular stapler group and 50 patients in the conventional order connecting group. Results: Anastomotic leakage was observed in 2 (2.4%) cases in the reverse order connecting circular stapler group. Compared with the conventional connection group, the reverse connecting group had lower incidence of anastomotic leakage, shorter anastomotic time, shorter hospital stay, and lower incidence of pulmonary and chest infections and hoarseness. Conclusions: The reversely connecting circular stapler technique could reduce the incidence of anastomotic leakage. The technique is simple to perform and easy to learn. Therefore, it is useful for the prevention of anastomotic leakage.

Intraosseous hibernoma in the rib.

A 64-year-old man was admitted with paroxysmal left-side thoracic pain. CT scan showed an irregular appearance, expansile, osteolytic lesion of the left seventh rib. Wide en bloc excision of the tumour was performed. Macroscopic examination showed that a 3.5 cm × 3.0 cm × 3.0 cm solid lesion with destruction of bone. Histological examination showed that the tumour cells were arranged in plate shaped and interspersed between the bone trabeculae. Mature adipocytes were noted in the tumour tissues. The immunohistochemical stainings showed that the vacuolated cells were positive for S-100 protein and negative for CD68 and CD34. These clinicopathological features were consistent with intraosseous hibernoma.

ABCA3, a tumor suppressor gene, inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma by regulating the epithelial­mesenchymal transition process.

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the most common types of lung cancer, which affects the life and health of patients. The role of ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 3 (ABCA3) in the occurrence and development of LUAD is unclear; therefore, ABCA3 expression in LUAD and other tumors was analyzed in the present study. In addition, ABCA3 expression in patients with LUAD and their survival were analyzed using a public database. ABCA3 co-expressed genes were identified and their enriched pathways were analyzed. Furthermore, ABCA3 expression was knocked down in LUAD cell lines. The proliferation, invasion and migration of cells, and the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), were studied through cytological and molecular biology experiments. Compared with that in normal lung tissues, ABCA3 expression was significantly reduced in tumor tissues. Patients with low ABCA3 expression had a markedly worse overall survival compared with those with high ABCA3 expression. Notably, abnormal ABCA3 expression has been observed in a variety of tumors. Subsequently, multiple pathophysiological pathways enriched by ABCA3 and its co-expressed genes were explored. Furthermore, the malignant behavior of tumor cells was enhanced when ABCA3 expression was knocked down, and the EMT process was activated after ABCA3 expression was knocked down. In conclusion, as a tumor suppressor gene, ABCA3 serves a protective role in the development of tumors, and may have a potential role in clinical applications, and thus, is worthy of further study.

PKNOX2 suppresses lung cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis.

PBX/knotted 1 homeobox 2 (PKNOX2) has been implicated in tumorigenesis; however, its role in lung cancer (LC) remains unknown. The present study thus aimed to examine the expression, regulation, function and clinical implication of PKNOX2 in LC. A series of experiments were performed, including Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, cell cycle analysis, wound-healing assay, Transwell assay, methylation-specific PCR and western blotting. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that PKNOX2 was a LC-related gene, and a decrease in its expression was found in LC tissues from three public datasets. The results of reverse transcription-quantitative PCR assays also confirmed that PKNOX2 mRNA expression was markedly downregulated in LC tissues (n=60, P<0.01) and in five types of LC cell lines, and this was associated with the promoter methylation of PKNOX2. In addition, PKNOX2 expression was significantly associated with tumor invasion (P<0.0001), lymph node metastasis (P=0.0057) and TNM stage (P=0.0003); however, it was not associated with sex, age, pathological type or distant metastasis. The data obtained in vitro demonstrated that PKNOX2 silencing promoted LC cell proliferation and inhibited cell cycle arrest, accompanied by an increase in the expression levels of cell cycle-related proteins (cyclinD1, cyclinE1, CDK2 and CDK4), whereas PKNOX2 overexpression exhibited the opposite trend. In addition, PKNOX2 inhibited the migration and invasion of LC cells. Mechanistically, PKNOX2 knockdown activated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by accelerating the phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT and mTOR, whereas PKNOX2 overexpression inactivated this signaling pathway. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggested that PKNOX2 may suppress LC cell proliferation by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis.

Cut-dip-budding delivery system enables genetic modifications in plants without tissue culture.

Of the more than 370 000 species of higher plants in nature, fewer than 0.1% can be genetically modified due to limitations of the current gene delivery systems. Even for those that can be genetically modified, the modification involves a tedious and costly tissue culture process. Here, we describe an extremely simple cut-dip-budding (CDB) delivery system, which uses Agrobacterium rhizogene to inoculate explants, generating transformed roots that produce transformed buds due to root suckering. We have successfully used CDB to achieve the heritable transformation of plant species in multiple plant families, including two herbaceous plants (Taraxacum kok-saghyz and Coronilla varia), a tuberous root plant (sweet potato), and three woody plant species (Ailanthus altissima, Aralia elata, and Clerodendrum chinense). These plants have previously been difficult or impossible to transform, but the CDB method enabled efficient transformation or gene editing in them using a very simple explant dipping protocol, under non-sterile conditions and without the need for tissue culture. Our work suggests that large numbers of plants could be amenable to genetic modifications using the CDB method.

Activated Ni-OH Bonds in a Catalyst Facilitates the Nucleophile Oxidation Reaction.

The nucleophile oxidation reaction (NOR) is of enormous significance for organic electrosynthesis and coupling for hydrogen generation. However, the nonuniform NOR mechanism limits its development. For the NOR, involving electrocatalysis and organic chemistry, both the electrochemical step and non-electrochemical process should be taken into account. The NOR of nickel-based hydroxides includes the electrogenerated dehydrogenation of the Ni2+ -OH bond and a spontaneous non-electrochemical process; the former determines the electrochemical activity, and the nucleophile oxidation pathway depends on the latter. Herein, the space-confinement-induced synthesis of Ni3 Fe layered double hydroxide intercalated with single-atom-layer Pt nanosheets (Ni3 Fe LDH-Pt NS) is reported. The synergy of interlayer Pt nanosheets and multiple defects activates Ni-OH bonds, thus exhibiting an excellent NOR performance. The spontaneous non-electrochemical steps of the NOR are revealed, such as proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET; Ni3+ -O + X-H = Ni2+ -OH + X• ), hydration, and rearrangement. Hence, the reaction pathway of the NOR is deciphered, which not only helps to perfect the NOR mechanism, but also provides inspiration for organic electrosynthesis.

Generating Novel Male Sterile Tomatoes by Editing Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog Genes.

Hybrid breeding of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), an important vegetable crop, is an effective way to improve yield and enhance disease and stress resistance. However, the efficiency of tomato hybridization is hindered by self-fertilization, which can be overcome using male sterile lines. It has been reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as a key regulator for anther development, mediated by RBOH (Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog) genes. Here, two tomato anther-expressed genes, LeRBOH (Solyc01g099620) and LeRBOHE (Solyc07g042460), were selected to cultivate novel tomato male sterile strains. By using a CRISPR/Cas9 system with a two-sgRNA module, the lerboh, lerbohe, and lerboh lerbohe mutant lines were generated, among which the lerbohe and lerboh lerbohe mutants displayed complete male sterility but could accept wild-type pollens and produce fruits normally. Further analysis uncovered significantly decreased ROS levels and abnormal programmed cell death in lerboh lerbohe anthers, indicating a key role of ROS metabolism in tomato pollen development. Taken together, our work demonstrates a successful application of gene editing via CRISPR/Cas9 in generating male sterile tomatoes and afforded helpful information for understanding how RBOH genes regulating tomato reproduction process.