RESUMO
PURPOSE: To assess urinary fluoride excretion after topical application of a commercial fluoride varnish in preschool children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve healthy children, 2.5-6.0 years of age, were enrolled in a placebo-controlled cross-over trial. After a 5-day run-in period, the morning urine was collected as baseline. One hour after breakfast, 0.1 ml of the active (Fluor Protector S; 7,700 ppm F) or the placebo varnish was applied with a microbrush on the buccal surfaces of the primary teeth. Thereafter, a 6-h urine sample was collected and the fluoride content was determined with an ion-sensitive electrode. The parents supervised toothbrushing with a small-fingernail amount of fluoride toothpaste (1000 ppm) twice daily during the entire experiment. RESULTS: One boy failed to comply with the urinary samplings and was excluded. The mean fluoride concentration in the 6-h urine samples was slightly higher after the active varnish compared with the placebo varnish, but the difference was not statistically significant. Likewise, no statistically significant differences were obtained when the post-treatment concentrations were compared with baseline for the two varnishes. No side-effects or adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: A single topical treatment with the investigated varnish did not significantly increase the urinary fluoride excretion compared with placebo in preschool children with parallel use of fluoride toothpaste.
Assuntos
Cariostáticos/administração & dosagem , Fluoretos Tópicos/administração & dosagem , Fluoretos/urina , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Cross-Over , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The efficacy and safety of combined use of topical fluoride products are essential issues that must be monitored. AIM: To assess urinary excretion of fluoride after application of two different dental varnishes containing 2.26% fluoride in 3- to 4-year-old children and to compare the levels with and without parallel use of fluoride toothpaste. DESIGN: Fifteen healthy children were enrolled to a randomized crossover trial that was performed in two parts: Part I with twice-daily tooth brushing with fluoride toothpaste and Part II with twice-daily brushing with a non-fluoride toothpaste. After a 1-week run-in period, 0.1 mL of the two fluoride varnishes (Duraphat and Profluorid Varnish) was topically applied in a randomized order. Baseline and experimental urine was collected during 6-h periods. The fluoride content was determined with an ion-sensitive electrode. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant increase in the 6-h fluoride excretion after application of both experimental varnishes, with and without parallel use of fluoride toothpaste (P < 0.01). When fluoridated toothpaste was used, the mean fluoride excretion was 0.20 mg/6 h after application of Duraphat and 0.29 mg/6 h after application of Profluorid Varnish (P = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS: Topical applications of 0.1 mL of fluoride varnish significantly increased the 6-h fluoride excretion. As some individuals displayed excretion levels exceeding the optimal fluoride exposure, a restricted use of fluoride toothpaste in connection with the varnish applications would decrease fluoride exposure.
Assuntos
Fluoretos Tópicos/administração & dosagem , Fluoretos/urina , Cremes Dentais/química , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Cross-Over , Fluoretos/administração & dosagem , Fluoretos/farmacocinética , Fluoretos Tópicos/farmacocinética , Humanos , Fluoreto de Sódio/administração & dosagem , Fluoreto de Sódio/farmacocinética , Fluoreto de Sódio/urinaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mutations in the EDAR-gene cause hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, however, the oral phenotype has been described in a limited number of cases. The aim of the present study was to clinically describe individuals with the c.1072C > T mutation (p. Arg358X) in the EDAR gene with respect to dental signs and saliva secretion, symptoms from other ectodermal structures and to assess orofacial function. METHODS: Individuals in three families living in Sweden, where some members had a known c.1072C > T mutation in the EDAR gene with an autosomal dominant inheritance (AD), were included in a clinical investigation on oral signs and symptoms and self-reported symptoms from other ectodermal structures (n = 37). Confirmation of the c.1072C > T mutation in the EDAR gene were performed by genomic sequencing. Orofacial function was evaluated with NOT-S. RESULTS: The mutation was identified in 17 of 37 family members. The mean number of missing teeth due to agenesis was 10.3 ± 4.1, (range 4-17) in the mutation group and 0.1 ± 0.3, (range 0-1) in the non-mutation group (p < 0.01). All individuals with the mutation were missing the maxillary lateral incisors and one or more of the mandibular incisors; and 81.3% were missing all four. Stimulated saliva secretion was 0.9 ± 0.5 ml/min in the mutation group vs 1.7 ± 0.6 ml/min in the non-mutation group (p < 0.01). Reduced ability to sweat was reported by 82% in the mutation group and by 20% in the non-mutation group (p < 0.01). The mean NOT-S score was 3.0 ± 1.9 (range 0-6) in the mutation group and 1.5 ± 1.1 (range 0-5) in the non-mutation group (p < 0.01). Lisping was present in 56% of individuals in the mutation group. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with a c.1072C > T mutation in the EDAR-gene displayed a typical pattern of congenitally missing teeth in the frontal area with functional consequences. They therefore have a need for special attention in dental care, both with reference to tooth agenesis and low salivary secretion with an increased risk for caries. Sweating problems were the most frequently reported symptom from other ectodermal structures.
Assuntos
Alelos , Displasia Ectodérmica Anidrótica Tipo 1/diagnóstico , Displasia Ectodérmica Anidrótica Tipo 1/genética , Receptor Edar/genética , Heterozigoto , Mutação , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Linhagem , Fenótipo , Glândulas Salivares/metabolismo , Salivação , Anormalidades Dentárias , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study assesses the prevalence of caries and some background factors in 4-year-old children in the city of Umeå, northern Sweden, and compares this with data from earlier studies to reveal changes over time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children from the catchment areas of three Public Dental Health Service clinics in Umeå (n = 224) born during the third quarter of 2008 were invited to undergo a clinical dental examination. Decayed surfaces (including both dentine and enamel, except for enamel lesions on buccal and lingual surfaces), missing and filled surfaces (dmfs) were recorded using the same methods and criteria as in a series of earlier studies performed between 1980-2007. Background data were collected in a case-history and a questionnaire. Results. The proportion of children with caries significantly decreased from 2007 (38%) to 2012 (22%) (p < 0.05). In addition, the distribution of dmfs differed significantly between these years (p < 0.05). More immigrant children had caries (42%) than non-immigrant children (15%) (p < 0.05). For children with caries, there were no significant changes in the distribution of dmfs between 1980-2012 (p > 0.05). An immigrant background was associated with a lower frequency of tooth brushing and a higher intake of ice cream, sweets and chocolate drinks (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Although the proportion of children with caries declined between 2007-2012, this decline was limited to non-immigrant children. Since 1980 the distribution of dmfs remained unchanged among children with caries. More research on interventions for changing oral health behaviours is needed, specifically for immigrant children.
Assuntos
Cárie Dentária/epidemiologia , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Bebidas , Cacau , Doces/estatística & dados numéricos , Pré-Escolar , Índice CPO , Esmalte Dentário/patologia , Restauração Dentária Permanente/estatística & dados numéricos , Dentina/patologia , Comportamento Alimentar , Humanos , Prevalência , Suécia/epidemiologia , Perda de Dente/epidemiologia , Escovação Dentária/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
The aim of this project was to study the impact from Turner syndrome (TS) karyotype and age on dental arch morphology and palatal height and to compare the variables in TS with reference data from non-TS females with normal occlusion. Plaster casts from 76 females with TS (6-50 years) were analysed with respect to dentoalveolar arch dimensions and palatal height. The TS females were divided into the karyotype categories: i) 45,X ii) 45,X/46,XX iii) isochromosome, and iv) other. The 45,X/46,XX karyotype exhibited fewer statistically significant variables differing from the reference group compared with other karyotypes. TS females showed increased dentoalveolar depths, decreased maxillary but increased mandibular width, decreased posterior segments, and decreased mandibular circumference compared with the reference group. In opposition to previous reports, the palatal height did not differ compared with non-TS females. Age had an impact on nine of the variables. We conclude that the present dental arch deviations are reflecting the high frequency of malocclusions reported in TS and the subsequent need for orthodontic treatment, which might possibly be lower in the 45,X/46,XX karyotype. The palatal height did not differ from the reference group, but instead the narrow maxilla might contribute to an illusion of a higher palate. We therefore suggest using the nomination 'narrow palatal vault' instead of the commonly used term 'high palatal vault'.
Assuntos
Arco Dental/anormalidades , Palato Duro/anormalidades , Síndrome de Turner/patologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Criança , Técnica de Fundição Odontológica , Oclusão Dentária , Feminino , Humanos , Isocromossomos/genética , Cariótipo , Má Oclusão/genética , Má Oclusão/patologia , Mandíbula/anormalidades , Maxila/anormalidades , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Síndrome de Turner/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The aim of this project was to study the impact on craniofacial morphology from Turner syndrome (TS) karyotype, number of intact X chromosomal p-arms, and age as well as to compare craniofacial morphology in TS with healthy females. Lateral radiographs from 108 females with TS, ranging from 5.4 to 61.6 years, were analysed. The TS females were divided into four karyotype groups: 1. monosomy (45,X), 2. mosaic (45,X/46,XX), 3. isochromosome, and 4. other, as well as according to the number of intact X chromosomal p-arms. The karyotype was found to have an impact on craniofacial growth, where the mosaic group, with presence of 46,XX cell lines, seems to exhibit less mandibular retrognathism as well as fewer statistically significant differences compared to the reference group than the 45,X karyotype. Isochromosomes had more significant differences versus the reference group than 45,X/46,XX but fewer than 45,X. To our knowledge, this is the first time the 45,X/46,XX and isochromosome karyotypes are divided into separate groups studying craniofacial morphology. Impact from p-arm was found on both maxillary and mandibular length. Compared to healthy females, TS expressed a shorter posterior and flattened cranial base, retrognathic, short and posteriorly rotated maxilla and mandible, increased height of ramus, and relatively shorter posterior facial height. The impact of age was found mainly on mandibular morphology since mandibular retrognathism and length were more discrepant in older TS females than younger.
Assuntos
Ossos Faciais/anormalidades , Síndrome de Turner/genética , Síndrome de Turner/patologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Cefalometria , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Isocromossomos , Cariótipo , Mandíbula/anormalidades , Maxila/anormalidades , Monossomia/patologia , Retrognatismo/patologia , Base do Crânio/anormalidades , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Oligodontia is defined as the congenital lack of six or more permanent teeth, excluding third molars. Oligodontia as well as hypodontia (lack of one or more permanent teeth) are highly heritable conditions associated with mutations in the AXIN2, MSX1, PAX9, EDA, and EDAR genes. Here we define the prevalence of mutations in the AXIN2, MSX1, PAX9, EDA, and EDAR genes, and the novel candidate gene EDARADD in a cohort of 93 Swedish probands with non-syndromic, isolated oligodontia. Mutation screening was performed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and DNA sequence analysis. Analyses of the coding sequences of the six genes showed sequence alterations predicted to be damaging or potentially damaging in ten of 93 probands (10.8%). Mutations were identified in the EDARADD (n = 1), AXIN2 (n = 3), MSX1 (n = 2), and PAX9 (n = 4) genes, respectively. None of the 10 probands with mutations had other self-reported symptoms from ectodermal tissues. The oral parameters were similar when comparing individuals with and without mutations but a family history of oligodontia was three times more frequent for probands with mutations. EDARADD mutations have previously been reported in a few families segregating hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and this is, to our knowledge, the first report of an EDARADD mutation associated with isolated oligodontia.
Assuntos
Anodontia/genética , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/genética , Proteína de Domínio de Morte Associada a Edar/genética , Fator de Transcrição MSX1/genética , Mutação/genética , Fator de Transcrição PAX9/genética , Proteína Axina , Feminino , Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Co-aggregation and growth inhibition abilities of probiotic bacteria may play a key role in their interference with the oral biofilm. The aim was to investigate the in vitro ability of selected commercial probiotic lactobacilli to co-aggregate and inhibit growth of oral mutans steptococci isolated from adults with contrasting levels of caries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mutans streptococci (MS) strains were isolated from caries-free (n = 3) and caries-susceptible (n = 5) young adults and processed with eight commercial probiotic lactobacilli strains. One laboratory reference strain (S. mutans Ingbritt) was selected as control. Co-aggregation was determined spectrophotometrically and growth inhibition was assessed with the agar overlay technique. RESULTS: All probiotic lactobacilli showed an ability to co-aggregate with the isolated MS strains. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between strains from different individuals when compared with the reference strain. The selected lactobacilli inhibited MS growth, but the ability varied between the strains and was clearly related to pH. No differences were observed between the different MS strains from caries-free and caries-susceptible individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The selected lactobacilli displayed co-aggregation activity and inhibited growth of clinical mutans streptococci. The growth inhibition was strain-specific and dependent on pH and cell concentration. The findings indicate that the outcome of lactobacilli-derived probiotic therapy might vary between individuals and depend on the specific strain used.
Assuntos
Antibiose/fisiologia , Aderência Bacteriana/fisiologia , Lactobacillus/fisiologia , Probióticos , Streptococcus mutans/fisiologia , Adulto , Carga Bacteriana , Técnicas Bacteriológicas , Biofilmes , Índice CPO , Cárie Dentária/microbiologia , Suscetibilidade à Cárie Dentária/fisiologia , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Lactobacillus acidophilus/fisiologia , Lactobacillus plantarum/fisiologia , Limosilactobacillus reuteri/fisiologia , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/fisiologia , Saliva/microbiologia , Espectrofotometria , Streptococcus mutans/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A common clinical finding is that many schoolchildren display a nonacceptable oral hygiene. AIM: To evaluate the tooth-brushing behaviour in children aged 6-12 years. DESIGN: The study used a cross-sectional descriptive design. Children aged 6, 8, 10, and 12 years in an elementary school in a middle class area in Umeå, a city in northern Sweden, were invited and 82 (82%) consented. Visible plaque on buccal surfaces of incisors and canines was recorded from photographs of the participant's teeth before and after brushing using the scores of the Green and Vermillion Oral Hygiene Index. Brushing technique was recorded with a video camera. A questionnaire was used to collect data about oral hygiene habits at home. RESULTS: The ratio between the sum of plaque scores after and before brushing was statistically significantly higher in the 6-year-old group compared with the 10-year olds, (P < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between time spent for brushing and the ratio between the sum of plaque scores after and before brushing (r = -0.31, P < 0.01). The lowest correlation was displayed in the youngest age group (r = 0.07, P > 0.05). Six-year olds spent statistically significantly less time for brushing than older children (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Plaque removal from buccal surfaces from brushing was poor and averaged 19% for 6-year olds and 30% for older children. The results of brushing for children aged 8-12 years could benefit from increasing tooth-brushing time. Children could be given an increasing responsibility from 7 to 8 year of age but parental help is motivated up to 10 years of age.
Assuntos
Comportamento Infantil , Escovação Dentária/métodos , Fatores Etários , Cariostáticos/uso terapêutico , Criança , Corantes , Estudos Transversais , Dente Canino/patologia , Placa Dentária/classificação , Placa Dentária/patologia , Feminino , Fluoretos/uso terapêutico , Educação em Saúde Bucal , Humanos , Incisivo/patologia , Masculino , Índice de Higiene Oral , Relações Pais-Filho , Fotografia Dentária , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Tempo , Cremes Dentais/uso terapêutico , Gravação em VídeoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Probiotic bacteria are suggested to play a role in the maintenance of oral health. Such health promoting bacteria are added to different commercial probiotic products. The aim of the study was to investigate the ability of a selection of lactobacilli strains, used in commercially available probiotic products, to inhibit growth of oral mutans streptococci and C. albicans in vitro. METHODS: Eight probiotic lactobacilli strains were tested for growth inhibition on three reference strains and two clinical isolates of mutans streptococci as well as two reference strains and three clinical isolates of Candida albicans with an agar overlay method. RESULTS: At concentrations ranging from 109 to 105 CFU/ml, all lactobacilli strains inhibited the growth of the mutans streptococci completely with the exception of L. acidophilus La5 that executed only a slight inhibition of some strains at concentrations corresponding to 107 and 105 CFU/ml. At the lowest cell concentration (103 CFU/ml), only L. plantarum 299v and L. plantarum 931 displayed a total growth inhibition while a slight inhibition was seen for all five mutans streptococci strains by L. rhamnosus LB21, L. paracasei F19, L. reuteri PTA 5289 and L. reuteri ATCC 55730. All the tested lactobacilli strains reduced candida growth but the effect was generally weaker than for mutans streptococci. The two L. plantarum strains and L. reuteri ATCC 55730 displayed the strongest inhibition on Candida albicans. No significant differences were observed between the reference strains and the clinical isolates. CONCLUSION: The selected probiotic strains showed a significant but somewhat varying ability to inhibit growth of oral mutans streptococci and Candida albicans in vitro.
Assuntos
Antibiose/fisiologia , Candida albicans/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Lactobacillus/fisiologia , Probióticos/farmacologia , Streptococcus mutans/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Inibidores do Crescimento/farmacologia , Lactobacillus/classificação , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
The World Health Organization has defined probiotics as "Live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host." Traditionally, probiotic microorganisms (mainly Lactobacillus ssp. and Bifidobacterium ssp.) have been used to prevent or treat diseases in the gastrointestinal tract. In the past 20 years, there has been an increased interest in possible oral health effects of probiotics. In vitro studies have shown promising results with growth inhibition of mutans streptococci (MS) and Candida albicans. There are only a few clinical studies with caries development as the primary outcome while more studies have been focusing on control of caries risk factors or so-called surrogate outcomes. Several studies have evaluated the effects of probiotic bacteria on MS in saliva and/or plaque, and a number of probiotic strains show ability to reduce the number of MS. Probiotic bacteria have not been shown to permanently colonize the oral cavity; in early-in-life interventions or in subjects with a mature microbiota. To date investigated strains are transiently present in saliva during and shortly after an intervention. There are eight randomized controlled clinical trials with dental caries as outcome and probiotic strains, administration, duration of the intervention, and target group varied. In a majority of the studies (75%), the interventions resulted in caries reduction in the treatment groups. Although a majority of these studies suggest a caries-preventive effect of probiotic bacteria, more long-term clinical studies are needed in this field before probiotics could be recommended for preventing or treating dental caries.
Assuntos
Cárie Dentária , Probióticos , Bifidobacterium , Humanos , Lactobacillus , Streptococcus mutansRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To screen orofacial function in people with various ectodermal dysplasia (ED) syndromes and compare with a healthy reference sample. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The ED group comprised 46 individuals (30 M and 16 F; mean age 14.5 years, range 3-55). Thirty-two had hypohidrotic ED, while 14 had other ED syndromes. The reference sample comprised 52 healthy individuals (22 M and 30 F; mean age 24.9 years, range 3-55). Orofacial function was screened using the Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening (NOT-S) protocol containing 12 orofacial function domains (maximum score 12 points). RESULTS: The total NOT-S score was higher in the ED group than in the healthy group (mean 3.5 vs. 0.4; p<0.001). The dysfunctions most frequently recorded in the subjects with ED occurred in the domains chewing and swallowing (82.6%), dryness of the mouth (45.7%), and speech (43.5%). Those with other ED syndromes scored non-significantly higher than those with hypohidrotic ED (mean 4.6 vs. 3.0; p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with ED scored higher than a healthy reference sample in all NOT-S domains, especially in the chewing and swallowing, dryness of the mouth, and speech domains. Orofacial function areas and treatment and training outcomes need to be more closely evaluated and monitored.
Assuntos
Transtornos de Deglutição/diagnóstico , Displasia Ectodérmica/complicações , Mastigação/fisiologia , Distúrbios da Fala/diagnóstico , Xerostomia/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Displasia Ectodérmica/fisiopatologia , Face , Expressão Facial , Feminino , Rouquidão/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Mandíbula/fisiologia , Programas de Rastreamento , Músculos da Mastigação/fisiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nariz/fisiologia , Respiração , Voz/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: (i) To validate caries risk profiles assessed with a computer program against actual caries development in preschool children, (ii) to study the possible impact of a preventive program on the risk profiles, and (iii) to compare the individual risk profiles longitudinally. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Caries risk was assessed in 125 two-year-old children invited to participate in a 2-year caries-preventive trial with xylitol tablets. At 7 years of age, 103 were available for follow-up, 48 from the former intervention group and 55 from the control group. At baseline and after 5 years, 7 variables associated with caries were collected through clinical examinations and questionnaires, and scored and computed with a risk assessment program (Cariogram). RESULTS: Children assessed as having a "low chance (0-20%) of avoiding caries" had significantly higher caries at 7 years of age compared to children with a lower risk in the control group (p<0.05) but not in the intervention group. Overall predictive accuracy and precision, however, were moderate in both groups. Less than half of the children remained in the same risk category at both ages, despite a largely unchanged consumption pattern of sugar. The majority of the children who changed category displayed a lowered risk at 7 years. The intervention program seemed to impair the predictive abilities of Cariogram. CONCLUSION: A modified Cariogram applied on preschool children was not particularly useful in identifying high caries risk patients in a low-caries community.
Assuntos
Testes de Atividade de Cárie Dentária/métodos , Suscetibilidade à Cárie Dentária , Cárie Dentária/prevenção & controle , Diagnóstico por Computador/instrumentação , Medição de Risco/métodos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Simulação por Computador , Cárie Dentária/diagnóstico , Dieta Cariogênica , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Índice de Higiene Oral , Odontopediatria/instrumentação , Odontopediatria/métodos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of a chewing gum containing probiotic bacteria on gingival inflammation and the levels of selected inflammatory mediators in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-two healthy adults with moderate levels of gingival inflammation entered a double-blind placebo-controlled study design. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of three parallel arms: Group A/P was given one active and one placebo gum daily, Group A/A received two active chewing gums, and Group P/P two placebo gums. The chewing gums contained two strains of Lactobacillus reuteri: ATCC 55730 and ATCC PTA 5289 (1 x 10(8) CFU/gum, respectively). The subjects were instructed to chew the gums for 10 min over the course of 2 weeks. Bleeding on probing (BOP) and GCF sampling were conducted at baseline and after 1, 2 and 4 weeks. The levels of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 were determined using luminex technology and multiplex immunoassay kits. RESULTS: BOP improved and GCF volume decreased in all groups during the chewing period, but the results were statistically significant (p<0.05) only in Groups A/P and A/A. The levels of TNF-alpha and IL-8 decreased significantly (p<0.05) in Group A/A compared with baseline after 1 and 2 weeks, respectively. A non-significant decreasing tendency was also observed concerning IL-1beta during the chewing period. The levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were unaffected in all groups after 1 and 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in GCF may be proof of principle for the probiotic approach combating inflammation in the oral cavity.
Assuntos
Goma de Mascar/microbiologia , Líquido do Sulco Gengival/efeitos dos fármacos , Interleucinas/metabolismo , Limosilactobacillus reuteri , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Adulto , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Líquido do Sulco Gengival/imunologia , Líquido do Sulco Gengival/metabolismo , Líquido do Sulco Gengival/microbiologia , Doenças da Gengiva/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Mediadores da Inflamação/análise , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro abilities of probiotic bacteria derived from consumer products to coaggregate with caries-associated mutans streptococci. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Six lactobacillus strains (L. acidophilus (CCUG 5917), L. plantarum 299v, L. rhamnosus GG and LB21, L. paracasei F19, L. reuteri PTA5289) were cultivated under anaerobic conditions at 37°C in Man Rogosa Sharpe (MSB) broth for 24 h. Four strains of human streptococci (S. mutans Ingbritt, S. mutans (ATCC 25175), S. mutans GS-5, S. sobrinus (ATCC 33478) were similarly grown in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth. A gastrointestinal pathogen (Escherichia coli) was aerobically cultivated on BHI broth as a positive control. After incubation, the bacteria were aerobically harvested, washed, and suspended in 10 mmol/l phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2). The probiotic strains were characterized with the API 50 CH system to confirm their identity. Coaggregation was determined by spectrophotometry in mixtures and bacterial suspensions alone after 1, 2, 4, and 24 h and expressed as the aggregation ratio (%). RESULTS: All probiotic strains showed coaggregation abilities with the oral pathogens and the results were strain specific and dependent on time. S. mutans GS-5 exhibited a significantly higher ability to coaggregate with all the probiotic strains than the other mutans streptococci and E. coli. The differences among the probiotic strains were modest with L. acidophilus being the most prone and L. rhamnosus LB21 the least prone to coaggregate with the oral streptococci. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated different abilities of lactobacilli-derived probiotic bacteria to coaggregate with selected oral streptococci. Aggregation assays may be a useful complement for screening of probiotic candidates with possible anti-caries properties.
Assuntos
Aderência Bacteriana/fisiologia , Lactobacillus/fisiologia , Probióticos , Streptococcus mutans/fisiologia , Streptococcus sobrinus/fisiologia , Anaerobiose , Técnicas Bacteriológicas , Técnicas de Cocultura , Cárie Dentária/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/fisiologia , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Lactobacillus acidophilus/fisiologia , Lactobacillus plantarum/fisiologia , Limosilactobacillus reuteri/fisiologia , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/fisiologia , Espectrofotometria , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
UNLABELLED: The primary aims were to investigate the total number of radiographs and the reason for dental radiography in children and adolescents in the Public Dental Health Service. Secondary aims were to study the influence of caries experience and orthodontic treatment on the number of radiographs. For this retrospective study, 544 adolescents regularly attending three Public Dental Health clinics in the county of Västerbotten, northern Sweden were selected. The number of radiographs exposed each year from 3 to 19 years of age was registered. Information on reason for the radiographic examination was extracted from dental records as well as the caries experience at 19 years of age. The attrition rate was 7% due to incomplete data. The total mean number of radiographs exposed was 23+/-6 of which 1+/-2 were extra-oral radiographs. Bitewing radiographs for caries registration constituted 87% of the intra-oral radiographs with a mean number of 19+/-4 exposures. There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.01) between subjects with caries experience (20+/-4) and those with no caries (16+/-4). No gender-related differences were displayed. During preschool ages, bitewing radiographs were taken in less than 10% of the children. Children treated at specialist clinics in orthodontics displayed higher number of radiographic examinations than non-referred children (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: A mean of 23 radiographs were exposed and bitewings for caries detection were the most common radiographic examination. Fewer bitewing radiographs were exposed in caries-free subjects over time but its use during the preschool ages was low. Orthodontics treatment increased the frequency of radiography significantly.
Assuntos
Radiografia Dentária/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Assistência Odontológica para Crianças , Humanos , Odontologia em Saúde Pública , Radiografia Interproximal/estatística & dados numéricos , Radiografia Dentária/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Suécia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
AIM: To evaluate the effect of xylitol- and xylitol/fluoride-containing lozenges on approximal caries development in young adolescents with high caries risk. STUDY DESIGN: A 2-year double-blind trial with two parallel arms and a nonrandomized reference group. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and sixty healthy 10- to 12-year-old children with high caries risk were selected. After informed consent, they were randomly assigned into a xylitol and a xylitol/fluoride group. They were instructed to take two tablets three times a day (total xylitol and fluoride dose 2.5 g and 1.5 mg, respectively). The compliance was checked continuously and scored as good, fair, or poor. A reference no-tablet group was also selected (n = 70) for group comparison. The outcome measure was approximal caries incidence. RESULTS: The dropout rate was 28%, and 41% exhibited a good compliance with the study protocol. No statistically significant differences in caries incidence could be found between the study groups (P > 0.05). Among a subgroup of children who demonstrated good compliance, the mean DeltaDMFSa value was significantly lower in the xylitol/fluoride group compared to the xylitol group, 1.0 +/- 2.3 vs. 3.3 +/- 4.6 (P < 0.05), while no difference could be displayed between any of the study groups and the reference group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results from this 2-year trial did not support a self-administered regimen of xylitol- or xylitol/fluoride-containing lozenges for the prevention of approximal caries in young adolescents with high caries risk.
Assuntos
Cariostáticos/uso terapêutico , Cárie Dentária/prevenção & controle , Fluoreto de Sódio/uso terapêutico , Xilitol/uso terapêutico , Administração Tópica , Análise de Variância , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Índice CPO , Assistência Odontológica para Crianças/métodos , Método Duplo-Cego , Combinação de Medicamentos , Fluoretos Tópicos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Valores de Referência , Autoadministração , Comprimidos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Periodic and well-controlled studies of caries and background factors are important for organizing dental care and how prevention should be addressed. AIMS: The aims of this study were to compare data on caries prevalence and background factors in 4-year-old children from 2007 with data collected periodically between 1967 and 2002 with the same methods and criteria, and to compare immigrant and non-immigrant children concerning caries prevalence and background factors. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study in 4-year-old children living in Umeå, northern Sweden (n = 218), was performed. Caries recordings included both cavitated and non-cavitated caries lesion, and bite-wing radiographs were used on indications. Data on oral hygiene, use of fluorides, general health, and medication and sugar consumption were collected using the same questions and questionnaire as in the previous studies. RESULTS: In 2007, 38% of the children displayed caries compared to 46% in 2002. The distribution of decayed, missing, or filled surfaces-primary teeth values was statistically significantly different in 2007 compared to 2002 (P < 0.05). The intake frequency of sugary between-meal products was generally lower, and toothbrushing frequency was higher in 2007 compared with data from the 2002 study. In children with immigrant background, the frequency of toothbrushing was statistically significantly lower, and snacking was more common (P < 0.05). Sixteen per cent had immigrant background and 59% had caries compared to 32% in the rest of the cohort (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Important changes in caries prevalence of 4-year-old children have taken place since 2002 concurrently with a decreased intake of sugary between-meal products and increased toothbrushing frequency. Immigrant background had a significant association with caries prevalence in 2007.
Assuntos
Assistência Odontológica para Crianças/tendências , Cárie Dentária/epidemiologia , Dieta Cariogênica , Odontologia Preventiva/tendências , Escovação Dentária/tendências , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Transversais , Índice CPO , Cárie Dentária/etnologia , Cárie Dentária/prevenção & controle , Inquéritos de Saúde Bucal , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Prevalência , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Suécia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Inflammation and infection postpartum threaten the mother and her infant. Human milk provides a defense for the infant, but inflammatory complications like mastitis may lead to the cessation of breastfeeding. Antisecretory factor (AF) has a role in the regulation of secretory processes and inflammation. The objective of the study was to describe AF-levels in plasma and breast milk, and in relation to breast complications. Breastfeeding mothers (n = 95) were consecutively recruited at a Well Baby Clinic in Umeå, Sweden. At inclusion four weeks postpartum, samples of venous blood (10 mL) and breast milk (10 mL) were collected. Active AF was analyzed with ELISA using a monoclonal antibody mAb43, and was detected in all samples of plasma and breast milk with a positive correlation (Spearman coefficient = 0.40, p < 0.001; Pearson correlation = 0.34, p < 0.01). High AF-levels in plasma correlated with high AF-levels in breast milk. The results suggest a co-regulation between active AF in plasma and breastmilk, and/or a local regulation of AF in the breast. Further studies are needed to determine the pathways for the activation of AF-levels in breast milk and plasma.
Assuntos
Leite Humano/química , Neuropeptídeos/análise , Neuropeptídeos/sangue , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Doenças Mamárias/sangue , Doenças Mamárias/complicações , Aleitamento Materno , Cálcio/análise , Cálcio/sangue , Candidíase/sangue , Candidíase/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Lactoferrina/análise , Lactoferrina/sangue , Masculino , Mastite/sangue , Mastite/complicações , Mães , Plasma/química , Período Pós-Parto/sangue , Estudos Prospectivos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Suécia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
AIM: To investigate existing caries risk factors in preschool children and to illustrate their caries risk profiles graphically with aid of a computer-based program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All 2-year-old children from a small town in northern Sweden were invited and 87% (n = 125) accepted to participate. Data was collected with a questionnaire concerning the child's normal diet and sugar consumption. Special care was taken to note the intake of sweet drinks and sugary between-meal products. Questions on general health and medication, toothbrushing frequency with parental help and use of fluorides were also included. The caries prevalence was recorded with mirror and probe and the level of oral mutans streptococci was enumerated with a chair-side technique. The obtained data were computerised in a risk assessment program (Cariogram) and a graphical profile of each child was constructed. RESULTS: The caries prevalence was 6%, and 18% had detectable levels of oral mutans streptococci. The sugar consumption was strikingly high with 82% and 97% having ice cream and sweets once a week or more often. In 22% of the families, toothbrushing with parental help was not a daily routine. Of the children, 51% displayed a low chance (0-20%) of avoiding caries in the future. The frequency of sugar consumption was the most pertinent factor in the children's caries risk profiles. CONCLUSIONS: Half of the subjects exhibited a low chance of avoiding caries in the near future and the strongest single factor was frequent sugar consumption. Thus efforts to limit and reduce the sugar intake in young children are important measures for primary caries prevention.