RESUMO
The main purpose of the study was to establish, whether future cardiorespiratory fitness might be predicted by the level of muscular fitness at baseline. In this 3-year follow-up study, we recruited 240 secondary school girls at the age of 15 y, who were followed until the age of 17 y. Muscular fitness included the following tests: (i) standing broad jump (cm), (ii) sit-ups in 60 s (#) and (iii) squats in 60 s (#). Cardiorespiratory fitness was split into aerobic endurance (the 800-m run test) and speed endurance (the 400-m run test). Better performances in the 800-m run and the 400-m run tests at follow-up were correlated with higher levels of standing broad jump, sit-ups and squats in 60 s measured at baseline. In regression models adjusted for fat mass and maturity offset, standing broad jump, sit-ups and squats in 60 s were positively associated with the 800-m run test, while only standing broad jump remained significantly and positively associated with the 400-m run test. These data suggest that interventions enhancing muscular fitness should be recommended, as the effects are likely to be associated with future cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescent girls.
Assuntos
Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória , Feminino , Humanos , Adolescente , Seguimentos , Aptidão Física , Exercício Físico , Estado NutricionalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Little evidence has been provided regarding physical performance and flat-footedness in school-age children. Although flat feet may decrease the level of motor performance, findings remain inconsistent. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to determine whether children with flat feet had poorer physical task performance, compared to normal-footed children. METHODS: A total of 208 primary school boys were included in the study (107 normal-footed and 101 flatfooted boys). Flat footedness (< 42°) was determined using Clark's method. The children were tested by a set of unilateral and bilateral tests selected from the area of ââexplosive power and dynamic balance which included: (i) countermovement jump, (ii) standing broad jump, (iii) the triple crossover hop for distance test, (iv) maximal sprinting speed over 10, 20 and 40 m and (v) the Star Excursion Balance Test. Differences were adjusted for age, body mass index, peak height velocity and physical activity. RESULTS: Flat footed children exhibited significantly poorer results in bilateral standing broad jump (effect size [ES] = 0.34), unilateral standing broad jump for dominant (ES = 0.31) and non-dominant leg (ES = 0.20), the triple crossover hop for distance test for dominant (ES = 0.24) and non-dominant leg (ES = 0.23) and the Star Excursion Balance Test (ES = 0.23-0.43) and were slower in maximal sprinting speed test over 20 m (ES = 0.25) and 40 m (ES = 0.30). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that children with flat feet performed poorer in some physical performance tasks, compared to the normal feet counterparts.
Assuntos
Pé Chato , Masculino , Criança , Humanos , Pé , Extremidade Inferior , Exercício Físico , Instituições AcadêmicasRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: (1) To develop reference values for health-related fitness in European children and adolescents aged 6-18 years that are the foundation for the web-based, open-access and multilanguage fitness platform (FitBack); (2) to provide comparisons across European countries. METHODS: This study builds on a previous large fitness reference study in European youth by (1) widening the age demographic, (2) identifying the most recent and representative country-level data and (3) including national data from existing fitness surveillance and monitoring systems. We used the Assessing Levels of PHysical Activity and fitness at population level (ALPHA) test battery as it comprises tests with the highest test-retest reliability, criterion/construct validity and health-related predictive validity: the 20 m shuttle run (cardiorespiratory fitness); handgrip strength and standing long jump (muscular strength); and body height, body mass, body mass index and waist circumference (anthropometry). Percentile values were obtained using the generalised additive models for location, scale and shape method. RESULTS: A total of 7 966 693 test results from 34 countries (106 datasets) were used to develop sex-specific and age-specific percentile values. In addition, country-level rankings based on mean percentiles are provided for each fitness test, as well as an overall fitness ranking. Finally, an interactive fitness platform, including individual and group reporting and European fitness maps, is provided and freely available online (www.fitbackeurope.eu). CONCLUSION: This study discusses the major implications of fitness assessment in youth from health, educational and sport perspectives, and how the FitBack reference values and interactive web-based platform contribute to it. Fitness testing can be conducted in school and/or sport settings, and the interpreted results be integrated in the healthcare systems across Europe.
Assuntos
Força da Mão , Aptidão Física , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Adolescente , Criança , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Exercício Físico , Teste de Esforço/métodos , Índice de Massa CorporalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although evidence suggests that obesity track well from childhood to adolescence, most of the research has been done in Western and high-income countries. Moreover, most of the studies have tracked body-mass index, as a proxy of nutritional status, while tracking characteristics of circumferences and skinfold thicknesses have been less studies. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to explore tracking characteristics of complete anthropometric data from childhood to adolescence. METHODS: This sub-study was part of the Czech ELSPAC study. In the present 8-year longitudinal study, we collected information from pediatrician's medical records at the ages of 8 y (n = 888), 11 y (n = 1065), 13 y (n = 811) and 15 y (n = 974), including circumferences (head, chest, waist, hips, and arm), indices (body-mass index, waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio) and skinfold thicknesses (biceps, triceps, subscapula, suprailiaca, thigh and the sum of 5 skinfolds). Participants were recruited from the two selected regions of the Czech Republic (Brno and Znojmo). Linear generalized estimating equations were conducted to analyze tracking patterns over an 8-year follow-up period for all anthropometric measurements. RESULTS: Tracking coefficients were moderate to strong, ranging from 0.40 to 0.62 for circumferences, 0.41 to 0.74 for indices and 0.72 to 0.86 for skinfolds. According to body-mass index and waist circumference standards, overweight/obese children and children with abdominal obesity at the age of 8 y were 11.31 (95% CI = 8.41 to 15.22, p < 0.001) and 10.73 (95% CI = 7.93 to 14.52, p < 0.001) more likely to remain overweight/obese and to have abdominal obesity at the age of 15 y. CONCLUSIONS: Findings show moderate to strong tracking of anthropometric characteristics, i.e. circumferences track moderately well, while strong tracking for indices and skinfold thicknesses is observed. Moreover, strong tracking of general overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity between ages 8 y and 15 y indicates that the detection of these risk factors at the beginning of primary school should be advocated.
Assuntos
Sobrepeso , Obesidade Infantil , Adolescente , Antropometria , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , República Tcheca/epidemiologia , Seguimentos , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Obesidade Abdominal , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Dobras CutâneasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Evidence has shown that higher levels of physical fitness (PF) in youth have beneficial effects on adult health-related outcomes. However, the tracking of separate PF components during adolescence has been less studied. Since PF often starts to rapidly decline during adolescence, it is necessary to provide information regarding critical time-point for interventions. This study aimed to analyze the extent of tracking the components of PF through PF tests. METHODS: In this longitudinal study, we recruited 240 adolescent girls with recoded data at 2 time-points (15 y and 17 y). PF included body composition (fat mass), explosive power of lower extremities (standing broad jump), muscle endurance of the trunk (sit-ups in 60 s), flexibility (sit-and-reach test), muscle endurance of lower extremities (squats in 60 s), aerobic endurance (the 800 m run test) and speed endurance (the 400 m run test). Tracking coefficients were calculated using generalized estimating equations. Tertiles (high, moderate and low) were calculated for each fitness component. RESULTS: The highest tracking coefficients between the two time-points were found for explosive power of lower extremities (ß = 0.98), followed by flexibility (ß = 0.89), body composition (ß = 0.88), speed endurance (ß = 0.86), aerobic endurance (ß = 0.75), muscle endurance of lower extremities (ß = 0.65), and muscle endurance of the trunk (ß = 0.51). Tertile ratings remained stable across the two time-points. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate to high tracking of PF in adolescent girls suggests that interventions aiming to increase the level of PF should probably begin in early adolescence.
Assuntos
Exercício Físico , Aptidão Física , Adolescente , Adulto , Composição Corporal , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Aptidão Física/fisiologiaRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Stefan, L, Kasovic, M, and Culej, M. Normative values for health-related physical fitness in first-year police officers. J Strength Cond Res 36(9): 2530-2535, 2022-The main aim of the study was to develop normative values for health-related physical fitness tests in first-year police officers. In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 773 police officers aged 19-28 years old (mean age ± SD = 22 ± 3 years, 34% women). Health-related physical fitness included: (a) polygon backwards (agility), (b) standing broad jump (explosive power of lower extremities), (c) sit-and-reach test (flexibility), and (d) 2.4 km run (aerobic capacity). In addition, maximal oxygen uptake (VÌ o2 max) was calculated. Sex- and age-specific centile smoothed curves for the 20th, 40th, 60 th , and 80th percentiles using Cole's LMS method were created. The results showed that men performed better in all health-related physical fitness tests ( p < 0.001), compared with women. The median values for polygon backwards, standing broad jump, sit-and-reach test, 2.4 km run and VÌ o2 max were 8 seconds, 210, 15 cm, 721 seconds and 49 mlO 2 ·kg -1 ·min -1 in men and 10 seconds, 165, 10 cm, 915 seconds and 39 mlO 2 ·kg -1 ·min -1 in women. No significant interaction between age and health-related physical fitness was observed. This study provides sex- and age-specific normative values for health-related physical fitness in police officers. Findings from this study may be used in detecting a group of police officers who have lower levels of physical fitness. Thus, policies aiming to enhance the level of physical fitness could be implemented within the system.
Assuntos
Aptidão Física , Polícia , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Exercício Físico , Teste de Esforço , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores Sexuais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The 6-min walk test (6MWT) has become an established measure for assessing exercise capacity in children with chronic diseases. However, little evidence has been provided regarding population-based normal data in healthy children. The main purpose of the study was to provide normative data in a large sample of children. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 4352 children between 11 and 14 years were recruited (66% girls). The main outcome measure was the distance walked for six minutes. Sex- and age-specific percentile values (5th, 15th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 85th and 95th) for the 6MWT were created and the differences and correlations were examined by the analysis of variance and Pearson's coefficient of correlation. RESULTS: The mean distance walked in 6 min was 576 ± 93 m in boys and 545 ± 92 m in girls, respectively. The mean walking speed for boys and girls was 98 ± 5 m/min and 91 ± 6 m/min. Older boys and girls performed better, compared to their younger counterparts (p for age < 0.001). The 6MWT was significantly correlated with age (r = 0.24, p < 0.001), height (r = 0.09, p < 0.001), weight (r = - 0.13, p < 0.001) and body-mass index (r = - 0.26, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first population-based study aiming to provide normative data for the 6MWT in healthy children between 11 to 14 years. Children in lower percentiles are 'target groups' for special intervention aiming to enhance the performance.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Teste de Caminhada/métodos , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Valores de Referência , Análise de Regressão , Fatores Sexuais , Teste de Caminhada/normas , Caminhada/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although evidence suggests that functional endurance capacity is the most important component associated with future health, little is known of how it is associated with multiple other physical fitness components. Since various physical fitness aspects do not change the same as functional endurance capacity during childhood, it is necessary to establish possible associations between functional endurance capacity and other physical fitness components in children. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to test the associations between functional endurance capacity with other physical fitness components in 7-14-year-old children, stratified by gender. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 1612 children [mean age ± standard deviation (SD) = 9.72 ± 2.37 years; 52.5% girls). Health-related physical fitness components included: 1) body-mass index (kg/m2) calculated from height and weight (measure of body size), 2) sit-and-reach test (measure of flexibility), 3) standing broad jump (measure of explosive strength of lower extremities), 4) sit-ups in 30 s (measure of repetitive strength of the trunk), 5) 10 × 5 shuttle run test (measure of agility) and 6) 20-m shuttle run test (measure of functional endurance capacity). The associations were performed using generalized estimating equations with beta (ß) coefficients. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, functional endurance capacity was associated with sit-and-reach test (ß = 0.13, p < 0.001), standing broad jump (ß = 0.59, p < 0.001), sit-ups in 30 s (ß = 0.53, p < 0.001) and 10 × 5 shuttle run test (ß = - 0.56, p < 0.001) in boys. In girls, functional endurance capacity was associated with body-mass index (ß = - 0.12, p < 0.001), sit-and-reach test (ß = 0.21, p < 0.001), standing broad jump (ß = 0.25, p < 0.001), sit-ups in 30 s (ß = 0.36, p < 0.001) and 10 × 5 shuttle run test (ß = - 0.40, p < 0.001). No significant associations between functional endurance capacity and body-mass index in boys were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Although significant, functional endurance capacity is weakly to moderately associated with other physical fitness components, pointing out that such measure should be tested separately from other aspects of physical fitness in school-aged children.
Assuntos
Exercício Físico , Aptidão Física , Adolescente , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
PURPOSE: The number of familiarization sessions in fitness assessments seems to be critical and inconsistent. Therefore, the primary aim of this research was to determine the number of familiarization attempts that stabilize the results in particular physical fitness tests. The secondary aim was to establish the test reliability through familiarization sessions. METHODS: Thirty-nine primary school children participated in this research (age: 10.8 years, body mass: 40.6 ± 8.9 kg, and body height: 145.3 ± 7.2 cm). During six sessions, with one session every third day, participants performed the following tests to assess explosive strength (vertical jump and standing long jump), coordination (polygon backward and polygon with turn) and flexibility (toe touch). RESULTS: The results of repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there were significant increases (p < .05) in the polygon backward and polygon with turn performances from the first to third familiarization session. The standard error of measurement decreased as sessions progressed, indicating little within subject variation between the coordination test results following a familiarization period. Statistically significant differences were identified in the vertical jump test from the fourth test session compared with the first session. On the other hand, statistically significant differences for the standing long jump test were only found in the final session compared with the initial session. In the toe touch test, there were no significant increases from the first to the final familiarization session. All tests showed high a reliability coefficients, ranging from 0.979 to 0.991. CONCLUSION: Polygon backward and polygon with turn performance may be a practical, reliable method to assess coordination in primary school-aged children. However, completion of at least 3 practice sessions is suggested for participants to obtain a stable score. In addition, both jump tests are feasible for assessing skill-related fitness in young children, although the scientific reliability of the two tests should be questioned and the tests should be tailored to fit the age group of the children.
Assuntos
Teste de Esforço/métodos , Teste de Esforço/psicologia , Aptidão Física/psicologia , Reconhecimento Psicológico , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Although the effects of carrying loads on gait biomechanics have been well-documented, to date, little evidence has been provided whether such loads may impact spatial and temporal gait asymmetries under the different foot regions. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to examine the effects of carrying a standardized police equipment on spatiotemporal gait parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this population-based study, participants were 845 first-year police recruits (age: 21.2 ± 2.3 years; height: 178.1 ± 10.2 cm; weight: 78.4 ± 11.3 kg; body mass index: 24.7 ± 3.2 kg/m2; 609 men and 236 women; 72.1% men and 27.9% women) measured in 2 conditions: (i) "no load" and (ii) "a 3.5 kg load." Spatiotemporal gait parameters were derived from the FDM Zebris pressure platform. Asymmetry was calculated as (xright-xleft)/0.5*(xright + xleft)*100%, where "x" represented a given parameter being calculated and a value closer to 0 denoted greater symmetry. RESULTS: When compared to "no load" condition, a standardized 3.5 kg/7.7 lb load significantly increased asymmetries in spatial gait parameters as follows: gait phases of stance (mean diff. = 1.05), load response (mean diff. = 0.31), single limb support (mean diff. = 0.56), pre-swing (mean diff. = 0.22), and swing (mean diff. = 0.90) phase, while no significant asymmetries in foot rotation, step, and stride length were observed. For temporal gait parameters, we observed significant asymmetries in step time (mean diff. = -0.01), while no differences in cadence and gait speed were shown. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that the additional load of 3.5 kg/7.7 lb is more likely to increase asymmetries in spatial gait cycle components, opposed to temporal parameters. Thus, external police load may have hazardous effects in increasing overall body asymmetry, which may lead to a higher injury risk and a decreased performance for completing specific everyday tasks.
RESUMO
Background: The development of movement skills is the basic goal of physical and sports education. Their level is a determining factor in the subsequent involvement of the child in physical activities. Goal is to contribute to the knowledge of basic motor competencies (BMC) in the 3rd and 4th grade boys and girls from elementary schools. Methods: We collected data from 468 children (Mage = 9.6, SD = 0.6 years; 228 girls and 240 boys) from 16 third grade and 16 fourth grade classes at ten elementary schools in different parts (central, west, north) of the Slovak Republic. The primary data on the basic motor competencies of the examined groups were obtained by means of the MOBAK-3 test battery. Construct validity was analyzed by confirmatory factorial analysis and relationships between BMC and age, gender and BMI were analyzed by structural equation modeling. Results: Boys had a better performance in object movement activities than the girls p < 0.01. Situation in self-movement activities was different, girls had a better performance than boys p < 0.05. The general expectation that grade is a factor to improve the performance in basic motor competencies in the compared 3rd- and 4th-graders was not clearly fulfilled. This assumption was only confirmed in girls (object movement p < 0.05, self movement p < 0.01). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the two-factor structure of basic motor competencies on object-movement and self-movement, while gender, BMI and age were confirmed as significant covariances. Conclusions: The theory of BMC in the 3rd- and 4th-graders at elementary schools is an appropriate method to uncover the grounds for a positive attitude to physical activities later in life.
RESUMO
PURPOSE: The 6 min walk test (6MWT) is used in clinical and epidemiological practice as a simple tool to evaluate the maximal aerobic exercise capacity (VO2max). To date, little evidence has been provided regarding regression equation models to predict VO2max in older adults. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to develop a reference equation to estimate objectively measured VO2max, based on the 6MWT, sex, age and body mass index (BMI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this observational prospective study, we collected the data from 233 asymptomatic participants aged 60-80 years (52.4% women). VO2max and the 6MWT were measured using standardized protocols. BMI was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height squared (m2). To be able to develop the predictive equation for VO2max, we used linear generalized estimating equations (GEE). RESULTS: Older men performed better in VO2max (30.9 ± 8.8 vs. 26.3 ± 6.3 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001) and the 6MWT (673.9 ± 58.7 vs. 642.3 ± 48.0 m, p < 0.001), compared to women. VO2max was correlated with the 6MWT (r = 0.71, p < 0.001), sex (r = -0.29, p < 0.001), age (r = -0.62, p < 0.001) and BMI (r = -0.38, p < 0.001). The model to predict VO2max included: VO2max (mL/kg/min) = 59.44 - 3.83 *, sex (1-men; 2-women) - 0.56 *, age (years) - 0.48 *, BMI (kg/m2) + 0.04 *, and the 6MWT (m) (R = 0.85; R2 = 72.3%, SEE = 3.99 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The newly developed regression equation can be a guideline in clinical and epidemiological practice to predict the VO2max in apparently healthy older adults.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although absolute handgrip strength has been associated with health-related outcomes in older adults, little evidence has been provided regarding its adjustment by a variety of body size dimensions. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to establish the most appropriate normalization of handgrip strength by different body size parameters in a large sample of noninstitutionalized older adults. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 643 men and women aged > 60, who were part of the rehabilitation center facility program. Handgrip strength was objectively measured using a Jamar Plus* + Digital Hand Dynamometer. Body size parameters included body weight and height, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, fat mass and fat-free mass. The most appropriate parameter associated with handgrip strength was identified using allometry. RESULTS: Findings showed that the most appropriate body size parameter for handgrip strength normalization was height (allometric exponent: 0.85), compared to fat-free mass (0.26) and body mass (0.12). Other body size variables were not significantly associated with handgrip strength and were omitted from further analyses. The correlations between normalized handgrip strength were significant when handgrip strength was normalized by body mass and fat-free mass, while no significant correlations were found, when handgrip strength was normalized by body height. CONCLUSION: Based on the study results, body height seems to be the best body size parameter for handgrip strength normalization in older adults, omitting the influence of body size on strength performance. If handgrip strength is measured, body height may help normalize strength for large-scale research.
RESUMO
Although defining normative values of cardiorespiratory fitness have been the topic of many Western societies, little evidence has been provided for less developed countries like Croatia. Since cardiorespiratory fitness rapidly declines in Croatian children and adolescents, the newly established normative values would help health-related professionals and physical education teachers to detect 'talented' groups and direct them towards sport and 'risky' groups for planning special interventions. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to determine normative reference values of cardiorespiratory fitness. A total of 1,612 children and adolescents aged 7-14 years (mean±SD; age 9.7±2.4 years; stature 151.0±17.6 cm; body mass 45.1±19.1 kg; 52.5% girls) participated in this cross-sectional study. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the Maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test and the performance was expressed as the number of stages. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was estimated by equations. Smoothed percentile curves were calculated. Boys outperformed girls in the maximal number of levels achieved after the 20-m shuttle run test and in the VO2max values at each age category. In boys, a gradually higher level of performance between ages 11 and 14 was observed, while in girls the values started to rise after the age of 8. Our study provides one of the first sex- and age-specific normative values for cardiorespiratory fitness assessed by the 20-m shuttle run test in Croatian children and adolescents.
Assuntos
Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Criança , Adolescente , Croácia , Teste de Esforço , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco , Aptidão Física , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
Although excessive load carriage results in biomechanical gait changes, little evidence has been provided regarding its impact on postural sway. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to determine whether heavier loads have effects on changing foot stability and postural sway in special police officers. Thirty male special police officers (age = 40 ± 6 years, height = 180 ± 5 cm, weight = 89 ± 8 kg) were assessed in four conditions: (1) carrying no load, (2) carrying a 5 kg load, (3) carrying a 25 kg load, and (4) carrying a 45 kg load. Foot characteristics during standing were assessed with Zebris pedobarographic pressure platform. Heavier loads increased the center of pressure (COP) path length and average velocity, length of minor and major axis, and 95% confidence ellipse area, while a decrease in angle between Y and major axis was observed. Relative forces beneath the left forefoot and right backfoot regions decreased and an increase in relative forces beneath the left backfoot and right forefoot was observed. When carrying heavy loads, static foot parameters rapidly changed, especially in COP path length and average velocity.
Assuntos
Polícia , Equilíbrio Postural , Masculino , Humanos , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Transversais , Marcha , PéRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to analyze dose-response associations between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and physical activity levels with childhood sports injury rates. METHODS: Participants included pre-pregnant mothers (n = 4811) and their children at the age of 7 years (n = 3311). Maternal anthropometry (height, weight, and body mass index), time spent in physical activity, and education level were recorded. All sports injuries were defined as injuries reported in the past year by the children at the age of 7 years. RESULTS: Children whose mothers were overweight/obese in the pre-pregnancy period were 2.04 (OR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.12-3.71) times more likely to report a sports injury at the age of 7 years. Underweight mothers exhibited a 74% decrease in the odds of their children reporting a sports injury at follow-up (OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.10-0.68). Finally, an increase in maternal physical activity across the last three quartiles was associated with a lower odds of sports injuries. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of reporting a sports injury was greater for children whose mothers were overweight/obese in the pre-pregnancy period. However, there was a lower risk with both maternal underweight status and increasing minutes of physical activity.
Assuntos
Traumatismos em Atletas , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Mães , Estado Nutricional , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Purpose: Tracking of physical activity (PA) and sport participation (SP) during motherhood is poorly understood. The purpose of the study was to analyze the extent of tracking of maternal PA and SP. Methods: In this investigation, data were collected from the Czech ELSPAC study subsample of 4811 and 2609 women measured postnatally (1991-1992) and after 11 years of follow-up (2002-2003), respectively. The structured questionnaire was used to assess the participation and average weekly time spent in PA, and the frequency of engaging in different sports (running, cycling, strength training, racket sports, swimming, and team sports). Tracking was calculated using generalized estimating equations (GEE) with beta coefficients (ß), odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: Moderately high tracking coefficients were observed for cycling (ß = 0.69, 95% 0.67-0.72), strength training (ß = 0.59, 95% 0.56-0.63), and weekly time spent in PA (ß = 0.53, 95% 0.38-0.66); meanwhile, moderate tracking coefficients were generated for swimming (ß = 0.48, 95% 0.44-0.52), team sports (ß = 0.44, 95% 0.39-0.48), racket sports (ß = 0.44, 95% 0.39-0.48), and running (ß = 0.35, 95% 0.30-0.40). Mothers who did not participate in PA at baseline were 81% more likely not to participate in it at follow-up (OR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.53-2.13). Conclusion: Cycling- and strength-related activities and weekly PA were tracked moderately-to-moderately high during motherhood. Moreover, the strong tracking of physical inactivity indicates that the detection of this risk factor before pregnancy should be advocated.
Assuntos
Esportes , República Tcheca , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Humanos , Comportamento Sedentário , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
The main purpose of the study was to analyze the associations between health-related physical fitness and fasting blood glucose in war veterans. In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 764 men and women aged 45-75 years, who were part of the Homeland War between 1990 and 1995 (33.5% women). Health-related physical fitness included: (1) fat mass and fat-free mass (body composition), (2) push-ups in 30 s (muscular dynamic endurance of upper extremities), (3) sit-ups in 30 s (repetitive upper body strength), (4) chair-stands in 30 s (lower body strength), (5) sit-and-reach test (flexibility) and (6) the 2-min step test (cardiorespiratory function). Laboratory measurement of fasting blood glucose was performed according to standardized procedures in resting seated position after a 12-h overnight fast. Generalized estimating equations with multiple regression models were used to calculate the associations between health-related physical fitness and fasting blood glucose. In men, fasting blood glucose was significantly correlated with fat-free mass (ß = - 0.25, p < 0.001), push-ups in 30 s (ß = - 0.55, p < 0.001), chair-stands in 30 s (ß = - 0.50, p < 0.001), sit-ups in 30 s (r = - 0.45, p < 0.001), the sit-and reach test (r = - 0.46, p < 0.001) and the 2-min step test (r = - 0.19, p < 0.001), while fat mass was positively correlated with fasting blood glucose (ß = 0.14, p = 0.004). In women, fasting blood glucose was significantly correlated with fat mass (ß = 0.20, p = 0.002), fat-free mass (ß = - 0.15, p = 0.014), push-ups in 30 s (ß = - 0.49, p < 0.001), chair-stands in 30 s (ß = - 0.43, p < 0.001), sit-ups in 30 s (ß = - 0.52, p < 0.001), the sit-and reach test (ß = - 0.40, p < 0.001) and the 2-min step test (ß = - 0.35, p < 0.001). This study shows that fasting blood glucose may be predicted by health-related physical fitness test in war veterans.
Assuntos
Glicemia , Veteranos , Estudos Transversais , Jejum , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Aptidão FísicaRESUMO
The main purpose of the study was to examine longitudinal associations between sport participation and fat mass with body posture in children. We used data from children recruited in the Czech European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (CELSPAC) at the ages of 11 y (n = 1065), 13 y (n = 811) and 15 y (n = 974). Information on body posture, practicing sport in a club and at a competitive level, and skinfold thicknesses (biceps, triceps, subscapula, suprailiaca and thigh) from pediatrician's medical records were collected. Body posture was inspected by a pediatrician. The sum of 5 skinfolds was used as a proxy of fat mass. The 85th and 95th percentiles defined 'overfat' and 'obese'children. Practicing sport in a club and at a competitive level were included as 'yes/no' answers. General linear mixed models with risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. Overall, 35.6% of children and adolescents had impaired body posture; the prevalence of 'incorrect' body posture increased by age (from 41.0% to 28.0%, p<0.001). Practicing sport in a club and at a competitive level decreased by follow-up (p<0.001), while the level of 'overfat' and 'obese' children increased (p<0.01). In separate models, 'incorrect' body posture was associated with non-practicing sport in clubs (RR = 1.68; 95% CI 1.43-1.97, p<0.001) or at competitive level (RR = 1.61; 95% CI 1.37-1.88, p<0.001) and with being 'overfat' (RR = 2.05; 95% CI 1.52-2.75, p<0.001) and 'obese' (RR = 2.15; 95% CI 1.68-2.75, p<0.001). When all variables were put simultaneously into the model additionally adjusted for sex, self-rated health and baseline body posture, similar associations remained. This study shows, that not participating in sport and being overfat/obese are longitudinally associated with 'incorrect' body posture. Therefore, the detection of these risk factors in childhood, through the development of school- and community-based interventions, should be advocated.
Assuntos
Obesidade , Postura , Adolescente , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , República Tcheca , Seguimentos , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Obesidade/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Background: Although evidence suggests that resistance training should be prescribed as a method to enhance or maintain physical fitness, these findings are mostly based on research on younger men. Studies investigating responses by sex and age to resistance training, especially in war veterans aged ≥50 years, are lacking. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to examine whether a 4-week resistance training program would have similar effects on body composition, muscular fitness, and flexibility in men and women aged 50−80 years. Methods: Seven-hundred and sixty-four participants were recruited and categorized into two groups each of men and women aged 50−64 and 65−80 years. The training intervention lasted 4 weeks and consisted of three 60 min sessions per week. All participants were tested for each of the following physical fitness components: body composition, push-ups in 30 s, chair-stands in 30 s, sit-ups in 30 s, and a sit-and-reach test. Results: Over the intervention period of 4 weeks, body weight (p = 0.002) and the percent of fat mass (p < 0.001) decreased, while the percent of lean mass (p < 0.001) in push-ups in 30 s (p < 0.001), chair-stands in 30 s (p < 0.001), sit-ups in 30 s (p < 0.001), and sit-and-reach (p < 0.001) increased. Significant time*age interactions were shown for push-ups in 30 s (F1,763 = 4.348, p = 0.038) and chair-stands in 30 s (F1,763 = 9.552, p = 0.002), where men and women aged 50−64 years exhibited larger time-induced changes compared to their older (65−80 yr) counterparts. Effect sizes were similar between sex- and age-specific groups. Conclusions: The 4-week resistance training produced similar pronounced positive effects on body composition, muscular fitness, and flexibility, while men and women aged 50−64 years displayed significantly larger improvements in upper and lower muscular fitness compared with their 65−80-year-old counterparts.