Factors Associated With Adjuvant Chemotherapy Noncompliance and Survival in Older Adults With Stage III Colon Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Standard management of stage III colon cancer includes surgical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy. Despite improved overall survival with adjuvant chemotherapy in stage III colon cancer, it is reportedly underused in older adults. To date, no contemporary national analysis of adjuvant chemotherapy use and its impact on older adults with stage III colon cancer exists. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the current use of adjuvant chemotherapy in older adults with stage III colon cancer and determine factors associated with noncompliance. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTINGS: Conducted using the National Cancer Database. PATIENTS: This study included patients aged 65 years and older undergoing curative resection for stage III colon adenocarcinomas, 2010-2017. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Adjuvant chemotherapy use, factors associated with adjuvant chemotherapy use, and overall survival with and without adjuvant chemotherapy in older adults with pathologic stage III disease. RESULTS: Of 64,608 patients included, 64.3% received adjuvant chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy was significantly independently associated with improved 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival vs no adjuvant chemotherapy (92.8%, 75.3%, 62.4% vs 70.8%, 46.6%, 32.7%; HR 0.475; 95% CI, 0.459-0.492; p <0.001). Compared with the no adjuvant chemotherapy cohort, patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy were younger, female, and less comorbid ( p < 0.001). Factors associated with adjuvant chemotherapy noncompliance included advancing age, lower annual income, open approach, longer length of stay, pathologic stage IIIA, and fewer than 12 lymph nodes. LIMITATIONS: Administrative data source with inherent risks of bias, coding errors, and limitations in the fields available for analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant chemotherapy significantly improved overall survival but was only used in 64.3% of older adults with stage III colon cancer. Adjuvant chemotherapy noncompliance was seen in the most vulnerable and highest-risk patients, including those with greater comorbidity, lower income, and patients who received open surgery. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/C125 . FACTORES ASOCIADOS CON EL INCUMPLIMIENTO DE LA QUIMIOTERAPIA ADYUVANTE Y LA SUPERVIVENCIA EN ADULTOS MAYORES CON CNCER DE COLON EN ESTADIO III: ANTECEDENTES: El tratamiento estándar de oro del cáncer de colon en estadio III incluye la resección quirúrgica y la quimioterapia adyuvante. A pesar de la mejora de la supervivencia general con la quimioterapia adyuvante en el cáncer de colon en estadio III, se reporta que se utiliza poco en los adultos mayores. Hasta la fecha, no existe ningún análisis nacional actual, sobre el uso de quimioterapia adyuvante y su impacto en adultos mayores con cáncer de colon en etapa III.OBJETIVO: Evaluar el uso actual de quimioterapia adyuvante en adultos mayores con cáncer de colon en estadio III y determinar los factores asociados con el incumplimiento.DISEÑO: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo.AJUSTES: Realizado y utilizando la Base de Datos Nacional de Cáncer.PACIENTES: Pacientes de 65 años o más sometidos a resección curativa por adenocarcinomas de colon en estadio III de 2010-2017.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO: Uso de quimioterapia adyuvante, factores asociados con el uso de quimioterapia adyuvante y supervivencia general con y sin quimioterapia adyuvante en adultos mayores con enfermedad en estadio patológico III.RESULTADOS: De 64.608 pacientes incluidos, el 64,3% recibió quimioterapia adyuvante. La quimioterapia adyuvante se asoció de forma significativa e independiente con una mejor supervivencia general a 1, 3 y 5 años frente a ninguna quimioterapia adyuvante (92,8 %, 75,3 %, 62,4 % frente a 70,8 %, 46,6 %, 32,7 %; respectivamente, HR 0,475, 95 % IC 0,459-0,492, p < 0,001). En comparación con la cohorte sin quimioterapia adyuvante, los pacientes que recibieron quimioterapia adyuvante eran más jóvenes, mujeres y con menos comorbilidad. (p < 0,001). Los factores asociados con el incumplimiento de la quimioterapia adyuvante incluyeron edad avanzada (OR 0,857, IC del 95 % 0,854-0,861), ingresos anuales más bajos (OR 0,891, IC del 95 % 0,844-0,940), abordaje abierto (0,730, IC del 95 % 0,633-0,842), mayor duración de la estancia (OR 0,949, IC 95% 0,949-0,954) y estadio patológico IIIA (0,547, IC 95% 0,458-0,652) y <12.LIMITACIONES: Fuente de datos administrativos con riesgos inherentes de sesgo, errores de codificación y limitaciones en los campos disponibles para el análisis.CONCLUSIONES: La quimioterapia adyuvante mejoró significativamente la supervivencia general, pero solo se utilizó en el 64,3 % de los adultos mayores con cáncer de colon en estadio III. El incumplimiento de la quimioterapia adyuvante se observó en los pacientes más vulnerables y de mayor riesgo, incluidos aquellos con mayor comorbilidad, menores ingresos y pacientes que recibieron cirugía abierta. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/C125 . (Traducción-Dr. Fidel Ruiz Healy ).

Over-expansion of right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduits during transcatheter pulmonary valve placement.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the safety and feasibility of over-expansion of right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduits during transcatheter pulmonary valve placement. BACKGROUND: Transcatheter pulmonary valve placement is an alternative to surgical pulmonary valve replacement. Traditionally, it was thought to be unsafe to expand a conduit to >110% of its original size. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study from two centers includes patients with right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduits with attempted transcatheter pulmonary valve placement from 2010 to 2017. Demographic, procedural, echocardiographic and follow-up data, and complications were evaluated in control and overdilation (to >110% original conduit size) groups. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-two patients (51 overdilation and 121 control) had attempted transcatheter pulmonary valve placement (98% successful). The overdilation group was younger (11.2 versus 16.7 years, p < 0.001) with smaller conduits (15 versus 22 mm, p < 0.001); however, the final valve size was not significantly different (19.7 versus 20.2 mm, p = 0.2). Baseline peak echocardiographic gradient was no different (51.8 versus 55.6 mmHg, p = 0.3). Procedural complications were more frequent in overdilation (18%) than control (7%) groups (most successfully addressed during the procedure). One patient from each group required urgent surgical intervention, with no procedural mortality. Follow-up echocardiographic peak gradients were similar (24.1 versus 26 mmHg, p = 0.5). CONCLUSIONS: Over-expansion of right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduits during transcatheter pulmonary valve placement can be performed successfully. Procedural complications are more frequent with conduit overdilation, but there was no difference in the rate of life-threatening complications. There was no difference in valve function at most recent follow-up, and no difference in rate of reintervention. The long-term outcomes of transcatheter pulmonary valve placement with conduit over-expansion requires further study.

N1c colon cancer and the use of adjuvant chemotherapy: a current audit of the National Cancer Database.

AIM: Colorectal cancer staging has evolved to define N1c as the presence of tumour deposits without concurrent positive lymph nodes. Work to date reports poor prognosis in N1c colon cancer, with Stage III categorization and adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) recommended. No study has yet evaluated the prevalence, treatment compliance or treatment-related outcomes on a national scale. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of N1c colon cancer, use, outcomes and factors associated with AC in the USA. METHOD: The National Cancer Database was reviewed for N1cM0 colon adenocarcinomas that underwent resection from 2010 to 2016. Cases were stratified into 'AC' or 'no AC' cohorts. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate overall survival (OS) and compare the AC and no AC cohorts using the log-rank test. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with AC. The main outcome measures were the prevalence and factors associated with AC use and its impact in N1c disease. RESULTS: Of the 5684 (1.59% of 357 752) colon adenocarcinomas that were N1c, 55% (n = 3071) received AC. AC significantly improved 1-, 3- and 5-year OS compared with no AC (96.2%, 80%, 67.4% and 72.9%, 48.5%, 33.8%, respectively; P < 0.001). Compared with the no AC group, AC patients were younger, had less comorbidity, were of the male gender and received minimally invasive surgery at an academic treatment centre (all P < 0.05). Socioeconomic and procedural factors significantly impacted the use of AC. CONCLUSION: In the USA, AC is underutilized in N1c colon cancer despite significantly improved OS. Socioeconomic and procedural factors associated with AC were identified, highlighting disparities in AC use and opportunities to improve oncological outcomes and survival.

The intraoperative use of recombinant activated factor VII in arterial switch operations.

BACKGROUND: The rate of bleeding complications following arterial switch operation is too low to independently justify a prospective randomised study for benefit from recombinant factor VIIa. We aimed to evaluate factor VIIa in a pilot study. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing arterial switch operation from 2012 to 2017. Nearest-neighbour propensity score matching on age, gender, weight, and associated cardiac defects was used to match 27 controls not receiving recombinant factor VIIa to 30 patients receiving recombinant factor VIIa. Fisher's exact test was performed to compare categorical variables. Wilcoxon's rank-sum test was used to compare continuous variables between cohorts. RESULTS: Post-operative thrombotic complications were not associated with factor VIIa administration (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.28, 95% CI 0.005-3.77, p = 0.336), nor was factor VIIa administration associated with any re-explorations for bleeding. No intraoperative transfusion volumes were different between the recombinant factor VIIa cohort and controls. Post-operative prothrombin time (10.8 [10.3-12.3] versus 15.9 [15.1-17.2], p < 0.001) and international normalised ratio (0.8 [0.73-0.90] versus 1.3 [1.2-1.4], p < 0.001]) were lower in recombinant factor VIIa cohort relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of a higher post-bypass packed red blood cell transfusion requirement, patients receiving recombinant factor VIIa had a similar incidence of bleeding post-operatively. With no difference in thrombotic complications, and with improved post-operative laboratory haemostasis, a prospective randomised study is warranted to evaluate recombinant factor VIIa.

Pulmonary Artery Banding for Children With Dilated Cardiomyopathy: US Experience.

Pulmonary artery band placement is a recently described therapeutic strategy for dilated cardiomyopathy with preserved right ventricular function, originally reported from Germany.1 We present the results of the multicenter retrospective study of pulmonary artery band experience in the United States, with comparison to the German experience. Five centers contributed a total 14 patients (median age 5 months, interquartile range 3.5-10). Mechanical ventilation was required in 9/12 (75%) patients and inotropes were used in 13/14 (93%) patients preoperatively. Ultimately, 4 (29%) patients experienced cardiac recovery, 8 (57%) were bridged to cardiac transplantation (6 with ventricular assist device placement), and 2 (14%) died. Although both the US and Germany series demonstrated high prevalence of achieving patients' individual target (either cardiac recovery or transplant), the mode of success was different (recovery rate: <1/3 in the United States and >2/3 in Germany). Lower recovery rate may be a reflection of sicker preoperative status, and thereby a more advanced stage of heart failure (preoperative intubation: >2/3 in the United States vs <1/3 in Germany). Further studies would be warranted to gain more insight into patient selection as well as optimal timing for the intervention.

Current status of pediatric mechanical circulatory support.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The field of pediatric mechanical circulatory support has experienced exponential evolution in recent decades. With favorable complication profiles, implantable continuous-flow ventricular assist devices (VADs) have become a standard option in children, as has been seen in the adult counterpart. Nevertheless, there still exists room for further advances, not just for survival, but throughout the whole trajectory of treatment courses. With reviewing the current state of pediatric VAD support, including existing challenges, we aim to highlight the targets clinicians should focus on for further improvement of pediatric VAD support. RECENT FINDINGS: The field of pediatric VAD has been steadily growing, as evidenced by an increasing number of total VAD implants, particularly with continuous-flow VAD. Currently, HeartWare HVAD (Medtronic Inc., Mounds View, MN) is the most widely used continuous-flow VAD in children with excellent performance. However, only half of the children with HVAD are discharged home, which is drastically different from adult patients, suggesting that the pediatric field is still in the process of maturation. Additionally, outcomes of VAD support for complex congenital heart defect, particularly single ventricle physiology, remain suboptimal, despite an increasing number of such patients. SUMMARY: With the ongoing advancement, the field of pediatric VAD support is undergoing a rapid maturation process. This will eventually lead to further paradigm changes, including the use of VAD as permanent therapy.

Reoperation after isolated subaortic membrane resection.

BACKGROUND: The resection of a subaortic membrane remains far from a curative operation. We sought to examine factors associated with reoperation and the degree of aortic valve regurgitation as a potential long-term source for reoperation. METHODS: All patients who underwent resection of an isolated subaortic membrane between 1995 and 2018 were included. Patients who underwent other procedures were excluded. Paired categorical data were compared using McNemar's test. Univariate time-to-event analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier methods with log-rank tests for categorical variables and univariate Cox models for continuous variables. RESULTS: A total of 84 patients (median age 6.6, 31% females) underwent resection of isolated subaortic membrane. At a median follow-up of 9.3 years (interquartile range 0.6-22.5), 12 (14%) patients required one reoperation and 1 patient required two reoperations. Median time to first reoperation was 4.6 years. The degree of aortic valve regurgitation improved post-operatively from pre-operatively (p = 0.0007); however, the degree of aortic valve regurgitation worsened over the course of follow-up (p = 0.010) to equivalence with pre-operative aortic valve regurgitation (p = 0.18). Performance of a septal myectomy was associated with longer freedom from reoperation (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with isolated subaortic membranes, performance of a septal myectomy can minimise risk for reoperation. Patients should be serially monitored for degradation of the aortic valve, even if aortic regurgitation is not present post-operatively.

Comparing palliation strategies for single-ventricle anatomy with transposed great arteries and systemic outflow obstruction.

Objective: Patients with complex single-ventricle anatomy with transposed great arteries and systemic outflow obstruction (SV-TGA-SOO) undergo varied initial palliation with ultimate goal of Fontan circulation. We examine a longitudinal experience with multiple techniques, including the largest published cohort following palliative arterial switch operation (pASO), to describe outcomes and decision-making factors. Methods: Neonates with SV-TGA-SOO who underwent initial surgical palliation from 1995 to 2022 at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. Results: In total, 71 neonates with SV-TGA-SOO underwent index surgical palliation at a median age of 7 days (interquartile range, 6-10) by pASO (n = 23), pulmonary artery band (PAB) with or without arch repair (n = 25), or modified Norwood with Damus-Kaye-Stansel aortopulmonary amalgamation (n = 23). Single-ventricle pathology included double-inlet left ventricle (n = 37, 52%), tricuspid atresia (n = 27, 38%), and others (n = 7, 10%). All mortalities (n = 5, 7%) occurred in the first interstage period after PAB (n = 3) and Norwood (n = 2). Subaortic obstruction in the PAB group was addressed by operative resection (n = 10 total, 7 at index operation) and/or delayed aortopulmonary amalgamation (n = 13, 52%). Two patients with pASO (9%) had early postoperative coronary complications, 1 requiring operative revision. Median follow-up for survivors was 10.4 years (interquartile range, 4.5-16.6 years). Comparing patients by their initial palliation type, notable significant differences included size of bulboventricular foramen, weight at initial operation, operation duration, postoperative length of stay, time to second-stage palliation, multiple pulmonary artery reinterventions, and left pulmonary artery interventions. There were no significant differences in overall survival, Fontan completion, reintervention-free survival in the first interstage period, pulmonary artery reintervention-free survival, long-term systemic valve competency, or ventricular dysfunction. Conclusions: Excellent mid- to long-term outcomes are achievable following neonatal palliation for SV-TGA-SOO via pASO, PAB, and modified Norwood, with comparable survival and Fontan completion. Initial palliation strategy should be individualized to optimize anatomy and physiology for successful Fontan by ensuring an unobstructed subaortic pathway and accessible pulmonary arteries. pASO is a reasonable strategy to consider for these heterogeneous lesions.

Low parental socioeconomic position results in longer post-Norwood length of stay.

BACKGROUND: Length of stay (LOS) has been proposed as a quality metric in congenital heart surgery, but LOS may be influenced by parental socioeconomic position (SEP). We aimed to examine the relationship between post-Norwood LOS and SEP. METHODS: Patients undergoing a Norwood procedure from 2008 to 2018 for hypoplastic left heart syndrome from a single institution, who were discharged alive before second-stage palliation, were included. SEP was defined by Area Deprivation Index, distance from hospital, insurance status, and immigration status. A directed acyclic graph identified confounders for the effect of SEP on LOS, which included gestational age, hypoplastic left heart syndrome subtype, postoperative cardiac arrest, reoperations, and ventilator days. A negative binomial model was used to assess effect of SEP on LOS. RESULTS: In total, 98 patients were discharged alive at a median 37 days (15th-85th percentile 26-72). The majority of patients were children of US citizens and permanent residents (n = 89; 91%). Private insurance covered 54 (55%), with 44 (45%) covered by Medicaid or Tricare. Median Area Deprivation Index was 54 (15th-85th percentile, 25-87). Median distance traveled was 72 miles (15th-85th percentile, 17-469 miles). For every 10 percentile increase in Area Deprivation Index, LOS increased 4% (incidence rate ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.007-1.077; P = .022). Insurance type, immigration status, and distance traveled did not affect postoperative length of stay. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant relationship between SEP and LOS. Consideration of LOS as a quality indicator may penalize hospitals providing care for patients with lower parental SEP.

Shunt resistance is associated with clinically important outcomes after the Norwood operation.

Background: In single-ventricle physiology, focus on pulmonary vascular resistance neglects the resistance in the conduit supplying the pulmonary inflow. Methods: Conduit length and diameter, which can approximate conduit resistance, are available in the public dataset of Single Ventricle Reconstruction (SVR) trial. Conduit resistance was then calculated for SVR trial participants and the relationship with clinically important variables (death or transplant at 1 year, pulmonary artery size at second-stage palliation, pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio, and supplemental oxygen requirement) was explored. To validate this calculated resistance, calculated resistance was compared with catheterization measurements at a single institution (not included in the SVR trial). Results: In the institutional dataset, calculated and measured resistances had an intraclass correlation of 0.78 for modified Blalock-Taussig shunts (MBTS). Within the SVR trial, transplant-free survivors had a lower MBTS resistance (median, 8.3 Woods Units [WU]. interquartile range [IQR], 6.5-11.1 WU) than patients who died or required transplantation (median, 13.0 WU; IQR, 9.4-16.6 WU, P = .0001). When we controlled for left pulmonary artery diameter after the Norwood procedure in the SVR trial, for each unit increase in MBTS resistance, the left pulmonary artery diameter at stage II decreased (-0.006 ± 0.002 cm, P = .005). When we controlled for pulmonary vascular resistance, greater MBTS resistance was associated with a decrease in log pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio (-0.04 ± 0.015, P = .0048) in the SVR trial. Patients in the SVR trial requiring supplemental oxygen on admission for stage II palliation had greater MBTS resistance (median. 11.1 WU; IQR, 6.6-16.6 WU) than patients not requiring oxygen (median 8.3, WU; IQR, 6.5-11.1 WU, P = .015). Conclusions: Conduit resistance is associated with important clinical outcomes after Norwood; however, further studies are required to guide conduit resistance optimization.

National disparities in use of minimally invasive surgery for rectal cancer in older adults.

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is safe and improves outcomes in older persons with rectal cancer but may be underutilized. As older persons are the largest surgical population, investigation of the current use and factors impacting MIS use is warranted. Our goal is to investigate the trends and disparities that affect utilization of MIS in older persons with rectal cancer. METHODS: The National Cancer Database was reviewed for persons 65 years and older who underwent curative resection for rectal adenocarcinoma from 2010 to 2017. Cases were stratified by surgical approach (open or MIS [laparoscopic or robotic]). Univariate analysis compared patient and provider demographics across approaches. Multivariate analysis investigated variables associated with MIS use. Main outcome measures were trends and factors associated with MIS use in older persons. RESULTS: Of 31,910 patients analyzed, 51.9% (n = 16,555) were open and 48.1% (n = 15,355) MIS. The MIS cohort was 66.7% (n = 10,236) laparoscopic and 33.3% (n = 5119) robotic. MIS increased from 29% in 2010 (n = 1197; 25% laparoscopic, 4% robotic) to 65% in 2017 (n = 2382; 35% laparoscopic, 30% robotic), likely from annual increases in robotics (OR 1.24/year, p < 0.0001). In the unadjusted analysis, there were significant differences in MIS use by age, race, comorbidity, socioeconomic status, and facility type. In multivariate analysis, patients with advancing age (OR 0.93, p < 0.001), major comorbidity (OR 0.75, p < 0.001), total proctectomy (OR0.78, p < 0.001), and advanced pathologic stage (OR 0.51, p < 0.001) were less likely to undergo MIS. CONCLUSION: Nationwide, less than half of rectal cancer cases in older persons were performed with MIS, despite steady robotic growth. Patient and facility factors impacted MIS use. Further work on regionalizing rectal cancer care and ensuring equitable MIS access and training could improve utilization.

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: Influence of heterotaxy and venous obstruction on outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated increased early mortality and pulmonary vein reintervention for patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) and heterotaxy syndrome (HTX+) compared with patients with TAPVC without heterotaxy syndrome (HTX-). We aimed to evaluate the longitudinal risk of pulmonary vein reintervention and mortality in HTX + patients. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed to identify longitudinal interventions in patients with TAPVC seen at a single center from 1995 to 2019. The mean cumulative interventions were described for all patients using the Nelson-Aalen estimator. Survival with TAPVC was described using Kaplan-Meier estimates. RESULTS: A total of 336 patients were identified with TAPVC, of whom 118 (35%) had heterotaxy syndrome. Functional single ventricles were identified in 106 of these 118 HTX + patients (90%) and in 14 of 218 HTX- patients (6%) (P < .001). Obstructed TAPVC (OBS+) was present in 49 of 118 HTX + patients (42%) and in 87 of 218 HTX- patients (40%) (P = .89). The median duration of follow-up was 6.5 years. Five-year survival was 69% for HTX+/OBS + patients, 72% for HTX+/OBS- patients, 86% for HTX-/OBS + patients, and 95% for HTX-/OBS- patients (P < .0001, log-rank test). The mean number of pulmonary vein interventions at the median follow-up time was greater in the HTX+/OBS + patients compared with HTX+/OBS- patients (mean, 2.0 vs 1.1; P = .030), HTX-/OBS + patients (mean, 1.3; P = .033), and HTX-/OBS- patients (mean, 1.3; P = .029). CONCLUSIONS: Among the 4 cohorts, HTX+ was associated with a higher rate of mortality, and HTX+/OBS+ was associated with a greater number of pulmonary vein interventions. This may be due in part to the high prevalence of single ventricle physiology in the HTX + cohort.

Transcatheter pulmonic valve implantation in adult patients with prior congenital heart surgery.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR) is now an established modality for pulmonary valve replacement in suitable candidates. We aim to describe our experience with TPVR in adults. METHODS: This is a descriptive study of all TPVR performed in adults with congenital heart disease at a single institution from 2010-2020. All adult patients (defined as 18 years old or older at TPVR) were included. Time-to-event outcomes were described using Kaplan-Meier estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Out of a total of 200 patients that had undergone TPVR, 81 patients (57% male) met the inclusion criteria, with a median age and weight of 26 years (IQR 21-37) and 71.0 kg (IQR 54.6-89.0), respectively. In the cohort, 45 (56%) patients had tetralogy of Fallot. While 53 (65%) patients received a Melody valve, a Sapien valve (S3 in 20, XT in eight) was implanted in the rest. Pre-stenting was performed in 49 (52%) patients. One patient died of severe heart failure a year following TPVR. One patient had a second TPVR performed 2.2 years following initial TPVR for severe pulmonary regurgitation. Valve survival at 2.2 years was 94% (95% CI: 87-100%). Four patients developed endocarditis. Endocarditis-free survival was 89% (95% CI: 80-100%) at three years. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience suggests favorable results of TPVR in adults with congenital heart disease. Additional research would be warranted with a focus on total valve longevity and patient reported outcomes, in order to improve the understanding of TPVR in this population and further refine this technology.

Recurrent Pulmonary Artery Interventions Following the Norwood Procedure Are Not Associated With Conduit Type.

Given pulmonary artery interventions following the Norwood procedure can recur, the average number of occurrences per patient over time is likely more informative than the crude percentage of patients who required an intervention. Pulmonary artery intervention was defined as any surgical or catheter-based procedure after the Norwood procedure. The number of pulmonary artery interventions for patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome were compared between patients with modified Blalock-Taussig Shunts (MBTS) and right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduits (RVPA) at a single institution from 2011 to 2018. The comparison was replicated using data from the Single Ventricle Reconstruction Trial (SVR), a nonoverlapping dataset. The mean number of pulmonary artery interventions per patient over time (mean cumulative function, MCF) is described using Nelson-Aalen estimates and compared using the pseudo-score test. The number of patients requiring intervention was compared using the chi-square test. Using our institutional dataset, the Norwood operation was performed on 117 patients (59 MBTS, 58 RVPA). In total, 73 patients had a pulmonary artery intervention, including 32 of 58 (55%) after MBTS and 41 of 59 (69%) after RVPA (P= 0.11). The MCF did not vary between cohorts (P = 0.55). Using the SVR trial dataset, 140 of 549 patients required pulmonary artery intervention, including 55 (21%) after MBTS and 85 (30%) after RVPA (P = 0.0090). The MCF did not vary between cohorts (P = 0.067). Although more patients with RVPA than MBTS require pulmonary artery interventions after the Norwood procedure, the MCFs are not different, which may be of greater importance to patients and families.

Durability of the St. Jude Epic Supra Bioprosthetic Valve in the Pulmonary Position.

Epic Supra valves have been used off-label in the pulmonary position. We aim to evaluate the durability of Epic valves in the pulmonary position. We performed a retrospective review of all Epic valves placed in the pulmonary position from October 2008 to May 2019. Time-to-event analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier estimates to evaluate freedom from valve intervention, moderate pulmonary regurgitation, and peak velocity greater than 3.5 m/s. Valve dysfunction was a composite of all 3 end points. A total of 79 patients had Epic valves implanted in the pulmonary position. Median age was 18.5 years (15th-85th percentile 11.2-41.0). In total, 1 (1%) 19 mm valve, 4 (5%) 21 mm valves, 8 (10%) 23 mm valves, 23 (29%) 25 mm valves, and 43 (54%) 27 mm valves were implanted. There were no deaths or transplants. Median follow-up was 3.1 years (interquartile range 1.0-5.5). At 5 years, freedom from valve intervention was 95%, freedom from valve dysfunction was 68%, freedom from moderate pulmonary regurgitation was 73%, and freedom from peak velocity greater than 3.5 m/s was 82%. Epic Supra valves provide an acceptable valve replacement in the pulmonary position for children and adults. Longer follow-up is needed to determine valve durability through the entirety of the valve life expectancy.

Predictors of Transplant-Free Survival After the Norwood Procedure.

BACKGROUND: Birth weight, preterm delivery, and size for gestational age are surrogate markers for development that are commonly used in congenital heart surgery. Understanding the associations of these variables with patient outcomes is of great importance. METHODS: This study included all patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who underwent a Norwood procedure at a single institution from 1995 to 2018. Low birth weight was defined as weight less than 2.5 kg, and preterm delivery occurred at less than 37 weeks' gestation. Overall and conditional analyses were performed to evaluate for association with outcomes after the Norwood procedure. Secondary analyses evaluated the association of development measures with postoperative length of stay and ventilator duration. RESULTS: In total, 303 neonates (60% male) underwent the Norwood procedure and were followed for a median of 3.9 years (interquartile range, 0.5 to 10.4 years). Median birth weight was 3.1 kg (interquartile range, 2.8 to 3.4 kg). Patients with low birth weight had decreased transplant-free survival compared with patients with a normal birth weight (hazard ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 2.82; P = .039). When conditioning on survival to second-stage palliation, patients born small for gestational age had decreased transplant-free survival compared with patients born at appropriate size for gestational age (hazard ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.31 to 6.09; P = .008). Patients delivered preterm had a longer hospital length of stay (median, 55 days vs 31 days; P = .02) and more ventilator days compared with patients delivered at term (median, 7 days vs 4 days; P = .004). CONCLUSIONS: Various developmental markers have differing prognostic importance for patients undergoing the Norwood procedure. Understanding these differences can help guide preoperative decision making and patient selection.

Younger Age at Operation Is Associated With Reinterventions After the Warden Procedure.

BACKGROUND: Multiple techniques are available for repair of supracardiac partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR); however, most series fail to compare the techniques in contemporary cohorts. This study aimed to describe outcomes of the Warden procedure with a single-patch repair cohort to serve as a control. METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis of all patients at a single institution (Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX) included patients undergoing either the Warden procedure or single-patch repair from 1996 to 2019 for PAPVR. Reintervention was defined as any catheter or surgical procedure on the superior vena cava (SVC) or pulmonary veins. Subgroup analysis was performed within the Warden cohort to evaluate for association between an SVC patch and reintervention-free survival. RESULTS: In total, 158 patients (122 in the Warden group and 36 in the single-patch group) were identified. The median age at operation was younger for patients in the Warden cohort (5.4 years; interquartile range, 3.3 to 10.2 years) compared with patients in the single-patch cohort (13.3 years; interquartile range, 6.5 to 18.7 years; P < .001). One patient in each cohort died. One patient required reoperation after the Warden procedure for dehiscence of the intracardiac patch. Ten patients required transcatheter reinterventions. Reintervention-free survival was not different between patients in the Warden cohort and patients in the single-patch cohort (P = .54) or within the Warden cohort in patients with an SVC patch (P = .27). When controlling for repair type, older age at repair was associated with longer reintervention-free survival (hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.71 to 0.93; P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: The Warden procedure is a viable option for younger patients requiring supracardiac PAPVR repair, although these younger patients are likely at greatest risk for reintervention regardless of surgical technique.

Current clinical management of dysfunctional bioprosthetic pulmonary valves.

Introduction: As with any bioprosthetic valve, bioprosthetic valves in the pulmonary position have a finite life span and patients with bioprosthetic pulmonary valves require lifetime management to treat valve dysfunction.Areas covered: In this article, authors discuss the current medical management for the treatment of dysfunctional bioprosthetic valves. This review is based on both an extensive review of the recent cardiac surgical/interventional cardiology literature (PubMed and MEDLINE database searches from 1958 to 2019) and personal experience.Expert opinion: Valve technology is rapidly progressing and with a coordinated effort from cardiac surgeons and interventional cardiologists, patients suffering from bioprosthetic pulmonary valve dysfunction can expect to have a decreased number of procedures and less invasive procedures over their lifetime now.

Right Ventricle-Dependent Coronary Circulation: Location of Obstruction Is Associated With Survival.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PAIVS) with right ventricle-dependent coronary circulation (RVDCC) carries suboptimal outcomes primarily due to cardiac ischemia. We hypothesize clinical outcomes are affected by the level of coronary obstruction, a surrogate for vulnerable myocardium. METHODS: We conducted a single-institution retrospective analysis of all neonates with PAIVS with RVDCC from 1995 to 2017. RVDCC was defined as the presence of any coronary-cameral fistula with coronary obstruction proximal to the fistula and angiographic evidence of RV perfusion of the myocardium through the fistulous communication. Location of coronary obstruction was categorized as either proximal or distal segments, using the SYNTAX score criteria. Transplant-free survival was compared between patients with proximal and distal obstruction, then these groups were compared with patients without RVDCC. RESULTS: Of 103 neonates with PAIVS, 28 (27%) had RVDCC: 18 proximal (64%), 10 distal (36%). Median age at last follow-up for patients with RVDCC was 1.8 years (interquartile range, 0.3-8.1 years). All deaths (10 of 28, 36%) occurred at 6 months old or earlier. Proximal coronary artery obstruction was associated with decreased transplant-free survival relative to distal obstruction (hazard ratio = 3.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-13.00; P = .048). Transplant-free survival at 1 year was 33% and 70% in the proximal and distal obstruction groups, respectively. Compared with patients without RVDCC, patients with proximal obstruction had significantly lower transplant-free survival (P < .001), whereas patients with distal obstruction did not (P = .217). CONCLUSIONS: The location of coronary artery obstruction affects clinical outcome and may represent a potential branch point in the management for PAIVS with RVDCC.