RESUMO
The current study aimed to investigate the distribution of memory and naïve T cell (TN) subsets in hepatitis B virus (HBV)infected patients at different immune stages and investigate the effect of interleukin 33 (IL33) on the regulation of the Tcell subsets. The distributions of memory and naïve T cells were detected by flow cytometry. ELISA was conducted to assess the levels of IL4, IL5, IL10, IL12, interferon γ and tumor necrosis factor α. The expression levels of IL33 and HBV x protein (HBx) were measured by reverse transcriptionquantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. By detecting TNs, central memory T cells (TCM) and effector memory T cells (TEM), it was identified that the proportions of TCM and TEM in CD4+ T cells were increased in patients with HBV. The trend observed for levels of CD8+ TCM and TEM was similar to that of CD4+ T cells in the immune tolerance and immune activation groups, however CD8+ TCM and TEM were significantly reduced in patients who underwent treatment. The CD8+ TEM cells appeared to be more sensitive to HBV activation and drug therapy. In addition, IL33 stimulation was observed to induce imbalances of CD8+ TN and CD8+ TEM, and while the imbalances were directly regulated by HBx, IL33 was not a key factor for the expression of HBx. CD8+ TEM cells may be a sensitive marker to assess the immune state of patients with HBV and the effect of clinical therapy. Treatment targeting IL33 may be a potential method to reverse HBVinduced immune tolerance.
Assuntos
Tolerância Imunológica , Memória Imunológica , Interleucina-33/metabolismo , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Hepatite B/imunologia , Hepatite B/metabolismo , Hepatite B/virologia , Vírus da Hepatite B/imunologia , Humanos , Tolerância Imunológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunofenotipagem , Interleucina-33/farmacologia , Testes de Função Hepática , Contagem de Linfócitos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenótipo , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Misregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) has been implicated in numerous types of ovarian disease, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, endometriosis and ovarian cancer. VEGF regulates blood vessel permeability and angiogenesis. In our previous study, VEGFregulated gene expression was profiled in the uterus of a transgenic mouse model with repressed VEGF expression, which indicated that VEGF is an important regulator in controlling gene expression in the uterus. The antiMüllerian hormone (AMH) is expressed by ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) and acts through its type 2 receptor, AMH receptor 2 (AMHR2). Serum AMH levels are used to predict ovarian reserves and the small antral follicles contribute markedly to the serum AMH level. AMH recruits primordial follicles and inhibits excessive follicular development by follicular stimulating hormone (FSH). However, AMH may be influenced by suppression of gonadotrophin secretion and VEGF inhibition. In the current study, human primary ovarian GCs were isolated from ovarian follicle fluid of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles (IVF/ICSI). It was identified that the FSH receptor was consistently expressed in the isolated cells. VEGFA treatment stimulated AMHR2 overexpression at the gene and protein levels. In addition, VEGF induced AMHR2 expression on the surface of the isolated GCs from mature follicles. The VEGF treatment was also performed in an ovarian granulosalike cell line, KGN. AMH and AMHR2 are coexpressed in normal GCs; however, as a result of VEGF misregulation, AMHR2 overexpression increases AMH binding, which may attenuate follicular or oocyte maturation. However, the associated function and underlying mechanism requires further investigation.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Células da Granulosa/metabolismo , Receptores de Peptídeos/biossíntese , Receptores de Fatores de Crescimento Transformadores beta/biossíntese , Injeções de Esperma Intracitoplásmicas , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/farmacologia , Adulto , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismoRESUMO
Multiple drug resistance (MDR) is considered a major challenge in the clinical treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Both nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Wnt signaling pathway participate in the regulation of drug resistance, but the interaction between them remains unclear. In the present study, we detected the activation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in iNOS-induced drug-resistant lung cancer cells, and compared the effect of canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathway on the level of iNOS. Moreover, we investigated the expression of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling downstream factors and its main inhibitors. The results indicated iNOS-induced drug resistance was possibly mediated by glutathione S-transferase-π (GST-π) and topoisomerase IIα (TOPO IIα), but not P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and this process was closely associated with the activation of canonical Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, but less with noncanonical pathways. The mechanism of iNOS promoting Wnt/ß-catenin pathway was mainly dependent on the inverse regulation of Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) and secreted frizzled-related protein-1 (SFRP-1). Clarifying the relationship between iNOS and Wnt signaling may provide insight into a better understanding of the mechanism of drug resistance development in NSCLC.