Development and consensus of entrustable professional activities for final-year medical students in anaesthesiology.

BACKGROUND: The transfer of classic concepts of competency-based medical education into clinical practice has been proven to be difficult in the past, being described as partially fragmented, misleading and inadequate. At the beginning of training, novice doctors commonly feel overwhelmed, overloaded and exposed to extreme time pressure. The discrepancy between expected and actual clinical competence of doctors at the start of their speciality training jeopardizes patient safety. The framework of Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) is a promising instrument to effectively integrate competency-based training into clinical practice and may help to close this gap and consequently to improve patient safety. METHODS: For anaesthesiology, we developed 5 EPAs for final-year medical students. The EPAs comprised the following seven categories: 1. Title, 2. Specifications, 3. Limitations, 4. Competency domains, 5. Knowledge, abilities and skills, professional attitudes, 6. Assessment and 7. Entrustment. Based on a modified, online-based Delphi study, we further developed and refined these EPAs. Education experts were recruited from the alumni network of the Master of Medical Education (MME) degree course from the University of Heidelberg, Germany. RESULTS: 28 data sets were evaluated in three Delphi rounds. 82% of study participants had previous experience with EPAs. Qualitative and quantitative data formed the basis during the iterative process and resulted in complete descriptions of 5 EPAs for final-year medical students in anaesthesiology. CONCLUSIONS: Our study including the associated description of 5 EPAs represent a further step and starting point for EPA-based curricula in medical training in Germany linking undergraduate training, to residency training and continuous medical education.

[The cross-sectional field "pain medicine" in medical studies at the University of Leipzig-What has been achieved? : An analysis of self-estimation of students before, during and 5 years after establishment of the cross-sectional field]. / Der Querschnittsbereich 14 "Schmerzmedizin" an der Universität Leipzig ­ was wurde erreicht? : Eine Analyse der Selbsteinschätzung der Studierenden vor, während und fünf Jahre nach Etablierung des Querschnittsbereichs.

BACKGROUND: The field of pain medicine was established as an obligatory subject area of medical schools in Germany in 2016. No prior study has evaluated the effects of this curricular change on students' competences in the field of pain medicine. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to find out to what extent the introduction of the additional subject "pain medicine" positively influenced the students' acquisition of competences measured via a self-assessment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A longitudinal and interdisciplinary curriculum for pain medicine was developed according to the current recommendations for curriculum development for medical education. In parallel, a questionnaire was created for the students' self-assessment of their own level of knowledge and the importance of pain medicine teaching content on a 5-stage Likert scale. The surveys were conducted before the implementation of the curriculum (2014), directly after the first cohort finished (2016) and 5 years after the implementation (2019) and compared by Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: The implementation of the curriculum has led to significant improvement in relevant aspects. For example, students now feel better prepared overall for the treatment of pain patients (2.67 in 2014 vs. 3.18 in 2019). Individual sub-aspects such as taking a pain history (3.63 vs. 4.10) or drawing up an analgesia scheme (3.56 vs. 4.14) are now also subjectively better mastered. CONCLUSION: Even though the results are encouraging, there is further potential for improvement in some sub-areas. For example, the students' rating regarding the question about their preparation for treating patients in pain is not yet satisfactory. Therefore, the curriculum should be developed further with a focus on competence orientation. Digital teaching formats can be integrated as well as interprofessional units and simulated patients. Additionally, the examination formats should be further developed towards standardized practical examinations.

[COVID-19: a chance for digitalization of teaching? : Report of experiences and results of a survey on digitalized teaching in the fields of anesthesiology, intensive care, emergency, pain and palliative medicine at the University of Leipzig]. / COVID-19: eine Chance zur Digitalisierung der Lehre? : Erfahrungsbericht und Ergebnisse einer Umfrage zur digitalen Lehre im Bereich Anästhesiologie, Intensiv-, Notfall-, Schmerz- und Palliativmedizin an der Universität Leipzig.

BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV­2 pandemic has been a major challenge for graduate education. Teaching had to be digitalized within a very short time. This also affected the areas of anesthesiology, intensive care, emergency, pain and palliative care at the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine at the University of Leipzig. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this questionnaire-based survey was to find out which courses can be digitalized from the students' point of view and which forms of teaching are associated with obstacles. In addition, we examined which technical infrastructure supports digitalization best. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the course of digitalization the lecture series in the areas of palliative care and pain medicine had to be revised but also digital alternatives for seminars, simulation courses and bedside teaching had to be created. Video podcasts, digital learning material, educational films and video conferences were used for the digital implementation of the courses. Depending on the course, different digital methods were combined. In addition, a discussion forum for the exchange between faculty and students was established. An online evaluation was then carried out to assess the content. RESULTS: A total of 82 4th and 5th year medical students took part in the survey. More than 60% of students rated the learning effect of digital courses as "high" or "very high". Video podcasts of the lectures (45.1%) and digital bedside teaching (34.1%) were rated as the most effective ways of imparting knowledge. In particular, 92.7% of the surveyed students believed that the lectures could be replaced digitally on a permanent basis. For bedside teaching (3.7%) and emergency simulation course (1.2%) this is far less the case. In the majority of cases (56.1%), students needed 30-90 min daily for the preparation and post-processing of the contents. Just under 90% gave the digital courses offered by the hospital an overall grade of 1 or 2 (on a scale from 1 = best to 6 = worst). CONCLUSION: The SARS-CoV­2 pandemic posed major challenges for graduate teaching. At the same time, however, it also helped to overcome often long-standing hurdles to the digitalization of teaching. In the course of the digital semester, different teaching formats could be digitalized to varying degrees: Lectures can be digitally reproduced particularly well from the students' perspective, whereas the digitalization of bedside teaching has not been possible in most cases.

HIF-driven SF3B1 induces KHK-C to enforce fructolysis and heart disease.

Fructose is a major component of dietary sugar and its overconsumption exacerbates key pathological features of metabolic syndrome. The central fructose-metabolising enzyme is ketohexokinase (KHK), which exists in two isoforms: KHK-A and KHK-C, generated through mutually exclusive alternative splicing of KHK pre-mRNAs. KHK-C displays superior affinity for fructose compared with KHK-A and is produced primarily in the liver, thus restricting fructose metabolism almost exclusively to this organ. Here we show that myocardial hypoxia actuates fructose metabolism in human and mouse models of pathological cardiac hypertrophy through hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) activation of SF3B1 and SF3B1-mediated splice switching of KHK-A to KHK-C. Heart-specific depletion of SF3B1 or genetic ablation of Khk, but not Khk-A alone, in mice, suppresses pathological stress-induced fructose metabolism, growth and contractile dysfunction, thus defining signalling components and molecular underpinnings of a fructose metabolism regulatory system crucial for pathological growth.

Inhibition of the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α-Induced Cardiospecific HERNA1 Enhance-Templated RNA Protects From Heart Disease.

BACKGROUND: Enhancers are genomic regulatory elements conferring spatiotemporal and signal-dependent control of gene expression. Recent evidence suggests that enhancers can generate noncoding enhancer RNAs, but their (patho)biological functions remain largely elusive. METHODS: We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation-coupled sequencing of histone marks combined with RNA sequencing of left ventricular biopsies from experimental and genetic mouse models of human cardiac hypertrophy to identify transcripts revealing enhancer localization, conservation with the human genome, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α dependence. The most promising candidate, hypoxia-inducible enhancer RNA ( HERNA)1, was further examined by investigating its capacity to modulate neighboring coding gene expression by binding to their gene promoters by using chromatin isolation by RNA purification and λN-BoxB tethering-based reporter assays. The role of HERNA1 and its neighboring genes for pathological stress-induced growth and contractile dysfunction, and the therapeutic potential of HERNA1 inhibition was studied in gapmer-mediated loss-of-function studies in vitro using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and various in vivo models of human pathological cardiac hypertrophy. RESULTS: HERNA1 is robustly induced on pathological stress. Production of HERNA1 is initiated by direct hypoxia-inducible factor 1α binding to a hypoxia-response element in the histoneH3-lysine27acetylation marks-enriched promoter of the enhancer and confers hypoxia responsiveness to nearby genes including synaptotagmin XVII, a member of the family of membrane-trafficking and Ca2+-sensing proteins and SMG1, encoding a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase. Consequently, a substrate of SMG1, ATP-dependent RNA helicase upframeshift 1, is hyperphoshorylated in a HERNA1- and SMG1-dependent manner. In vitro and in vivo inactivation of SMG1 and SYT17 revealed overlapping and distinct roles in modulating cardiac hypertrophy. Finally, in vivo administration of antisense oligonucleotides targeting HERNA1 protected mice from stress-induced pathological hypertrophy. The inhibition of HERNA1 postdisease development reversed left ventricular growth and dysfunction, resulting in increased overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: HERNA1 is a novel heart-specific noncoding RNA with key regulatory functions in modulating the growth, metabolic, and contractile gene program in disease, and reveals a molecular target amenable to therapeutic exploitation.

Genome-wide association study of myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, acute stroke, acute kidney injury and delirium after cardiac surgery - a sub-analysis of the RIPHeart-Study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was the identification of genetic variants associated with postoperative complications after cardiac surgery. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, double-blind, multicenter, randomized trial (RIPHeart). We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 1170 patients of both genders (871 males, 299 females) from the RIPHeart-Study cohort. Patients undergoing non-emergent cardiac surgery were included. Primary endpoint comprises a binary composite complication rate covering atrial fibrillation, delirium, non-fatal myocardial infarction, acute renal failure and/or any new stroke until hospital discharge with a maximum of fourteen days after surgery. RESULTS: A total of 547,644 genotyped markers were available for analysis. Following quality control and adjustment for clinical covariate, one SNP reached genome-wide significance (PHLPP2, rs78064607, p = 3.77 × 10- 8) and 139 (adjusted for all other outcomes) SNPs showed promising association with p < 1 × 10- 5 from the GWAS. CONCLUSIONS: We identified several potential loci, in particular PHLPP2, BBS9, RyR2, DUSP4 and HSPA8, associated with new-onset of atrial fibrillation, delirium, myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury and stroke after cardiac surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01067703, prospectively registered on 11 Feb 2010.

A Multicenter Trial of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning for Heart Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is reported to reduce biomarkers of ischemic and reperfusion injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, but uncertainty about clinical outcomes remains. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, double-blind, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial involving adults who were scheduled for elective cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass under total anesthesia with intravenous propofol. The trial compared upper-limb RIPC with a sham intervention. The primary end point was a composite of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or acute renal failure up to the time of hospital discharge. Secondary end points included the occurrence of any individual component of the primary end point by day 90. RESULTS: A total of 1403 patients underwent randomization. The full analysis set comprised 1385 patients (692 in the RIPC group and 693 in the sham-RIPC group). There was no significant between-group difference in the rate of the composite primary end point (99 patients [14.3%] in the RIPC group and 101 [14.6%] in the sham-RIPC group, P=0.89) or of any of the individual components: death (9 patients [1.3%] and 4 [0.6%], respectively; P=0.21), myocardial infarction (47 [6.8%] and 63 [9.1%], P=0.12), stroke (14 [2.0%] and 15 [2.2%], P=0.79), and acute renal failure (42 [6.1%] and 35 [5.1%], P=0.45). The results were similar in the per-protocol analysis. No treatment effect was found in any subgroup analysis. No significant differences between the RIPC group and the sham-RIPC group were seen in the level of troponin release, the duration of mechanical ventilation, the length of stay in the intensive care unit or the hospital, new onset of atrial fibrillation, and the incidence of postoperative delirium. No RIPC-related adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Upper-limb RIPC performed while patients were under propofol-induced anesthesia did not show a relevant benefit among patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. (Funded by the German Research Foundation; RIPHeart ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01067703.).

In Vitro Negative Inotropic Effect of Low Concentrations of Bupivacaine Relates to Diminished Ca2+ Sensitivity but Not to Ca2+ Handling or ß-Adrenoceptor Signaling.

BACKGROUND: Systemic toxicity of local anesthetics is predominantly complicated by their myocardial toxicity. Especially long-acting local anesthetics exert a negative inotropic effect that has been described at lower concentrations than defined for blockade of myocardial ion channels. We evaluated the negative inotropic effect of bupivacaine at a concentration described for clinical toxicity testing the hypothesis that negative inotropy is a result of reduced Ca sensitivity rather than blockade of ion channels. METHODS: We simultaneously measured force development and action potentials in guinea pig right papillary muscles (n = 5 to 7). L-type Ca currents (n = 8 to 16) and Ca transients (n = 10 to 11) were measured in isolated cardiomyocytes. Sensitivity of myofilaments to Ca was assessed in skinned fibers (n = 10). Potential effects of bupivacaine on 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations were measured using Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (n = 12 to 14) microscopy. RESULTS: Bupivacaine reduced force in a concentration-dependent manner from 173 ± 119 µN at baseline to 28 ± 13 µN at 300 µM (mean ± SD). At concentrations giving half-maximum negative inotropic effects (5 µM), the maximum upstroke velocity of action potentials, as a surrogate of sodium channel activity, was unaffected. Maximum positive inotropic effects of isoprenaline were also reduced to 50%. Neither basal nor isoprenaline-induced 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation, L-type Ca currents, or Ca transients were affected by 5 µM bupivacaine, but this concentration significantly decreased Ca sensitivity of myofilaments, changing the negative logarithm of the half-maximum effective Ca concentrations from 5.66 to 5.56 -log[M]. CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence that the negative inotropic effect of bupivacaine may be caused mainly by a reduction in myofilament sensitivity to Ca.

Adjustment of Dysregulated Ceramide Metabolism in a Murine Model of Sepsis-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction.

Cardiac dysfunction, in particular of the left ventricle, is a common and early event in sepsis, and is strongly associated with an increase in patients' mortality. Acid sphingomyelinase (SMPD1)-the principal regulator for rapid and transient generation of the lipid mediator ceramide-is involved in both the regulation of host response in sepsis as well as in the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure. This study determined the degree and the potential role to which SMPD1 and its modulation affect sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy using both genetically deficient and pharmacologically-treated animals in a polymicrobial sepsis model. As surrogate parameters of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, cardiac function, markers of oxidative stress as well as troponin I levels were found to be improved in desipramine-treated animals, desipramine being an inhibitor of ceramide formation. Additionally, ceramide formation in cardiac tissue was dysregulated in SMPD1+/+ as well as SMPD1-/- animals, whereas desipramine pretreatment resulted in stable, but increased ceramide content during host response. This was a result of elevated de novo synthesis. Strikingly, desipramine treatment led to significantly improved levels of surrogate markers. Furthermore, similar results in desipramine-pretreated SMPD1-/- littermates suggest an SMPD1-independent pathway. Finally, a pattern of differentially expressed transcripts important for regulation of apoptosis as well as antioxidative and cytokine response supports the concept that desipramine modulates ceramide formation, resulting in beneficial myocardial effects. We describe a novel, protective role of desipramine during sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction that controls ceramide content. In addition, it may be possible to modulate cardiac function during host response by pre-conditioning with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug desipramine.

[Perioperative heart failure - preoperative approach]. / Perioperative Herzinsuffizienz - Präoperative Einschätzung.

Heart failure is a common disease which is associated with an increased perioperative risk. In the following, we summarize pathophysiology, momentary treatment options and a preoperative approach to patients with heart failure.

Remote Kidney and Liver Injury After Transplantation of Lung Allografts in an Allogeneic Mouse Model.

BACKGROUND: Remote organ dysfunction is common after lung transplantation and might negatively affect the outcome. The local anesthetic ropivacaine was previously demonstrated to attenuate acute rejection after allogeneic lung transplantation in mice. We hypothesized that lung transplantation might result in detectable molecular signs of injury in kidneys and liver and that ropivacaine might attenuate this damage. METHODS: Organs from C57BL/6 mice undergoing allogeneic orthotopic single-lung transplantation were procured at postoperative day 5 and analyzed using Western blot and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction probing for Src protein tyrosine kinase, STAT3, and bax/bcl-2. During cold ischemia, the allograft had either been flushed with normal saline only or in combination with ropivacaine (1 µM). A nontransplanted group of animals served as the baseline controls. RESULTS: The allogeneic stimulus induced by transplantation led to an increase in Src-phosphorylation and STAT3-expression in the kidneys and livers of lung-transplanted mice compared to nontransplanted animals. Bax/bcl-2 as a marker of cellular apoptosis was not affected by the transplantation. In contrast to the findings in the transplanted lungs, the addition of ropivacaine did not have an effect on the examined markers of inflammation in the remote organs. CONCLUSIONS: The observed increase in the inflammatory signaling provides first insight into a possible mechanism, by which remote organ dysfunction after lung transplantation might occur.

Myocardial accumulation of bupivacaine and ropivacaine is associated with reversible effects on mitochondria and reduced myocardial function.

BACKGROUND: Mechanisms of local anesthetic cardiac toxicity are still not completely understood. In this study, we analyzed whether concentrations of local anesthetics found in clinical toxicity affect myocardial mitochondrial structure and oxygen consumption. METHODS: Guinea pig isolated heart Langendorff preparations were exposed to bupivacaine (3.0 and 7.5 µg/mL) and ropivacaine (3.6 and 9.0 µg/mL) for 10 minutes. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, the first derivative of left ventricular pressure (+dP/dt), electrocardiogram, and coronary flow were recorded. The local anesthetic tissue concentration was measured either immediately after local anesthetic exposure, or after 20- and 60-minute washout periods. In addition, electron microscopy of myocardial mitochondria was performed using a scoring system for structural damage of mitochondria. Cardiomyocyte cell culture was incubated with bupivacaine, and oxygen consumption ratio, extracellular acidification, and relative amounts of PGC-1α mRNA, a regulator of cellular energy metabolism, were determined. RESULTS: Bupivacaine and ropivacaine induced reversible PR interval and QRS prolongation, and left ventricular pressure and +dP/dt reduction. Myocardial tissue concentration of local anesthetics was 3-fold the arterial concentration. Mitochondria showed a significant concentration-dependent morphological swelling after local anesthetic application. These changes were reversed by a 20-minute washout period for ropivacaine and by a 60-minute washout for bupivacaine. Bupivacaine reduced mitochondrial oxygen consumption and increased PGC-1α expression in neonatal cardiomyocyte cell cultures, whereas fatty acid metabolism remained unaffected. CONCLUSIONS: Bupivacaine and ropivacaine accumulate in the myocardium. Reversible local anesthetic-induced mitochondrial swelling occurs at concentrations that induce a negative inotropic effect. Bupivacaine reduces cellular metabolism, whereas this reduction is reversible by fatty acids. Interaction with mitochondria may contribute to the negative inotropic effect of local anesthetics.

Remote ischaemic preconditioning for heart surgery. The study design for a multi-center randomized double-blinded controlled clinical trial--the RIPHeart-Study.

AIMS: Transient ischaemia of non-vital tissue has been shown to enhance the tolerance of remote organs to cope with a subsequent prolonged ischaemic event in a number of clinical conditions, a phenomenon known as remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC). However, there remains uncertainty about the efficacy of RIPC in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The purpose of this report is to describe the design and methods used in the "Remote Ischaemic Preconditioning for Heart Surgery (RIPHeart)-Study". METHODS: We are conducting a prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicentre, controlled trial including 2070 adult cardiac surgical patients. All types of surgery in which cardiopulmonary bypass is used will be included. Patients will be randomized either to the RIPC group receiving four 5 min cycles of transient upper limb ischaemia/reperfusion or to the control group receiving four cycles of blood pressure cuff inflation/deflation at a dummy arm. The primary endpoint is a composite outcome (all-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, any new stroke, and/or acute renal failure) until hospital discharge. CONCLUSION: The RIPHeart-Study is a multicentre trial to determine whether RIPC may improve clinical outcome in cardiac surgical patients.

Burden of hospital admissions and resulting patient interhospital transports during the 2020/2021 SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Saxony, Germany.

Secondary transports of patients from one hospital to another are indicated for medical reasons or to address local constraints in capacity. In particular, interhospital transports of critically ill infectious patients present a logistical challenge and can be key in the effective management of pandemic situations. The state of Saxony in Germany has two characteristics that allow for an extensive evaluation of secondary transports in the pandemic year 2020/2021. First, all secondary transports are centrally coordinated by a single institution. Second, Saxony had the highest SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and the highest COVID-19 associated mortality in Germany. This study evaluates secondary interhospital transports from March 2019 to February 2021 in Saxony with a detailed analysis of transport behaviour during the pandemic phase March 2020 to February 2021. Our analysis includes secondary transports of SARS-CoV-2 patients and compares them to secondary transports of non-infectious patients. In addition, our data show differences in demographics, SARS-CoV-2- incidences, ICU occupancy of COVID-19 patients, and COVID-19 associated mortality in all three regional health clusters in Saxony. In total, 12,282 secondary transports were analysed between March 1st, 2020 and February 28th, 2021, of which 632 were associated with SARS-CoV-2 (5.1%) The total number of secondary transports changed slightly during the study period March 2020 to February 2021. Transport capacities for non-infectious patients were reduced due to in-hospital and out-of-hospital measures and could be used for transport of SARS-CoV-2 patients. Infectious transfers lasted longer despite shorter distance, occurred more frequently on weekends and transported patients were older. Primary transport vehicles were emergency ambulances, transport ambulances and intensive care transport vehicles. Data analysis based on hospital structures showed that secondary transports in correlation to weekly case numbers depend on the hospital type. Maximum care hospitals and specialized hospitals show a maximum of infectious transports approximately 4 weeks after the highest incidences. In contrast, standard care hospitals transfer their patients at the time of highest SARS-CoV-2 case numbers. Two incidence peaks were accompanied by two peaks of increased secondary transport. Our findings show that interhospital transfers of SARS-CoV-2 and non-SARS-CoV-2 patients differ and that different hospital care levels initiated secondary transports at different times during the pandemic.

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections of Omicron and Delta Variants in Healthcare Workers.

Understanding SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections in vaccinated healthcare workers is of key importance in mitigating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in healthcare facilities. An observational prospective cohort study was conducted in vaccinated employees with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection between October 2021 and February 2022. Serological and molecular testing was performed to determine SARS-CoV-2 viral load, lineage, antibody levels, and neutralizing antibody titers. A total of 571 (9.7%) employees experienced SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections during the enrolment period, of which 81 were included. The majority (n = 79, 97.5%) were symptomatic and most (n = 75, 92.6%) showed Ct values < 30 in RT-PCR assays. Twenty-four (30%) remained PCR-positive for > 15 days. Neutralizing antibody titers were strongest for the wildtype, intermediate for Delta, and lowest for Omicron variants. Omicron infections occurred at higher anti-RBD-IgG serum levels (p = 0.00001) and showed a trend for higher viral loads (p = 0.14, median Ct difference 4.3, 95% CI [-2.5-10.5]). For both variants, viral loads were significantly higher in participants with lower anti-RBD-IgG serum levels (p = 0.02). In conclusion, while the clinical course of infection with both the Omicron and Delta variants was predominantly mild to moderate in our study population, waning immune response over time and prolonged viral shedding were observed.

Teaching Practical Skills in Anesthesia, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine-What Is Really Relevant for Medical Students? Results of a German National Survey of Nearly 3000 Anesthesiologists.

As a part of a major reform of the medical curriculum in Germany, the national catalogue of learning objectives is being revised with the focus shifting from theory-based learning to teaching practical skills. Therefore, we conducted an online survey to answer the question, which practical skills are essential in anesthesia. Participants were asked to rate the relevance of several skills, that medical students should be able to perform at the time of graduation. A total of 2898 questionnaires could be evaluated. The highest ratings were made for "bringing a patient into lateral recumbent position" and "diagnosing a cardiac arrest". All learning objectives regarding regional anesthesia were rated as irrelevant. Furthermore, learning objectives like "performing a bronchoscopy" or "performing a rapid sequence induction" had low ratings. In the subgroup analysis, physicians with advanced training and those who were working at university hospitals rated most skills with higher relevance compared to others. Our survey provides a good prioritization of practical skills for the development of new curricula and assessment frameworks. The results can also help to establish our discipline as a cross-sectional subject in competency-based medical education, thus further increasing the attractiveness for medical students.

Role of the lectin-like domain of thrombomodulin in septic cardiomyopathy.

AIMS: Septic cardiomyopathy is a severe complication of sepsis and septic shock. This study aimed to evaluate the role of thrombomodulin and its lectin-like domain (LLD-TM) in the development of septic cardiomyopathy and the link between LLD-TM, HMGB-1, and toll-like receptors 2/4 (TLR 2/4) to intracellular mechanisms resulting in reduced cardiac function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sepsis was induced using a polymicrobial peritoneal infection model in wildtype and mice lacking the lectin-like domain of thrombomodulin (TMLeD/LeD), and severity of disease and cardiac function was compared. Cell cultures of cardiomyocytes were prepared from hearts harvested from wildtype and TMLeD/LeD mice. Cultures of neonatal cardiomyocytes were transfected with complete human thrombomodulin or human thrombomodulin deficient of LLD-TM and when TLR-2 and/or TLR-4 were blocked. All cultures were challenged with inflammatory stimuli. KEY FINDINGS: Lack of the LLD-TM results in a significant increase in severity of disease, decreased survival and impaired cardiac function in septic mice. In vivo and in vitro analyses of cardiomyocytes displayed high levels of inflammatory cytokines causing cardio-depression. In vitro results showed a strong correlation between elevated HMGB-1 levels and elevated troponin-1 levels. No connection was found between HMGB-1 and TLR-2 and/or -4 signalling pathways. Phospholamban mediated dysregulation of calcium homeostasis resulted in a general impairment after sepsis induction, but showed no connection to LLD-TM. SIGNIFICANCE: Lack of LLD-TM results in an increase in general severity of disease, decreased survival and impaired cardiac function in sepsis. TLR-2 and TLR 4 do not participate as mediating factors in the development of septic cardiomyopathy.

Association between Intraoperative Blood Transfusion, Regional Anesthesia and Outcome after Pediatric Tumor Surgery for Nephroblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Recent data suggest that anesthesiologic interventions-e.g., the choice of the anesthetic regimen or the administration of blood products-might play a major role in determining outcome after tumor surgery. In contrast to adult patients, only limited data are available regarding the potential association of anesthesia and outcome in pediatric cancer patients. METHODS: A retrospective multicenter study assessing data from pediatric patients (0-18 years of age) undergoing surgery for nephroblastoma between 2004 and 2018 was conducted at three academic centers in Europe. Overall and recurrence-free survival were the primary outcomes of the study and were evaluated for a potential impact of intraoperative administration of erythrocyte concentrates, the use of regional anesthesia and the choice of the anesthetic regimen. The length of stay on the intensive care unit, the time to hospital discharge after surgery and blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were defined as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: In total, data from 65 patients were analyzed. Intraoperative administration of erythrocyte concentrates was associated with a reduction in recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio (HR) 7.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36-42.2, p = 0.004), whereas overall survival (HR 5.37, 95% CI 0.42-68.4, p = 0.124) was not affected. The use of regional anesthesia and the choice of anesthetic used for maintenance of anesthesia did not demonstrate an effect on the primary outcomes. It was, however, associated with fewer ICU transfers, a shortened time to discharge and a decreased postoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. CONCLUSIONS: The current study provides the first evidence for a possible association between blood transfusion as well as anesthesiologic interventions and outcome after pediatric cancer surgery.

Regional responsibility and coordination of appropriate inpatient care capacities for patients with COVID-19 - the German DISPENSE model.

As of late 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has been a challenge to health care systems worldwide. Rapidly rising local COVID-19 incidence rates, result in demand for high hospital and intensive care bed capacities on short notice. A detailed up-to-date regional surveillance of the dynamics of the pandemic, precise prediction of required inpatient capacities of care as well as a centralized coordination of the distribution of regional patient fluxes is needed to ensure optimal patient care. In March 2020, the German federal state of Saxony established three COVID-19 coordination centers located at each of its maximum care hospitals, namely the University Hospitals Dresden and Leipzig and the hospital Chemnitz. Each center has coordinated inpatient care facilities for the three regions East, Northwest and Southwest Saxony with 36, 18 and 29 hospital sites, respectively. Fed by daily data flows from local public health authorities capturing the dynamics of the pandemic as well as daily reports on regional inpatient care capacities, we established the information and prognosis tool DISPENSE. It provides a regional overview of the current pandemic situation combined with daily prognoses for up to seven days as well as outlooks for up to 14 days of bed requirements. The prognosis precision varies from 21% and 38% to 12% and 15% relative errors in normal ward and ICU bed demand, respectively, depending on the considered time period. The deployment of DISPENSE has had a major positive impact to stay alert for the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and to allocate resources as needed. The application of a mathematical model to forecast required bed capacities enabled concerted actions for patient allocation and strategic planning. The ad-hoc implementation of these tools substantiates the need of a detailed data basis that enables appropriate responses, both on regional scales in terms of clinic resource planning and on larger scales concerning political reactions to pandemic situations.

ECMO use in Germany: An analysis of 29,929 ECMO runs.

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) use is increasing despite limited evidence. The aim of this study was to demonstrate heterogeneity of ECMO use and its association with hospital size and annual frequency in Germany. METHODS: This is a database analysis of all ECMO cases in Germany from 2010 to 2016 using the German Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG) coding system for ECMO. RESULTS: During the study period, 510 hospitals performed 29,929 ECMO runs (12,572 vvECMO, 11,504 vaECMO, 1993 pECLA) with an increase over time. Mortality ranged between 58% and 66% for vaECMO cases and 66% and 53% for vvECMO cases. 304 (61%) hospitals performed only one ECMO per year. 78%% of all ECMO runs were performed in centres with more than 20 cases per year and more than half of all ECMO runs were performed in hospitals with >1.000 beds. Mortality for vv and vaECMO was highest in very small hospitals (< 200 beds; 70%; 74%) and very large hospitals (>1000 beds; 60%; 62%). CONCLUSIONS: Use of ECMO is still increasing and a substantial proportion of hospitals performs very few ECMO runs. Small hospitals had a significantly higher mortality, but dependence on hospital size and ECMO mortality was irregular.