HIV-TB coinfection impairs CD8(+) T-cell differentiation and function while dehydroepiandrosterone improves cytotoxic antitubercular immune responses.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among HIV-positive patients. The decreasing frequencies of terminal effector (TTE ) CD8(+) T cells may increase reactivation risk in persons latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We have previously shown that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) increases the protective antitubercular immune responses in HIV-TB patients. Here, we aimed to study Mtb-specific cytotoxicity, IFN-γ secretion, memory status of CD8(+) T cells, and their modulation by DHEA during HIV-TB coinfection. CD8(+) T cells from HIV-TB patients showed a more differentiated phenotype with diminished naïve and higher effector memory and TTE T-cell frequencies compared to healthy donors both in total and Mtb-specific CD8(+) T cells. Notably, CD8(+) T cells from HIV-TB patients displayed higher Terminal Effector (TTE ) CD45RA(dim) proportions with lower CD45RA expression levels, suggesting a not fully differentiated phenotype. Also, PD-1 expression levels on CD8(+) T cells from HIV-TB patients increased although restricted to the CD27(+) population. Interestingly, DHEA plasma levels positively correlated with TTE in CD8(+) T cells and in vitro DHEA treatment enhanced Mtb-specific cytotoxic responses and terminal differentiation in CD8(+) T cells from HIV-TB patients. Our data suggest that HIV-TB coinfection promotes a deficient CD8(+) T-cell differentiation, whereas DHEA may contribute to improving antitubercular immunity by enhancing CD8(+) T-cell functions during HIV-TB coinfection.

Expansion of CD25-Negative Forkhead Box P3-Positive T Cells during HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection.

Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV alter the immune system, and coinfected (HIV-TB) individuals usually present deregulations of T-lymphocytic immune response. We previously observed an increased frequency of "unconventional" CD4+CD25-FoxP3+ Treg (uTreg) population during HIV-TB disease. Therefore, we aimed to explore the phenotype and function of uTreg and conventional CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg subsets (cTreg) in this context. We evaluated the expression of CD39, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR), and the effector/memory distribution by flow cytometry in cTreg and uTreg. Also, IL-10, TGF-ß, IFN-γ production, and the suppressor capacity of uTregs were analyzed in cocultures with effector lymphocytes and compared with the effect of regulatory T cells (Tregs). We found diminished expression of CD39 and higher levels of PD1 on uTreg compared to cTreg in both HIV-TB and healthy donors (HD). In addition, uTreg and cTreg showed differences in maturation status in both HIV-TB and HD groups, due to the expansion of effector memory uTregs. Interestingly, both HIV-TB and HD showed a pronounced production of IFN-γ in uTreg population, though no significant differences were observed for IL-10 and TGF-ß production between uTreg and cTreg. Moreover, IFN-γ+ cells were restricted to the CD39- uTreg population. Finally, when the suppressor capacity was evaluated, both uTreg and cTreg inhibited polyclonal T cell-proliferation and IFN-γ production in a similar extent. These findings suggest that uTregs, which are expanded during HIV-TB coinfection, exert regulatory functions in a similar way to cTregs despite an altered surface expression of Treg characteristic markers and differences in cytokine production.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation by aminoflavone: new molecular target for renal cancer treatment.

Aminoflavone (AF; NSC 686288, AFP464, NSC710464) is a new anticancer drug that has recently entered phase II clinical trials. It has demonstrated antiproliferative effects in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). AF also exhibits noteworthy evidence of antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo against neoplastic cells of renal origin. AF treatment of sensitive renal cells, in contrast to resistant cells, promotes the induction of CYP1A1, the covalent binding of AF-reactive intermediates and apoptosis. Based on this evidence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of AhR, the main transcriptional regulator of CYP1A1, in the antiproliferative effects of AF in human renal cancer cells. AF-cytoxicity in human renal cell lines and a renal cancer cell strain was assessed by MTS assay in the presence or absence of an Ahr inhibitor. Drug-induced AhR nuclear translocation was evaluated by western blotting of AhR in cytosolic and nuclear fractions and by measuring xenobiotic response element-driven luciferase activity. Apoptosis induced by the drug was evaluated by 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining and by measuring phosphorylated P53 (p-P53) and P21 levels, caspase 3 activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. AF inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner in TK-10, Caki-1, SN12-C and A498 human renal cells but not in ACHN cells. The antiproliferative effect of AF was abrogated by pre-incubation of TK-10, Caki-1 and SN12-C cells with the AhR antagonist, α-naphthoflavone. AF treatment also induced apoptosis in TK-10, Caki-1 and SN12-C cells, which was not observed in ACHN cells. AF induced time-dependent AhR nuclear translocation and AhR transcriptional activity in sensitive renal cancer cell lines. A renal cell strain derived from a human papillary tumor also showed sensitivity to AF, as well as AhR pathway activation and drug-induced apoptosis. AhR translocation could be included as a marker of sensitivity to AF in sensitive renal tumor cells of different histological origin, in ongoing phase II clinical trials.